• Ei tuloksia

Korkeakoulupolitiikan dynamiikat Suomessa

N/A
N/A
Info
Lataa
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Jaa "Korkeakoulupolitiikan dynamiikat Suomessa"

Copied!
264
0
0

Kokoteksti

(1)

+HOVLQJLQ\OLRSLVWR

.l\WWl\W\PLVWLHWHLGHQODLWRV

.DVYDWXVWLHWHHOOLVLlWXWNLPXNVLD

-DDNNR.DXNR

.25.($.28/832/,7,,.$1'<1$0,,.$7 6820(66$

(VLWHWllQ+HOVLQJLQ\OLRSLVWRQNl\WWl\W\PLVWLHWHHOOLVHQWLHGHNXQQDQ VXRVWXPXNVHOODMXONLVHVWLWDUNDVWHWWDYDNVL6LOWDYXRUHQSHQJHU$

DXGLWRULRSHUMDQWDLQDNHVlNXXWDNOR

(2)
(3)

+HOVLQJLQ\OLRSLVWR

.l\WWl\W\PLVWLHWHLGHQODLWRV

.DVYDWXVWLHWHHOOLVLlWXWNLPXNVLD

-DDNNR.DXNR

.25.($.28/832/,7,,.$1'<1$0,,.$7 6820(66$

+HOVLQNL

(4)

.XVWRV

3URIHVVRUL+DQQX6LPROD 2KMDDMDW

3URIHVVRUL+DQQX6LPROD+HOVLQJLQ\OLRSLVWR 'RVHQWWL-XUL0\NNlQHQ+HOVLQJLQ\OLRSLVWR 3URIHVVRUL5LVWR5LQQH7XUXQ\OLRSLVWR (VLWDUNDVWDMDW

3URIHVVRUL6HSSR+|OWWl7DPSHUHHQ\OLRSLVWR 3URIHVVRUL/HHQD.RVNL,Wl6XRPHQ\OLRSLVWR

.DQQHQNXYD

.DLURV)UDQFHVFR6DOYLDWLIUHVNR±

8QLJUD¿D+HOVLQNL

,6%1QLG ,6%13') ,661/

,661

(5)

+HOVLQJLQ\OLRSLVWR

.l\WWl\W\PLVWLHWHLGHQODLWRV

.DVYDWXVWLHWHHOOLVLlWXWNLPXNVLD -DDNNR.DXNR

.25.($.28/832/,7,,.$1'<1$0,,.$7 6820(66$

7LLYLVWHOPl

7XWNLPXNVHQWDYRLWWHHQDRQUDNHQWDD\PPlUU\VWlVXRPDODLVHQNRUNHDNRXOXSR OLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQG\QDPLLNDVWD'\QDPLLNNDPllULWHOOllQWRLPLMRLGHQYlOLVHQ YXRURYDLNXWXNVHQ VllQQ|QPXNDLVXXWHQD 7XWNLPXNVHVVD WRLPLMRLNVL NlVLWHWllQ NRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQ NHVNHLVHW LQVWLWXXWLRW 7HRUHHWWLQHQ YLLWHNH K\VQRMDDDLNDLVHPSDDQSROLWLLNDQMDNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHHQ.RU NHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQG\QDPLLNDQDQDO\\VLLQWDUNRLWHWWXPDOOLUDNHQ QHWDDQ SRKMDWHQDJHQGD VHWWLQJ WHRULRLKLQ 7HRUHHWWLVHVVD PDOOLVVD HULWHOOllQ G\QDPLLNDQNDNVLXORWWXYXXWWDSROLLWWLQHQWLODQQHMDSROLWLLNDQWRLPLQWDPDKGRO OLVXXGHW3ROLLWWLQHQWLODQQHYRLROODPXXWRNVHOOHRWROOLQHQWDLULVWLULLWDLQHQ6HRQ PXXWRNVHOOHULVWLULLWDLQHQMRVNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQXONRLVHWWHNLMlW HLYlWROH\KWHHQVRSLYLDVHQVLVlLVHQLQVWLWXWLRQDDOLVHQUDNHQWHHQNDQVVD0LNlOL PXXWRNVHOOH ULVWLULLWDLQHQ SROLLWWLQHQ WLODQQH KDOXWDDQ RWROOLVHNVL YRLGDDQ MRNR PXXWWDDLQVWLWXWLRQDDOLVWDUDNHQQHWWDWDLRGRWWDDXONRLVHQWLODQWHHQPXXWWXPLVWD

\KWHHQVRSLYDNVL3ROLWLLNDQWRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXGHWYRLYDWWDDVROODYDNLLQWXQHLWD WDLSROLWLVRLWXQHLWD3ROLWLVRLQQLQDYXOODOXRGDDQXXVLDWRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXNVLD MDYDNLLQWXQHLVXXVWDUNRLWWDDYDQKRMHQN\VHHQDODLVWDPDWWRPLHQMDUXWLLQLQRPDLV WHQPDKGROOLVXXNVLHQPXNDLVWDWRLPLQWDD7HRUHHWWLVHHQPDOOLLQSHUXVWXYDWWXW NLPXVWHKWlYlWRYDW$QDO\VRLGDHPSLLULVHVWLSROLLWWLVWDWLODQQHWWDMDSROLLWWLVLD WRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXNVLDWRLPLMRLGHQQlN|NXOPDVWD5DNHQWDDWHRUHHWWLVHVWLMD WHVWDWDHPSLLULVHVWLNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQG\QDPLLNNDD6XRPHVVDNlVLWWHOHYlWHR UHHWWLQHQPDOOL

7XWNLPXVDLQHLVWRQDRQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQNHVNHLVHQKHQ NLO|QWHHPDKDDVWDWWHOXDYXRGHOWDMDWRLPLMRLGHQGRNXPHQWDDWLRWDOX YXOWDDONDHQ/LVlNVLNl\WHWllQWLODVWRDLQHLVWRMD$LQHLVWRQDQDO\\VLQHQVLPPlLVHQ YDLKHRQNHVNHLVHVWLDLQHLVWROlKW|LQHQ7RLVHVVDYDLKHHVVDDLQHLVWRWVXKWHXWHWDDQ NHVNHQllQMDNROPDQQHVVDYDLKHHVVDWXWNLPXNVHQNXOXHVVDWDUNHQWXQHHVHHQWHR UHHWWLVHHQPDOOLLQ1HOMlQQHVVlYDLKHHVVDWXONLQWDNRHWHOODDQ

7XWNLPXNVHVVD HULWHOOllQ NROPH NRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQ KLVWR ULDOOLVWD DMDQMDNVRD MRLVWD NHVNLW\WllQ YLLPHLVHHQ ±OXYXLOWD DONDQHH VHHQ PRQLPXWNDLVWXYDQ MlUMHVWHOPlQ NDXWHHQ +DDVWDWWHOXDLQHLVWRVWD WHKW\MHQ KDYDLQWRMHQ SHUXVWHHOOD KLVWRULDVWD HULWHOOllQ QHOMl SROLWLLNNDMXRQQHWWD .XNLQ SROLWLLNNDMXRQQHNXYDD\KWlWHRUHHWWLVHQPDOOLQQHOMlVWlPDKGROOLVHVWDG\QDPLL

(6)

NDVWD 8XGLVWXVG\QDPLLNDQ PXNDLVHVWL WRLPLYDVVD WXWNLPXVSROLWLLNDQ MXRQWHHV VDLQQRYDDWLRSROLWLLNDQNRDOLWLRS\VW\\K\|G\QWlPllQSROLWLVRLWXQHLWDWRLPLQWD PDKGROOLVXXNVLDLQQRYDDWLRMlUMHVWHOPlQPXNDLVHQSROLLWWLVHQWLODQWHHQDQVLRVWD

$OXHSROLWLLNDQMXRQQHRQOXNNRG\QDPLLNDVVD$OXHHOOLVHQHGXVWXNVHQMDHULSXR OLOOHPDDWDVLMRLWHWWXMHQNRUNHDNRXOXMHQUDDPLWWDPDSROLLWWLQHQWLODQQHHLVDOOLQV UDNHQWHHOOLVHQNHKLWWlPLVHQSROLWLVRLWXQHLGHQWRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXNVLHQNl\WW|l .DQVDLQYlOLVHQSROLWLLNDQMXRQWHHQG\QDPLLNNDRQNRQVHQVXDDOLQHQPXXWRVMRV VDLQVWLWXWLRQDDOLVWHQVRSHXWXPLHQNDXWWDSROLLWWLQHQWLODQQHRQPXXWWXQXWNDQ VDLQYlOLVHOOHYXRURYDLNXWXNVHOOHVXRWXLVDNVL.DQVDLQYlOLVLlHVLPHUNNHMlRWHWDDQ YDNLLQWXQHLGHQ WRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXNVLHQ PXNDLVHVWL NRURVWDHQ NDQVDOOLVWD MD Nl\WlQQ|QOlKHLVWlQlN|NXOPDD+DOOLQWRSROLWLLNDQMXRQWHHVVDWXWNLPXVKDYDLWVHH NLWNDG\QDPLLNDQ3ROLLWWLVVWUDWHJLVHWMDEXGMHWWLLQOLLWW\YlSllW|NVHQWHNRRQHUL\

