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Explanations of the abbreviations

RE CR EN VU NT LC DD

RE = Regionally Extinct CR = Critically Endangered EN = Endangered

VU = Vulnerable NT = Near Threatened LC = Least Concern DD = Data Deficient NA = Not Applicable NE = Not Evaluated

Notations used in the figures, tables and Red Lists are explained in this chapter. Red-listed species are listed in alphabetical order according to their scientific names.

The categories and the criteria

The categories are described in more detail in Appendix 1.

For each threatened species, the criteria on the basis of which the species was assigned to the category in question are given on the organism-group-specific Red Lists. The criteria, including the abbreviations used, are described in Appendix 2.

Additional notations of the categories

º = The category determined on the basis of the criteria was downlisted by one category, as the population in Finland is connected to a more viable population outside Finland.

º º = The category determined on the basis of the criteria was downlisted by two categories, as the population in Finland is connected to a more viable population outside Finland.

ȣ = Possibly regionally extinct species

Habitat classification

The classification is hierarchical. The most appropriate level is selected.

M = Forests

Mk = heath forests

Mkk = sub-xeric, xeric and barren heath forests Mkt = mesic and herb-rich heath forests Ml = herb-rich forests (also spruce-dominated) Mlt = dry and mesic herb-rich forests Mlk = moist herb-rich forests

Mt = alpine birch forests (excluding herb-rich alpine birch forests)

Mtl = herb-rich alpine birch forests S = Mires

Sl = rich fens

Sla = open rich fens Slr = rich pine fens

Slk = rich spruce-birch fens Sn = fens

Snk = ombro- and oligotrophic fens Snr = mesotrophic fens

Sr = pine mires

Srk = ombro- and oligotrophic pine mires Srr = mesotrophic pine mires

Sk = spruce mires

Skk = oligotrophic spruce mires

Skr = eutrophic and mesotrophic spruce mires V = Aquatic habitats

Vi = Baltic Sea

Vik = benthic habitats characterized by rocks and boulders

Vim = benthic habitats characterized by mud and silt

Vis = benthic habitats characterized by gravel Vih = benthic habitats characterized by sand Vie = mixed benthic habitats

Vip = pelagic habitats

Vs = lakes and ponds

Vsk = oligotrophic lakes and ponds

Vsr = eutrophic and mesotrophic lakes and ponds Va = small ponds (also in mires etc.)

Vj = rivers

Vp = brooks and streams Vk = rapids

Vl = spring complexes

Small aquatic habitats like ponds, small ponds, brooks, streams and spring complexes also include the adjacent shore zones.

Rir = coastal reedbeds with Phragmites australis Ris = coastal gravel-, shingle- and boulder shores Rih = coastal sand shores Rjr = inland reedbeds with Phragmites australis Rjs = inland gravel-, shingle- and boulder shores Rjh = sandy lake shores and river banks

Rjt = inland open alluvial shores

The habitats Rim, Rimt, Riml, Rjm, Rjmt and Rjml are used in the case of forest species only if the shore-, flood- or swampeffect is essential for the distribution of the species.

K = Rock outcrops and boulder fields Kk = calcareous rock outcrops and quarries Ks = serpentine rock outcrops

Kr = canyons and gorges

Tl = alpine rock outcrops and boulder fields Tll = alpine siliceous rock outcrops and

Tlä = alpine spring complexes and seepage areas Tj = alpine ponds and lakes (shores included) Tv = alpine rivers, brooks and streams (shores included)

Ta = alpine small ponds (shores included) I = Rural biotopes and cultural habitats In = seminatural dry meadows It = seminatural mesic meadows

Ih = wooded pastures, pollard meadows and grazed woodlands

Ik = seminatural moist meadows (excluding shore meadows)

Io = ditches etc.

Iv = arable land

Ip = parks, yards and gardens

Iu = open habitats formed and maintained by heavy human influence

Ir = buildings and constructions

? = Unknown

Additional notations to habitat classification:

v = old-growth forests (including sporadic old trees and younger forests with decaying trees)

h = esker forests, also semi-open forests

p = burnt forest areas and other young stages of natural succession

j = broadleaved deciduous trees present pa = sun-exposed

va = shady

ca = calcareous effect

ra = on the shore (aquatic habitat is essential for the distribution of the species)

ka = acidic rocks and boulder fields

ke = intermediate-basic rock outcrops and boulder fields

Causes of threat (past) and current threat factors Causes of threat that have led to a species’ current situation were distinguished from future threats. In many cases, causes of threat and future threat factors may be the same. On the other hand, due to trapping or earlier changes in habitat, a population may have reduced to the extent that its extremely small size exposes the species to random factors. This constitutes a major, current threat factor.

P = trapping, hunting, fishing and illegal killing, including non-target animals being caught in fishing gear

Ke = picking and collecting, including transfers into gardens

H = disturbance and traffic

Ku = mechanical wear: mechanical wear of soil and bedrock, e.g. due to trampling, driving in the terrain, rock climbing or over-grazing R = construction (on the land): construction

relating to housing, business, traffic and recreation, road construction, earthmoving and disposal operations relating to

construction

Ks = sand and gravel quarrying, mineral aggregate extraction, mining

Pm = changes in arable land: subsoil drainage, changes in cultivation practices and animal husbandry (excluding the overgrowing of pastures), use of machinery and changes of cultivated crop species (excluding pesticides) Pr = clearing of areas for arable land: conversion of

forests, peatland and meadows into arable land N = overgrowing of meadows and other open

habitats: e.g. the overgrowing of meadows and wooded pastures after grazing and mowing has ceased, the reforestation and overgrowing of gravel pits and other open areas

M = forest management activities: activities not included in the threat factors listed below e.g.

soil preparation. Cause of threat = the use of forests. Further specified in the assessment work documentation.

Mp = changes in the tree species composition of forests: e.g. the decreasing number of deciduous trees and the takeover of herb-rich forests by spruce

Mv = reduction of old-growth forests and the decreasing number of large trees Mk = reduction of burnt forest areas and other

young stages of natural succession Ml = decreasing amounts of decaying wood:

decreasing amounts of decaying wood, decreasing number of dead or dying trees or branches, rotten or hollow trees

O = peatland drainage for forestry and peat harvesting (excluding clearing of brooks and streams): including ditch cleaning and later impact of drainage

Vr = construction of waterways: power plants, sawmill and mill dams, water-level regulation, dredging and clearing (including that of brooks and streams), structural changes in the riparian zone (e.g. embankments), water level reductions in lakes, construction of reservoirs, groundwater abstraction and utilisation of ponds, e.g. changes caused by lower groundwater level

Kh = chemical disturbances: environmental toxins, pesticides, air and water pollutants, oil spills and eutrophicating deposition

I = climate change: predicted global warming, increased precipitation and more frequent occurrence of extreme weather phenomena during the next 20–30 years (only applied in cases where there are specific grounds for assuming effects on the species in question) S = random factors: threat posed by random

factors when the population or area of occupancy is extremely small, including short-term climatic changes

Kil = competition: interspecific competition

Ris = hybridisation: hybridisation with other species Kv = extreme fluctuations in population size U = changes in other countries: e.g.

transformations in habitats in the wintering areas or migration staging areas of birds, trapping or hunting abroad

Vie = threats caused by alien species (competition, hybridisation, diseases, changes in ecosystems) Muu = other known reason: a known reason not

included in the threat factors listed above, further specified in the assessment work documentation

? = cause unknown

The reasons for transfer between categories relative to previous assessment

1 = genuine (recent)

Johd

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