WHWW\MROORLQSROLLWWLQHQWLODQQHHLROHPXXWRNVHOOHVXRVLROOLQHQ/LVlNVLKDOOLQWR SROLWLLNDQYDNLLQWXQHLGHQWRLPLQWDPDOOLHQYXRNVLWLODQQHWWDRQYDLNHDPXXWWDD

7XWNLPXNVHQNHVNHLVLlWXORNVLDVXRPDODLVHQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQG\QDPLL NDVWDRQYLLVL(QVLQQlNLQG\QDPLLNNDRQHULODLQHQULLSSXHQVLLWlPLWlSROLWLLNND MXRQQHWWDWDUNDVWHOODDQ7RLVHNVLPXLKLQSROLWLLNNDMXRQWHLVLLQHQLWHQYDLNXWWDYDW MXRQWHHWMRWNDRYDWYDNLLQWXQHLWDHOLYDLHWWXMD.ROPDQQHNVLG\QDPLLNNDDQNHV NHLVHVWL YDLNXWWDYDW XONRLVHQ WLODQWHHQ PXXWRV WRLPLMRLGHQ YDLKWHOHYDW DVHPDW SROLWLLNNDMXRQWHLVVDMDG\QDPLLNDVWDMRKWXYDHQQXVWDPDWWRPXXV1HOMlQQHNVLG\

QDPLLNNDDRQSHUXVWHOWXDKDYDLQQRLGDUDNHQQHWXOODPDOOLOODMRWDYRLVLNHKLWWll MDWNRVVD9LLGHQQHNVLK\SRWHHVLQWDVROODMDWXOHYLOOHWXWNLPXNVLOOHVHOYLWHWWlYlNVL MllKDYDLQWRVLLWlHWWlVXRPDODLVHOOHNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDOOHQl\WWlLVLRPLQDLVHOWD UHDNWLLYLVXXVMDKHLNNRSROLWLVRLQWLN\N\

(7)

8QLYHUVLW\RI+HOVLQNL

,QVWLWXWHRI%HKDYLRXUDO6FLHQFHV 6WXGLHVLQ(GXFDWLRQDO6FLHQFHV -DDNNR.DXNR

'<1$0,&6,1),11,6++,*+(5 ('8&$7,2132/,7,&6

$EVWUDFW

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

7KH UHVHDUFK WDVNV EDVHG RQ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO PRGHO DUH 7R HPSLULFDOO\

DQDO\VHWKHSROLWLFDOVLWXDWLRQDQGWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVIURPWKHDFWRUV¶SRLQWRIYLHZ 7RWKHRUHWLFDOO\FRQVWUXFWDQGHPSLULFDOO\WHVWDPRGHOIRUDQDO\VLVRIG\QD PLFVLQWKH)LQQLVKKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQSROLWLFV7KHUHVHDUFKPDWHULDOFRQVLVWVRI WKHPDWLFLQWHUYLHZVZLWKNH\SHUVRQVLQWKHKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQSROLWLFDOV\VWHPLQ ,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHDUHDOVRGRFXPHQWVIURPGLIIHUHQWDFWRUVVLQFHWKHV DQGVWDWLVWLFDOGDWD7KHPDWHULDOLVDQDO\VHGLQIRXUSKDVHV,QWKH¿UVWSKDVHWKH HPSKDVLVLVRQWU\LQJWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHLQWHUYLHZHHV¶DQGDFWRUV¶SRLQWVRIYLHZ ,QWKHVHFRQGSKDVHWKHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIUHVHDUFKPDWHULDODUHUHODWHGWRHDFK RWKHU,QWKHWKLUGSKDVHWKH¿QGLQJVDUHUHODWHGWRWKHWKHRUHWLFDOPRGHOZKLFKLV FRQVWUXFWHGRYHUWKHFRXUVHRIWKHDQDO\VLV,QWKHIRXUWKSKDVHWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LVWHVWHG

7KH UHVHDUFK GLVWLQJXLVKHV WKUHH KLVWRULFDO SHULRGV LQ WKH )LQQLVK KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQV\VWHPDQGIRFXVHVRQWKHODVWRQH7KLVLVWKHHUDRIWKHFRPSOH[V\V WHPEHJLQQLQJLQWKHV±V%DVHGRQWKHLQWHUYLHZVIRXUSROLF\WKUHDGV DUHLGHQWL¿HGDQGDQDO\VHGLQWKHLUKLVWRULFDOFRQWH[W(DFKRIWKHSROLF\WKUHDGV UHSUHVHQWVRQHRIWKHIRXUSRVVLEOHG\QDPLFVLGHQWL¿HGLQWKHWKHRUHWLFDOPRGHO 7KHUHVHDUFKSROLF\WKUHDGIXQFWLRQVDFFRUGLQJWRUHIRUPG\QDPLFV$FRDOLWLRQ

(8)

RILQQRYDWLRQSROLWLFVLVDEOHWRXVHWKHSROLWLFL]HGSRVVLELOLWLHVGXHWRWKHSROLWL FDO VLWXDWLRQ FUHDWHG E\ WKH FRQFHSWLRQ RI WKH QDWLRQDO LQQRYDWLRQ V\VWHP 7KH UHJLRQDOSROLF\WKUHDGLVLQDJULGORFNG\QDPLFV7KHFRPELQDWLRQRIDSROLWLFDO V\VWHPEDVHGRQSURYLQFLDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDUHJLRQDOKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQLQVWLWX WLRQDOIUDPHZRUNDQGRXWVLGHSUHVVXUHWRVWUHDPOLQHWKHKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQVWUXF WXUHFUHDWHGDFRQWUDGLFWRU\SROLWLFDOVLWXDWLRQ%HFDXVHRIWKLVVLWXDWLRQWKHSROLW LFL]HGSRVVLELOLWLHVLQWKHVRFDOOHG³UHJLRQDOGHYHORSPHQWSODQ´GRQRWKDYHPXFK HIIHFW,QWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOSROLF\WKUHDGDFRQVHQVXDOFKDQJHG\QDPLFVLVIRXQG 7KURXJKFKDQJHVLQWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOIUDPHZRUNWKHKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQSROLWLFDO V\VWHPLVPRXOGHGLQWRDIDYRXUDEOHVLWXDWLRQ+RZHYHUWKHSRVVLELOLWLHVDUHVHW WOHGDSUDJPDWLFQDWLRQDOJD]HSUHYDLOHG$G\QDPLFVRIEDVLFIULFWLRQLVIRXQGLQ WKHJRYHUQDQFHSROLF\WKUHDG$SROLWLFDOVLWXDWLRQZKHUHSROLWLFDOVWUDWHJLFDQG EXGJHWDU\GHFLVLRQPDNLQJLVVHSDUDWHGLVQRWIDYRXUDEOHIRUFKDQJH,QDGGLWLRQ DV JRYHUQDQFH SROLF\ IXQFWLRQV DFFRUGLQJ WR VHWWOHG SRVVLELOLWLHV WKH VLWXDWLRQ VHHPVXQFKDQJHDEOH

7KHUH DUH ¿YH FHQWUDO ¿QGLQJV )LUVW WKH G\QDPLFV DUH GLIIHUHQW GHSHQGLQJ RQWKHSROLF\WKUHDGXQGHUVFUXWLQ\6HFRQGWKHVHWWOHGSRVVLELOLWLHVLQDSROLF\

WKUHDG VHHPHG WR LQÀXHQFH RWKHU WKUHDGV WKH PRVW 7KLUG G\QDPLFV DUH PXFK UHODWHGWRFKDQJHVH[WHUQDOWRWKHKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQSROLWLFDOV\VWHPWKHFKDQJLQJ SRVLWLRQVRIWKHDFWRUVLQGLIIHUHQWSROLF\WKUHDGVDQGWKHXQH[SHFWHGQDWXUHRIWKH G\QDPLFV)RXUWKLWLVIUXLWIXOWRDQDO\VHWKHG\QDPLFVZLWKWKHWKHRUHWLFDOPRGHO )LIWKEXWRQO\K\SRWKHWLFDOO\DQGWKXVOHIWIRUIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKLWVHHPVWKDWWKH )LQQLVKKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQSROLWLFVLVUHDFWLYHDQGZHDNDWSROLWLFL]DWLRQ

(9)

$.XNDVLQlROHW"

%$LNDMRNDNXNLVWDDNDLNHQ

$0LNVLVHLVRWYDUSDLOODVL"

%2OHQLlWLOLLNNHHVVl±±

$0LNVLWXNNDVLURLNNXXNDVYRMHVLHGHVVl"

%+lQWlYDUWHQMRNDNRKWDDPLQXWRWWDDNVHHQNLLQQLHWXNLHKNXUDVWDQL

$-DPLNVLWDLYDDQWlKGHQRQWDNDUDLYRVLSDOMDV"

%.RVNDHLNXNDDQNHQHQRKLROHQVLLYHNNlLOOlMDORLOODQLNLLWlQ\W YDLNNDVLWlNRYLQWRLYRRVDDPLQXVWDHQllRWHWWD

$QWKRORJLD3DODWLQD;9,

(10)
(11)

ESIPUHE

.LLWRVYlLW|VNLUMDQLYDOPLVWXPLVHVWDNXXOXXPRQLOOHLKPLVLOOHMRLGHQNDQVVDROHQ VDDQXWW\|VNHQQHOOlNHVNXVWHOODMD\VWlY\VW\l(QROLVLYRLQXWWHKGlWXWNLPXVWD

\NVLQ.DLNNLDMRLGHQNDQVVDROHQHULDLNRLQDDMDWXNVLDQLKDKPRWWDQXWHQS\VW\

WlVVlQLPHOWlPDLQLWVHPDDQPXWWDNLLWROOLVXXWHQLKHLOOHRQ\KWlVXXUL

$LYDQHULW\LQHQNLLWRVNXXOXXRKMDDMLOOHQL+DQQX6LPRODOOH-XUL0\NNlVHOOHMD 5LVWR5LQWHHOOH+DQQXRQWXNHQXWYlLW|VNLUMDW\|WlXVHDPPDOODWDYDOODNXLQWlKlQ WHNVWLLQPDKWXXPXWWDKlQRQHQQHQNDLNNHDDQWDQXWPLQXOOHSDOMRQWXWNLPXN VHOOLVWDOLLNNXPDYDUDD+lQHQLQQRVWXNVHQVDRQURKNDLVVXWPLQXDS\UNLPllQOXR PDDQXXWWD-XULQSDODXWHRQDLQDKDKPRWWDQXW\GLQNRKGDWMDROOXWUDNHQWDYDD PLNlRQDXWWDQXWPRQLVWDRQJHOPDNRKGLVWD\OL5LVWRQUDXWDLQHQVXEVWDQVVLRVDD PLQHQRQROOXWWXWNLPXNVHOOHQLHULWWlLQWlUNHllMDKlQHQNRPPHQWLWWHNVWLLQLRYDW SXGRWWDQHHWVXRPXWVLOPLHQLHGHVWlPRQWDNHUWDD

,VRQYDLYDQQlKQHHWNDNVLHVLWDUNDVWDMDDVDDYDWSDUKDDWNLLWRNVHQL2OLQRWHWWX /HHQD.RVNHQNULLWWLVHVWlODXVXQQRVWDMRNDWHUlY|LWWLMDVHONL\WWLW\|WlQLPHUNLWWl YlVWL6HSSR+|OWWlDQWRLWlUNHllNDQQXVWXVWDMDXVNRDWHNHPLLQLWXWNLPXNVHOOLVLLQ UDWNDLVXLKLQ

5XQVDDVWLDSXDMDSDOMRQWXNHDROHQVDDQXWWXWNLPXVU\KPlOWlPPH.RXOXWXN VHQXXVLSROLWLLNNDMDKDOOLQWD.832/,.LLWRVNXXOXXWHLOOHNDLNLOOH6DUL(ULNV VRQ6XVDQQD+DQQXV0LUD.DODODKWL6DWX.RLYXKRYL6RQMD.RVXQHQ+HOL3DWD QHQ+DQQHOH3LWNlQHQ-DDQD3RLNRODLQHQ0DUL6LPROD7RPPL:DOOHQLXV/DXUL 9DUDNDV-DQQH9DUMRMD(HUR9llWlLQHQ(HURRQUDYLVWHOOXWNlVLW\NVLlQLSRKGLQ QRLOODDQ 7XWNLPXNVHQ DONXYDLKHHVVD +DQQHOH RQ WXNHQXW PLQXD KXROHOOLVHOOD DQDO\\VLOODDQMD+HOLWDUNDOODNULWLLNLOOllQ-DDQDQPHWRGLQHQWLQNLPlWW|P\\V0L UDQUDXKDOOLQHQMRKGRQPXNDLVXXVMD6XVDQQDQNlVLWWHHOOLQHQWDUNNXXVRYDWPXR NDQQHHW W\|VWlQL PHQHWHOPlOOLVHVWL MD WHRUHHWWLVHVWL SHUXVWHOOXPPDQ -DQQH RQ DXWWDQXWKLVWRULDOOLVHOODDVLDQWXQWHPXNVHOODDQMDNDWWDYDOODNlVLNLUMDVWROODDQ0D ULQNDQVVDROHQVDDQXWWXXOHWHOODWXWNLPXNVHOOLVLDDMDWXNVLDMDODLWWDDSDUDGLJPDW XXVLNVL/DXULHVLWWLWlUNHllNULWLLNNLlYlLW|VNLUMDQLHQVLPPlLVHQNlVLNLUMRLWXNVHQ SRKMDOWD6DGXOWDMD7RPPLOWDROHQVDDQXWYLLPHPHWULHQURKNDLVXD6DULMD6RQMD DXWWRLYDWYLHOlWXWNLPXNVHQNDONNLYLLYRLOODSDUDQWDPDDQDMDWXNVHQMXRNVXDQL

2VDQWDLNRNRNlVLNLUMRLWXNVHQRYDWOXNHQHHWMDNRPPHQWRLQHHW5HLMR$KRODL QHQ .ULVWLLQD %UXQLOD 0LUD +XXVNR $OHNVL .DOHQLXV MD 7DLQD 6DDULQHQ .DLVX 0lONNLRQDXWWDQXWPLQXDDMDWXVWHQMDNLUMRLWWDPLVHQ\KWHHQVRYLWWDPLVHVVD/L VlNVL.DUL3DORVHOWDVDLQW\|WlQLHGLVWlQ\WWlSDODXWHWWDYDUKDLVHHQOXRQQRNVHHQ WHRUHHWWLVHVWDYLLWHNHK\NVHVWl1lPlHULYDLKHLVVDMDHULSHUVSHNWLLYHLVWlVDDPDQL NRPPHQWLWRYDWROOHHWllULPPlLVHQWlUNHLWlWDVDSDLQRLVHQORSSXWXORNVHQWDYRLW WHOHPLVHNVL2OHQWHLOOHNDLNLOOHNRYDVWLNLLWROOLQHQ

(12)

6XXUL NLLWRV NXXOXX (UNNL %HUQGWVRQLOOH VLLWl HWWl KlQ RQ LQQRVWDQXW PLQXW WXWNLMDQXUDOOH0\|V(UNLQNlVLNLUMRLWXNVHVWDQLDQWDPDSDODXWHDXWWRLPLQXDSD UHPPLQKDKPRWWDPDDQSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHQKLVWRULDD

6DDYXLQV\NV\OOlWXRUHHQDYDOWLRWLHWHLGHQPDLVWHULQDNDVYDWXVWLHWHHQODL WRNVHOOHMDPLQXWRWHWWLLQOlPSLPlVWLYDVWDDQ1\N\LQHQNl\WWl\W\PLVWLHWHLGHQODL WRNVHQNDVYDWXVWLHWHHQRSSLDLQHMDVHQNDVYDWXV\KWHLVNXQWDMDNXOWWXXUL\KWHLV|

RQROOXWHULQRPDLQHQSDLNNDO|\WllRPDQlN|NXOPDQLNRXOXWXNVHQWXWNLPLVHHQ +DOXDQNLLWWllWHLWlNDLNNLD/DLWRNVHOOHHVLWlQNLLWRNVHQNLUMDQNXVWDQWDPLVHVWD MDKDOOLQWRKHQNLO|NXQQDOOHDLQDLVHVWDDVLRLGHQLVXMXYDVWDKRLGRVWD7XRPR$DOWRD NLLWlQDPPDWWLWDLWRLVHVWDDYXVWDNLUMDQVDDWWDPLVHVVDSDLQRNXQWRRQ

0\|VPRQLPXX\KWHLV|RQROOXWWlUNHlW\|QLNDQQDOWD7XWNLPXNVHQLRQYDO PLVWXQXWRVDQDSURMHNWLD9DOWD\OLNDQVDOOLVHWKDOOLQWDMlUMHVWHOPlWMD\OLRSLVWRMHQ XXVL MRKWDPLVWDSD 3URMHNWLD MRKWDD 5LVWR 5LQQH MD WRLVHQD MRKWDYDQD WXWNLMDQD RQ+DQQX6LPROD7lVVlSURMHNWLVVDW\|VNHQQHOOHHW7XUXQ\OLRSLVWRQ(OLQLNlLVHQ RSSLPLVHQMDNRXOXWXNVHQWXWNLPXVNHVNXNVHQ&(/(WXWNLMDNROOHJDWRYDWROOHHW WlUNHlWXNLMRLOOHKDOXDQP\|VRVRLWWDDUXQVDLPPDWNLLWRNVHQL7XWNLPXVSURMHNWL RQVDDQXWUDKRLWXNVHQVD6XRPHQ$NDWHPLDQ9DOWD6XRPHVVDWXWNLPXVRKMHOPDO WDYXRVLQD±.DVYDWXNVHQNRXOXWXNVHQMDRSSLPLVHQYDOWDNXQQDOOLQHQ WXWNLMDNRXOX.$69$MDVHQ.RXOXWXVSROLWLLNDQWDORXGHQMDDUYLRLQQLQYHUWDLOH YDQWXWNLPXNVHQRVDRKMHOPD.$9(RQROOXWWlUNHlWDORXGHOOLQHQMD\KWHLV|OOL QHQWXNL6XRPHQ$NDWHPLDRQP\|VUDKRLWWDQXWSXROHQYXRGHQWXWNLMDYLHUDLOXDQL SRUWXJDOLODLVHVVDNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQ&,3(6WXWNLPXVNHVNXNVHVVD&HQWUHIRU 5HVHDUFKLQ+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ3ROLFLHV

*RVWDULDGHDJUDGHFHUDRVDPLJRVHFROHJDVGR&HQWURGH,QYHVWLJDomRGH3R OtWLFDVGR(QVLQR6XSHULRUHP0DWRVLQKRVHGD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH$YHLUR2VVHLV PHVHVSDVVDGRVQDVXDFRPSDQKLDIRUDPHVVHQFLDLVSDUDDPLQKDLQYHVWLJDomR ,JXDOPHQWHLPSRUWDQWHVIRUDPWDPEpPRVDOPRoRVFROHFWLYRV0XLWRREULJDGRD WRGRV

7LHW\VWL PDKGROOLVHW DVLDYLUKHHW MD NXPPDOOLVHW DMDWXVNXOXW HLYlW MRKGX VDD PDVWDQLWXHVWDYDDQQHWXOHYDW\NVLQPLQXQSLLNNLLQ

3XROLVRQLRQQlKQ\WYLHUHVWlWXWNLPXNVHQP\|WlMDYDVWDPlHW.LLWRV1RRUD WXHVWD\PPlUU\NVHVWlMDOlVQlRORVWD

+HOVLQJLVVl)ORRUDQSlLYlQl -DDNNR.DXNR

(13)

SISÄLLYS

(6,38+(

'<1$$0,1(11b.(0<6.25.($.28/832/,7,,..$$1

.$.6,'<1$0,,.$18/277898877$

.RKWLG\QDPLLNDQDQDO\\VLD 3HULQWHLVHWOlKHVW\PLVWDYDWSROLLWWLVHHQMD

NRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHHQMlUMHVWHOPllQ .RUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQPXXWRVWDWDUNDVWHOHYDWPDOOLW 3ROLWLLNNDPXXWRNVHOOHVXRVLROOLVHQDWDL

ULVWLULLWDLVHQDWLODQWHHQD 3ROLWLLNNDYDNLLQWXQHHQDWDLSROLWLVRLWXQHHQD

WRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXWHQD .RUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQG\QDPLLNDQDQDO\\VLPDOOL 7XWNLPXNVHQDLQHLVWRMDVHQDQDO\\VL +DDVWDWHOWDYLHQYDOLQWDMDKDDVWDWWHOXQNXONX (OLLWWLKDDVWDWWHOXQHSlV\PPHWULDD <PPlUWlPLVHVWlNRHWWHOXXQDLQHLVWRMHQDQDO\\VL 7XWNLPXNVHQOXRWHWWDYXXV .2/0(.25.($.28/832/,7,,.$1.$877$

-$1(/-b32/,7,,..$-8211(77$

(OLLWWLMlUMHVWHOPlQNDXVL .DVYDYDQMlUMHVWHOPlQNDXVL 7HNQRORJLDSROLWLLNDQQRXVX <OLRSLVWRMHQDOXHHOOLQHQODDMHQHPLQHQ +DOOLQWRSROLWLLNDQMXRQWHHQLQVWLWXWLRQDDOLVHQ

UDNHQWHHQPXXWRV .DVYDYDQMlUMHVWHOPlQPXUURNVHHQ 0RQLPXWNDLVWXYDQMlUMHVWHOPlQNDXVL

/DDGXQYDUPLVWXNVHQMDNLOSDLOXN\Y\Q

LQVWLWXWLRQDDOLVHWPXXWRNVHW 3HUXVMDVRYHOWDYDQWXWNLPXNVHQULVWLULLGDW $OXHSROLWLLNDQMlQQLW\VWLOD +DOOLQWRSROLWLLNDQYDOWLROOLVHQSURMHNWLQPXUURV

VWUDWHJLQHQRKMDXVEXGMHWWLRKMDXVMDWXORVRKMDXV .\V\P\NVLlPRQLPXWNDLVWXYDQMlUMHVWHOPlQG\QDPLLNDVWD

(14)

1(/-b'<1$0,,..$$

.RQVHQVXDDOLQHQNDQVDOOLQHQNDQVDLQYlOLVHVVlNRQWHNVWLVVD ³*OREDOLVDDWLR´PXXWRNVHOOHVXRVLROOLVHQDWLODQWHHQD .DQVDLQYlOLVHQYXRURYDLNXWXNVHQDUNLSlLYlLVW\PLQHQ .DQVDLQYlOLVHQSROLWLLNDQYDNLLQWXQHHW

WRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXGHW .l\WlQQ|QOlKHLQHQDVHQQHNDQVDOOLQHQSDLQRWXV .RQVHQVXDDOLQHQN\VHHQDODLVWDPDWRQG\QDPLLNND .LLVWHOOHQXXGLVWXYDWXWNLPXVSROLWLLNND .DQVDOOLVHQLQQRYDDWLRMlUMHVWHOPlQPHQHVW\VWDULQD 3HUXVWXWNLPXVMDLQQRYDDWLRSROLWLLNDQNRDOLWLRW 3ROLF\\ULWWlMLHQSROLWLVRLPDWWRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXGHW ,QQRYDDWLRMlUMHVWHOPlQXXGLVWDPLQHQ $OXHSROLWLLNDQOXNNR 0XXWRNVHOOHULVWLULLWDLVHQWLODQWHHQV\QW\

5LVWLULLGDQSXUNDPLVHQNLOSLVW\PLQHQ $OXHSROLWLLNDQOXNNLXWXPLQHQ .LWNDLQHQKDOOLQQRQ\KWHHQVRYLWXV 7DYRLWWHLGHQMDUHVXUVVLHQHUL\WWlPLQHQ ,QVWLWXWLRQDDOLVHQUDNHQWHHQPRQLPXWNDLVWXPLQHQ %XGMHWLQMDSROLWLLNDQHUL\W\V 7RLPLMRLGHQRULHQWDDWLRUDKDDQ .HLQRMHQMDSllPllULHQULVWLULLWD '<1$0,,.$7-$1,,'(168+7((7 .RUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQHULG\QDPLLNDW 9DLNXWWDYDYDLNHQHPLQHQ .RUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQG\QDPLLNDQXONRV\QW\LV\\V

VXKWHHOOLVXXVMDKDOOLWVHPDWWRPXXV 7HRUHHWWLVHQPDOOLQDUYLRLQWLD 5HDNWLLYLVXXVMDKHLNNRSROLWLVRLQWLN\N\"

/b+7((7 /,,77((7

(15)

7DXOXNRW

7DXOXNNR '\QDPLLNDQHQVLPPlLQHQXORWWXYXXVSROLLWWLQHQWLODQQH 7DXOXNNR '\QDPLLNDQWRLQHQXORWWXYXXV

SROLLWWLVHWWRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXGHW 7DXOXNNR 7HRUHHWWLQHQPDOOLNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQ

MlUMHVWHOPlQG\QDPLLNDVWD 7DXOXNNR '\QDPLLNDQDQDO\\VLQHWHQHPLQHQ 7DXOXNNR 6XRPDODLVHQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQ

G\QDPLLNDWQHOMlVVlSROLWLLNNDMXRQWHHVVD 7DXOXNNR +DDVWDWWHOXDLQHLVWRRQPHUNLWW\MlNRRGHMDMD

QLLGHQPllULlNRRGLSHUKHLWWlLQ 7DXOXNNR 7HNQLVHQNRRGLSHUKHHQNRRGLHQIUHNYHQVVLW 7DXOXNNR +HQNLO|WRLPLMDSHUKHHQ\OLQHOMlPDLQLQWDDVDDQHHWNRRGLW 7DXOXNNR 0XLGHQNXLQKHQNLO|WRLPLMDSHUKHHQMD

\OL\KGHNVlQPDLQLQWDDVDDQHHWNRRGLW 7DXOXNNR 2UJDQLVDDWLRWRLPLMDSHUKHHQNRRGLHQNl\WW|

DLQHLVWRVVDSURVHQWWHLQD .XYDW

.XYD 7LHGH\OLRSLVWRMHQPllUl6XRPHVVD\KWHHQVlMD

7XUXVVD+HOVLQJLVVlMD(VSRRVVDYXRVLQD±

.XYD 7XWNLPXVNHKLWWlPLVUDKRLWXVPLQLVWHUL|LWWlLQ

YXRVLQD±PLOMRRQDDHXURD .XYD 7XWNLPXVMDNHKLWWlPLVUDKRLWXNVHQVXKWHHOOLQHQMDNRHUL

WRLPLMRLGHQNHVNHQYXRVLQD±

.XYD 7XWNLPXVMDNHKLWWlPLVWRLPLQQDQUDKRLWXVMD

YDOWLRQWLHGHMDWHNQRORJLDQHXYRVWRQVXRVLWXNVHWVLLWl

3URVHQWWHLQDEUXWWRNDQVDQWXRWWHHVWDYXRVLQD±

.XYD 9XRVLWWDLQHQPXXWRVYDOWLRYDUDLQPLQLVWHUL|Q WDORXVDUYLRHVLW\NVHVWlHGXVNXQQDQK\YlNV\PllQ WDORXVDUYLRRQNDKGHQPLQLVWHUL|QVHNWRULOODMDNRNR

EXGMHWLVVDYXRVLQD±

.XYD +\SRWHHVLNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQ

G\QDPLLNDQPXXWRNVHVWD

(16)
(17)

1 DYNAAMINEN NÄKEMYS KORKEAKOULUPOLITIIKKAAN

´6LLQlRQSllPLQLVWHULSXKHHQMRKWDMDQDMDNDLNNLNHVNHLVHWPLQLVWHULW-D HGXVWXVYLHOlVLHOOlRQ7HNHVLQSllMRKWDMDMD977QSllMRKWDMDMD\OLRSLVWR MHQHGXVWXVMDPLQXQ\PPlUWllNVHQLDLNDK\YlYDOPLVWHOXSURVHVVL6LWWHQ VLHOOlQXLMLWDDQSllW|NVLlS|\WllQMRLWDYDOWLRQHXYRVWRHLVHQMlONHHQQRX GDWD1HVDPDWW\\SLWMRWNDLVWXYDWVLHOOl´

6XRPDODLVHVVD NRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDVVD HGHOOl ODLQDWWXD KDDVWDWHOWXD LKPHW\WWll WXWNLPXVMDLQQRYDDWLRQHXYRVWRQVXKGHYDOWLRQHXYRVWRQSllW|NVLLQ7XWNLPXVMD LQQRYDDWLRQHXYRVWRRQVHHOLQMRVVDNRNRRQWXXODDMDDODLQHQMRXNNRNRUNHDNRX OXSROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQ MD \ULW\VPDDLOPDQ HGXVWDMLD 1HXYRVWRQ ROHWWDLVL ROH YDQPHUNLWWlYlVVlQHXYRDDQWDYDVVDDVHPDVVDYDOWLRQHXYRVWRQSllW|NVHQWHRVVD +DDVWDWHOWDYDYlLWWllVLOWLHWWlPLQLVWHULWHLYlWQRXGDWDLWVHNHVNHLVHVVlNRUNHD NRXOXSROLWLLNDQ WRLPLHOLPHVVl K\YlNV\PLllQ OLQMDXNVLD YDOWLRQHXYRVWRVVD -RV YlLWWHHQ RWWDD WRGHVWD KHUll WXWNLPXNVHOOLQHQ N\V\P\V PLNVL QlLQ WDSDKWXX 9DLNND WRWHDPXVWD HSlLOLVLNLQ N\V\l YRL PLWHQ DVLDVWD YRLGDDQ VDDGD VHOYll MD PLNVLQlLQYlLWHWllQ

0DKGROOLVLDVHOLW\VPDOOHMDRQDLQDNLQNDNVL(QVLQQlNLQYRLGDDQYlLWWllHWWl ORSSXWXORV MRKWXX SROLWLLNDQ WRLPLMRLGHQ RPLQDLVSLLUWHLVWl 6HOLW\V ROLVL HVLPHU NLNVL VH HWWl NRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQ OLQMDDPLVHVVD YDOWLRQHXYRVWROOD RQ NDLNNHLQ HQLWHQYDOWDDMDVHQSllW|NVHWYRLWWDYDWWXWNLPXVMDLQQRYDDWLRQHXYRVWRQSllW|N VHW0LQLVWHUHLGHQROOHVVDYDOWLRQHXYRVWRVVDKHLGlQHLWDUYLWVHYlOLWWllPLWlRYDW PXXDOODSllWWlQHHW6HOLW\VPDOOLNHVNLWW\\WlOO|LQWRLPLMRLKLQMDNRURVWDDQLLGHQ PHUNLW\VWlYDOODQNl\WWlMLQl7RLVDDOWDYRLGDDQYlLWWllHWWlNDLNNLLQWRLPLMRLKLQ YDLNXWWDDMRNLQWRLPLQWDPDOOLMRNDPDKGROOLVWDDPDLQLWXQDVHWHOPDQPXRGRVWX PLVHQ7lOO|LQVHOLW\VROLVLVHHWWlPLQLVWHULWWRLPLHVVDDQHULLQVWLWXXWLRLVVDQRX GDWWDYDWQLLVVlWRWXWWXMDWRLPLQWDPDOOHMDWLHWRLVHVWLWDLWLHGRVWDPDWWDPLNlMRKWDD KDDVWDWHOWXDYDLYDQQHHVHHQWLODQWHHVHHQ-lONLPPlLQHQVHOLW\VPDOOLWDUMRDDQlLQ QlN|NXOPDQSROLWLLNNDDQWRLPLQWDQDNV3DORQHQ

.DNVLVHOLW\VPDOOLDMlWWllWXWNLMDOOHNDUNHDVWLRWWDHQNDNVLVWUDWHJLDDVXXQQD WDPLHOHQNLLQWRMRNRSROLWLLNDQWRLPLMRLGHQRPLQDLVSLLUWHLVLLQWDLSROLWLLNNDDQWRL PLQWDQD 2PLQDLVSLLUWHLVWl NLLQQRVWXQXW WXWNLMD S\UNLL WDUNDVWHOHPDDQ DVLRLGHQ SHUXVROHPXVWDHWVLPllQ\WLPLlMRLVWDNlVLQYRLGDDQ\PPlUWllNRNRQDLVXXGHQ WRLPLQWDD(PLUED\HU<OOlROHYDQODLQDXNVHQWDSDXNVHVVDWlPlWDUNRLWWDLVL YDLNNDSDKDOOLWXNVHQWXWNLPXVMDLQQRYDDWLRQHXYRVWRQPLQLVWHUL|LGHQ\OLRSLV WRMHQMDPXLGHQPDLQLWWXMHQLQVWLWXXWLRLGHQMDQLLVVlWRLPLYLHQKHQNLO|LGHQLQWUHV VLHQKDYDLQQRLQWLDMDSROLWLLNDQMRKWDPLVWDQlLVWlSHUXVROHPXNVLVWD9DLKWRHKWRL VHVWLWlPlYRLVLWDUNRLWWDDMRQNXQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQOLQMDXNVHQHULWWHOHPLVWl MDVLLKHQNRKGLVWXYDDDQDO\\VLD

(18)

7RLPLMRLGHQRPLQDLVSLLUWHLWlHWVLYlWXWNLMDNRKWDDPRQLPXWNDLVXXGHQRQJHO PDQ 0LWHQ YRLGDDQ HQVLQQlNLQ VDDGD VHOYLOOH HUL WRLPLMRLGHQ SUHIHUHQVVHMl MD WRLVHNVLPLWHQYRLGDDQWXONLWDQLLGHQPXRGRVWDPDDYHUNRVWRDV\VWHPDDWWLVHVWL"

/LVlNVL HVLPHUNNLWDSDXNVHVVD WlPl QlN|NXOPD RVRLWWDXWXX SDUDGRNVDDOLVHNVL VLLQlHWWlVDPRLOODLQWUHVVHLOOlYDUXVWHWXWKHQNLO|WSllWWlYlWHULWDYRLQHULODLVLVVD LQVWLWXWLRQDDOLVLVVD\KWH\NVLVVl

3ROLWLLNDQWRLPLQWDDQNHVNLWW\YLOOHHULWLHWHHQDORMHQWXWNLPXNVLOOHRQ\KWHLVWl PRQLPXWNDLVXXGHQP\|QWlPLQHQMDWRLPLMRLGHQYlOLVHHQYXRURYDLNXWXNVHHQNHV NLWW\PLQHQ +DOOLQWRWLHWHLVVl NRPSOHNVLVXXVWHRUHHWWLVHHQ QlN|NXOPDDQ NXXOXX PRQLPXWNDLVXXGHQ\PPlUWlPLQHQDQDO\\VLQNRKWHHQDHQQHPPLQNXLQDQDO\\

VLDKDQNDORLWWDYDQDWHNLMlQl-DORQHQ5HODWLRQDDOLVHVVDVRVLRORJLDVVD NLLQQRVWXNVHQNRKWHHNVLYDOLNRLWXXYXRURYDLNXWXVVHQVLMDDQHWWlNLLQQLWHWWlLVLLQ KXRPLRWDVWDDWWLVLLQWHNLM|LKLQ(PLUED\HUNV9DQGHQEHUJKH

3ROLWLLNNDDWRLPLQWDQDKDKPRWWDYDWXWNLMDVLLVNHVNLWWlLVLNDWVHHQVDWRLPLMRL GHQYlOLVLLQVXKWHLVLLQ7lOO|LQWXWNLPXNVHQNRKGHRQWRLPLMRLGHQYXRURYDLNXWXN VHQVllQQ|QPXNDLVXXVHOLG\QDPLLNND6llQQ|QPXNDLVXXVHLWDUNRLWDVDPDQNDO WDLVXXWWDHLNlS\V\Y\\WWlYDDQDMDVVDDODWLNHKLWW\YLlMDORSXWWRPDVVDOLLNNHHVVl ROHYLD YXRURYDLNXWXNVHQ NXYLRLWD .V (PLUED\HU 6LPROD ORSSXYLLWH +DDVWDWWHOXODLQDXNVHQ WDSDXNVHVVD WXWNLMDD NLLQQRVWDLVL PLNl G\QDPLLNND YDLNXWWDD VLLKHQ HWWl NRUNHLPPDVVD NRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQ DVLDQ WXQWLMDHOLPHVVlMDYDOWLRQHXYRVWRVVDPLQLVWHULWHLYlWWHHVDPDQNDOWDLVLDOLQMDXN VLD/LVlNVLN\V\P\NVHNVLKHUlLVLPLNVLN\VHLQHQG\QDPLLNNDRQPXRGRVWXQXW 7XWNLPXNVHVVDDLRQSllVWlNLLQQLWlPlQNDOWDLVLLQSROLWLLNDQWRLPLQWDDQOLLWW\YLLQ N\V\P\NVLLQ.DWVRQHWWlOlKW|NRKWDQDDMDWXVSROLWLLNDQG\QDPLLNDVWDYRLDQWDD SDUHPPDQVHOLW\VYRLPDQWXWNLPXNVHQKDDVWDWWHOXDLQHLVWRVWDHVLWHW\VVlRWWHHVVD ROHYLHQDVHWHOPLHQWXWNLPLVHHQNXLQNHVNLWW\PLQHQWRLPLMRLGHQQLLGHQLQWUHVVLHQ MD\NVLWWlLVWHQSROLWLLNNDSllW|VWHQRPLQDLVSLLUWHLVLLQ

.RUNHDNRXOXLKLQOLLWW\YlVVlMD\OHLVHPPLQNLQSROLWLLNDVVDRQO|\GHWWlYLVVlMR

\KGHVWl SROLWLLNNDSURVHVVLVWD HULODLVWHQ NHUWRPXVWHQ NLUMR 0LOOV 0LHOHV WlQL RQNLQ WDUSHHQ \NVLQNHUWDLVWDD WXWNLPXNVHQL DONXDVHWHOPDD MRWHQ NHVNLW\Q NRNRQDLVYDOWDLVHPSDDQNXYDDQ.XQQlN|NXOPDODDMHQHHPDKGROOLVXXGHWV\YHQ W\l\NVLWWlLVLLQKHQNLO|WRLPLMRLKLQYlKHQHYlW6LLUUlQQlN|NXOPDD\OHLVHPPlOOH WDVROOHMD\PPlUUlQWRLPLMRLNVLLQVWLWXXWLRW,QVWLWXXWLRQPllULWHOPlQ\WLPHVVl RQVLLKHQNXXOXYDQLKPLVU\KPlQNl\WWl\W\PLVWlHULWDYRLOODUDMRLWWDYDYDLNXWXV ,QVWLWXXWLRWVllQWHOHYlW\NVLO|LGHQNl\WWl\W\PLVWlPXRGROOLVWHQVllQW|MHQVRVLDD OLVWHQQRUPLHQMDWRGHOOLVXXGHOOHDQQHWWXMHQPHUNLW\VWHQNDXWWD1lLWlNROPHDSL ODULDRQSDLQRWHWWXHULWDYDOODULLSSXHQWXWNLPXVSHULQWHHVWl6FRWW±

+DKPRWDQ LQVWLWXXWLRLGHQ PXRGRVWDPDD NRNRQDLVXXWWD SROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHO PlQNlVLWWHHOOl7DUNHPPLQSROLLWWLQHQMlUMHVWHOPlUDMDXWXXWXWNLPXNVHVVDQL\OL RSLVWRMDNRVNHYDDQSllW|NVHQWHNRRQMDWlWlNXWVXQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHNVLMlU

(19)

MHVWHOPlNVL.RQNUHHWWLVHVWLWlPlPDNURWDVRQQlN|NXOPDWDUNRLWWDDHWWHQWlVVl WXWNLPXNVHVVDNlVLWWHOHHVLPHUNLNVL\OLRSLVWRMHQRSHWXVMDNXOWWXXULPLQLVWHUL|Q WDL (OLQNHLQRHOlPlQ NHVNXVOLLWRQ VLVlLVLl WDSDKWXPLD 6HQ VLMDDQ ROHQ NLLQQRV WXQXW PLQNlODLVHNVL \NVLWWlLVHQ \OLRSLVWRQ WDL PXXQ LQVWLWXXWLRQ DVHPD \OHHQVl KDKPRWWXXNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHVVDMlUMHVWHOPlVVl.HVNLWW\PLQHQSllW|NVHQWH RQ\OlWDVROOHNHUWRRP\|VROHWXNVHVWDQLHWWlMlUMHVWHOPlQHULWDVRLOODRQHULODLQHQ URROL$QDO\\VLLQHLNXXOXVHQSRKWLPLQHQPLQNlODLQHQYDLNXWXVVXKGHHULWDVRMHQ YlOLOOlRQ3RLNNHXNVHQDRQNDQVDLQYlOLQHQWDVRMRWDHQKDKPRWDNDQVDOOLVWDKLH UDUNNLVHVWL\OHPSlQlWDVRQDYDDQYXRURYDLNXWXVIRRUXPLQDPXLGHQPDLGHQNDQ VDOOLVHQWDVRQMDHULODLVWHQNDQVDLQYlOLVWHQWRLPLMRLGHQNDQVVD.lUMLVWlHQVDQRWWX QD\PPlUUlQHVLPHUNLNVL7DORXGHOOLVHQ\KWHLVW\|QMDNHKLW\NVHQMlUMHVW|2(&'Q WRLPLMDNVLVLLQlPLVVl3URIHVVRULOLLWRQ

0DLQLWVHPLHQLHQQDNNRROHWXNVLHQPXNDLVHVWLYRLQQ\WDVHWWDDWXWNLPXNVHOOH QLWDYRLWWHHQMRNDNHVNLWW\\NRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQMDVHQLQVWLWXXWL RLGHQYlOLVHQYXRURYDLNXWXNVHQWXWNLPLVHHQ7DYRLWWHHQLWlVVlWXWNLPXNVHVVDRQ UDNHQWDD\PPlUU\VWlVXRPDODLVHQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQG\QD PLLNDVWD

2OHQ KDYDLQQXW DLHPPLVWD NRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQ G\QDPLLNNDD NlVLWHOOHLVWlWXWNLPXNVLVWDNDNVLOlKHVW\PLVWDSDDMRWNDVRSLYDWRPDQWXWNLPXN VHQL WHRUHHWWLVHHQ YLLWHNHK\NVHHQ (QVLQQlNLQ QH DYDDYDW PLHOHQNLLQWRLVHOOD WD YDOODWRLPLMRLGHQYlOLVHQYXRURYDLNXWXNVHQDQDO\\VLQPDKGROOLVHQDYDVWDXNVHQD

\KWHLVNXQWDWLHWHLGHQNODVVLVHHQN\V\P\NVHHQWRLPLMDQMDUDNHQWHHQYlOLVHVWlVXK WHHVWD7RLVHNVLQHRYDWXVHLQRWWDQHHWYDKYDQKLVWRULDOOLVHQRWWHHQG\QDPLLNDQ KDYDLWVHPLVHNVL

$LHPSLHQG\QDPLLNDQWXWNLPXVWHQDVHWHOPLVVDHLYDLNXWXVVXKGHNRUNHDNRX OXWXNVHQMlUMHVWHOPlVWlLQVWLWXXWLRWDL\NVLO|WRLPLMDDQVDDWLWRLPLMDVWDUDNHQWHH VHHQROHPllUllYlYDDQNHVNHLVLlRYDWWRLPLMRLGHQYlOLVHWVXKWHHWMDQLLVVlROHYDW VllQQ|QPXNDLVXXGHW)HUOLH0XVVHOLQ $QGUHVDQL7RLPLMRLGHQYDL NXWXVPDKGROOLVXXGHWRYDWUDMDOOLVLDPXWWDHLYlWROHPDWWRPLD<OLRSLVWRMHQWHKWl YLVWlMDURROHLVWDRQROHPDVVD\KWlDLNDDHULODLVLDQlNHP\NVLlMDHULWRLPLMDWVDDWWD YDWROODPHUNLWWlYLlHULUHIRUPHLVVD9lOLPDDNV2OVHQ7RLPLMRLGHQ WHNHPLlWLHWRLVLDSllW|NVLlHQHPPlQMlUMHVWHOPlQPXXWWDPLVHHQVDDWWDYDWYDL NXWWDDNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQXONRSXROLVHWWDSDKWXPDW)HUOLH\P.RJDQ

%DXHU %OHLNOLH +HQNHO D 7lPlQ YXRNVL G\QDPLLNDQ WXWNLPXNVHQ QlN|NXOPDVWDSROLLWWLQHQUHIRUPLHLYRLNRNRQDLVXXGHVVDDQWRWHXWXDVXXQQLWHO PDOOLVHVWLVLOOlVLLKHQYDLNXWWDDPRQLPXWNDLQHQ\KGLVWHOPlHULODLVLDSROLLWWLVHQ WDORXGHOOLVHQMDVRVLDDOLVHQ\PSlULVW|QWHNLM|LWl%OHLNOLH+¡VWDNHU 9DE¡

±NV9lOLPDD +RIIPDQ'\QDPLLNDQWXWNLPXVWXQQLVWDDQlPl

.l\WlQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNNDWHUPLlYDLNNDWDUNDVWHOXVVDQLHQNlVLWWHOHDPPDWWLNRUNHDNRXOX MD<OLRSLVWRSROLWLLNNDYLLWWDDVDQDQDOLLDNVL\OLRSLVWRMHQVLVlLVLLQWDSDKWXPLLQPLKLQVXXQWDDQHQ KDOXDDMDWXNVLDMRKGDWHOOD

(20)

WRLPLMRLGHQ UDWLRQDDOLVWHQ S\UNLP\VWHQ UDMDW MD VLNVL KXRPLR NLLQQLWW\\ XVHLGHQ WRLPLMRLGHQ YXRURYDLNXWXVWLODQWHHQ PXRGRVWDPDDQ \KWHLVNXYDDQ )HUOLH \P

%OHLNOLH±NV0HLVWHU6FKH\WW 6FKH\WW.HVNHLVHQl OlKW|NRKWDQDRQS\UNLl\PPlUWlPllQPRQLPXWNDLVHQWLODQWHHQYXRURYDLNXWXV VXKWHLWD MRND NHUWRR VHNl \PSlULVW|Q YDLNHDVWL KDOOLWWDYLHQ SURVHVVLHQ HWWl WRL PLMRLGHQWLHWRLVWHQSROLLWWLVWHQWRLPHQSLWHLGHQYDLNXWXNVLVWD*RUQL]ND0DDVVHQ 2OVHQ 6WHQVDNHU±'\QDPLLNNDDWXWNLWWDHVVDHLVLLVDOOHNLUMRLWHWD DUNNLWHKWXXULPDLVHQ SROLWLLNDQWHRQ LGHDDOLD PXWWD HL P\|VNllQ \PSlULVW|Q WDL UDNHQWHHQVDQHOHPDDGHWHUPLQLVWLVWlNHKLW\VNXONXD

7RLQHQDLHPPDVVDG\QDPLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHVVDMDHWWXQlNHP\VRQVHHWWlG\

QDPLLNDQKDYDLWVHPLQHQYDDWLLKLVWRULDOOLVHQSHUVSHNWLLYLQ0RQLPXWNDLVHVVDWL ODQWHHVVD HUL LQVWLWXXWLRLGHQ YXRURYDLNXWXVWD HL YRL WXWNLD LOPDQ DMDOOLVWD RWHWWD

&ODUN±3LHUVRQ9DLQKLVWRULDOOLVHQDQDO\\VLQNDXWWDRQ PDKGROOLVXXVSllVWlNLLQQLG\QDPLLNNDDQWDLNXWHQ3DXO3LHUVRQHVLW Wll ´VRVLDDOLVLLQ PHNDQLVPHLKLQ´ -lUMHVWHOPlQ G\QDPLLNDQ NlVLWWHHOOLVWlPLQHQ YDVWDDYDVWLOXRVHOLW\VYRLPDDKLVWRULDOOLVHQQlN|NXOPDQSHUXVWHHOODWHKWlYlOOHWXO NLQQDOOH%OHLNOLHNV.RJDQ\PD6XRPDODLVLVVD NRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQ WDUNDVWHOXLVVD RQ NLLQQLWHWW\ KXRPLRWD HVL PHUNLNVLNRUNHDNRXOXWXNVHQPDVVRLWWXPLVHHQWDLYDOWLR±\OLRSLVWRVXKWHHQPXX WRNVLLQ5LQQH9lOLPDD1HYDOD

'\QDPLLNDQKDYDLWVHPLVHNVLWXWNLPXNVHVVDQLWXOHHROODPXNDQDNHVNHLVHWNRU NHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQLQVWLWXXWLRW0XNDQDRYDWYDOWLRQHXYRVWRMDNHVNHLVHWPLQLVWH UL|WXVHDW\OLRSLVWRWMDQLLGHQNDXWWD6XRPHQ\OLRSLVWRW\KGLVW\V81,),WXWNL PXVMDLQQRYDDWLRQHXYRVWR6XRPHQ$NDWHPLD6XRPHQ\OLRSSLODVNXQWLHQOLLWWR 6</(OLQNHLQRHOlPlQNHVNXVOLLWWR(.3URIHVVRULOLLWWR7LHWHHQWHNLM|LGHQOLLWWR MD6XRPHQLWVHQlLV\\GHQMXKODUDKDVWR6LWUD7XWNLPXNVHQNRRQUDMRLWWDPLVHNVL PllULWWHOHQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHVWDMlUMHVWHOPlVWlVLLKHQNXXOXYLDWRLPLMRLWDMR OlKW|NRKWDLVHVWLSRLV$PPDWWLNRUNHDNRXOXWHLYlWROHWXWNLPXNVHQLNRKWHLQDYDDQ NHVNLW\Q \OLRSLVWRLKLQ $LQHLVWRVWD ROHQ UDMDQQXW SRLV P\|V XVHLWD PXLWD WRLPL MRLWDNXWHQ7HNQRORJLDQMDLQQRYDDWLRLGHQNHKLWWlPLVNHVNXNVHQ7(.(6VHNWR ULWXWNLPXVODLWRNVHWLVRW OLLNH\ULW\NVHW PDDNXQWDOLLWRW MD HOLQNHLQR OLLNHQQH MD

\PSlULVW|NHVNXNVHW

'\QDPLLNDQDQDO\\VLYDDWLLVLLVWRLVDDOWDNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQ KLVWRULDOOLVHQWLODQWHHQ\PPlUWlPLVWlMDWRLVDDOWDVHQWRLPLMRLGHQYlOLVWHQVXKWHL GHQWDUNDVWHOXD+LVWRULDOOLVHQWLODQWHHQDQDO\VRLQWLLQVRYHOWXXGRNXPHQWWLDLQHLV WR7lPlQWXWNLPXNVHQGRNXPHQWWLDLQHLVWRNRRVWXXSllDVLDVVDKDOOLWXVRKMHOPLV WDWXWNLPXVMDLQQRYDDWLRQHXYRVWRQMDRSHWXVMDNXOWWXXULPLQLVWHUL|QODDWLPLVWD

,VRRVDLQVWLWXXWLRLVWDRQPXXWWDQXWQLPHllQWXWNLPXNVHQDMDQMDNVROODMDDLHPPLQ3XKXHVVDQL

\OHLVHVWLMRVWDLQLQVWLWXXWLRVWDNl\WlQVHQXXVLQWDQLPHlHVLPHUNLNVL´RSHWXVMDNXOWWXXULPLQLV WHUL|RQVLMDLQQXWYXRVLN\PPHQLl+HOVLQJLQ.UXXQXKDDVVD´0LNlOLSXKXQDLNDLVHPPDVWDKLVWR ULDQKHWNHVWlYLLWWDDQLQVWLWXXWLRQVLOORLVHHQQLPHHQHVLPHUNLNVL´YXRQQDRSHWXVPLQLVWHUL|

MXONDLVLXVHLWDNRUNHDNRXOXUHIRUPLLQOLLWW\YlPXLVWLRLWD´

(21)

WHNVWHLVWl /LVlNVL KDMDQDLVHPPLQ PXNDQD RQ P\|V PXLGHQ WRLPLMRLGHQ GRNX PHQWWHMD 7RLPLMRLGHQ YlOLVWHQ VXKWHLGHQ KDKPRWWDPLVHHQ SDUHPPLQ Nl\YlW KDDVWDWWHOXWMRLVVDNXYDWDDQGRNXPHQWWHMDKHUNHPPLQNl\WlQQ|QWRLPLQWDDMD HVLPHUNLNVLYDOOLWVHYLDULVWLULLWRMD7XWNLPXNVHQLSllDLQHLVWRRQNRUNHDNRXOX SROLWLLNDQNHVNHLVHQLQVWLWXXWLRQHGXVWDMDQKDDVWDWWHOXD.RVNDROHWDQLQVWLWXXWL RLGHQYRLYDQRKMDWDMlVHQWHQVlWRLPLQWDDNV6FRWWROHWDQP\|VHWWlLQVWL WXXWLRLWDHGXVWDYDWVHNlQLLVVlPHUNLWWlYlVVlDVHPDVVDROHYDWKHQNLO|WHWWlQLLVVl WXRWHWXWGRNXPHQWLW

6XRPHVVDRQODDGLWWXYDLQPXXWDPLDNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQG\

QDPLLNNDDVLYXDYLDDQDO\\VHMD.RNRQDLVYDOWDLVLPSLDG\QDPLLNNDDQOLLWW\YLlWXW NLPXNVLDRYDWODDWLQHHW5LVWR5LQQHYUW.LYLQHQ5LQQH .HWRQHQ MD -XVVL 9lOLPDD NV /LVlNVL NRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQRVLDRYDWYLLPHDLNRLQDNlVLWHOOHHW-XVVL.LYLVW|MD(LOD5HNLOl MDSDULN\PPHQWlYXRWWDVLWWHQ2VPR.LYLQHQ5LVWR5LQQHMD-DUPR0lQ W\YDDUDE9LLPHNVLPDLQLWWXDWXWNLPXVWDHQNlVLWWHOHWlVVlYDDQKLVWRULD RVXXGHVVDOXYXVVD$LHPSLHQWXWNLPXVWHQWXORNVHWHVLWWlYlWYlOl\NVLlMlUMHVWHO PlQG\QDPLLNDVWD7HHQQLLGHQDYXOODDOXVWDYLDUDMDXNVLDWXWNLPXNVHHQL

$LHPSL NRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQ G\QDPLLNDQ WXWNLPXV RQ 6XR PHVVD NHVNLWW\Q\W KLVWRULDOOLVHHQ QlN|NXOPDDQ 5LQQH HVLWWll HWWl VXR PDODLQHQ NRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNND RQ DVWXQXW XXWHHQ DLNDNDXWHHQ YXRGHQ

\OLRSLVWRODLQMRKGRVWD5LQQHRVRLWWDDYlLWWHHQVlWXHNVLYHUWDLOXDPXLGHQPDLGHQ NRUNHDNRXOXMlUMHVWHOPLLQMDNXYDXNVLDQ\N\LVLVWlVXRPDODLVLVWDUHIRUPHLVWDNV .RLYXOD5LQQH 1LXNNR8XWHHQDLNDNDXWHHQDVWXPLVHOOD5LQQHWDUNRLWWDD XXVOLEHUDOLVWLVHQGRNWULLQLQRPDNVXPLVWDNDQVDOOLVHVVDRKMDXNVHVVDMRVVDPXX WRVWDSDKWXLVLLUW\PlVVlOXYXQORSXOWDKDOOLQQHHVWDOLEHUDDOLVWDYXRGHQ ODLVWD DONDQHHVHHQ XXVOLEHUDDOLLQ NRUNHDNRXOXMHQ NYDVLPDUNNLQDPDOOLLQ 8XW WDPDOOLDNXYDDVLLUW\PlKXLSSXMHQMDNLOSDLOXQNRURVWDPLVHVWDMRXVWDYDPSDDQ HQHPPlQ \OLRSLVWRMHQ DVHPDD SDLQRWWDYDDQ PXWWD VDPDOOD QH WLXNHPPDNVL RVDNVLNDQVDOOLVWDLQQRYDDWLRMlUMHVWHOPllN\WNHYllQPDOOLLQ5DMDDQWXWNLPXNVHQL DONDPDDQ5LQWHHQRVRLWWDPDDQVLLUW\PlYDLKHHVHHQOXYXQORSXOWD7lVPHQ QlQUDMDXVWDOXYXVVD+DDVWDWWHOXDLQHLVWRRQNHUlWW\YXRQQDMRWD5LQQH NXYDDYLLPHLVLPSlQlVLLUW\PlQlXXWHHQGRNWULLQLLQ8VNRQHWWlWlOOlSHUXVWHOOXO ODUDMDXNVHOODVDDWXKLVWRULDOOLQHQQlN|NXOPDMDPXXWRVYDLKHHVVDWHKG\WKDDVWDW WHOXWHGHVDXWWDYDWMlUMHVWHOPlQG\QDPLLNDQKDYDLWVHPLVWD

9lOLPDDQ KLVWRULDOOLVHVVD DQDO\\VLVVD JOREDOLVDDWLRQ OLVlNVL NHVNHLVLQ VXRPDODLVHQ NRUNHDNRXOXWXNVHQ SLLUUH RQ ROOXW PDVVRLWWXPLQHQ 0DVVRLWWXPL VHHQKlQOLLWWllQHOMlWUHQGLlNRUNHDNRXOXWXNVHQGHPRNUDWLVRLWXPLVHQWDVDDU YRLVWXPLVHQDOXHHOOLVWHQHURMHQWDVRLWWXPLVHQMDHOLLWWL\OLRSLVWRQSHULQWHHQMRND RQP\|VWDUNRLWWDQXWMlUMHVWHOPlQGLIIHUHQWLDDWLRWD9lOLPDD±9l OLPDDOLVlNVLWRWHDDHWWlNRXOXWXVRQROOXW6XRPHVVDDLQDNDQVDOOLQHQ SURMHNWLYDLNNDVDQDNDQVDOOLQHQRQNLQ\PPlUUHWW\HULWDYDOOD9lOLPDDQKDYDLQ WR DQWDD WXNHD UDWNDLVXOOHQL RWWDD WXWNLPXVDLQHLVWRRQ PXNDDQ YDLQ NDQVDOOLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQWRLPLMRLWD

(22)

$LQRD6XRPHVVDWHKW\VXRUDDQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQG\QDPLLNNDDNRVNHYD WXWNLPXVRQ9lOLPDDQMRVVDKlQWXWNLLNRUNHDNRXOXUHIRUPLHQ´VRVLDDOLVLD G\QDPLLNNRMD´9lOLPDDNHVNLWW\\NDXVDDOLVLLQVllQQ|QPXNDLVXXN VLLQYHUWDLOOHVVDDQQHOMllVXRPDODLVWDUHIRUPLDMDSllW\\HVLWWlPllQG\QDPLLNDVWD NDNVLMRKWRSllW|VWl(QVLQQlNLQ6XRPHVVDHLROHROHPDVVD\KWlYDOWDNHVNLWW\Pll MRNDS\VW\LVLPllULWWlPllQMlUMHVWHOPllPXXWWXPDDQ7RLVHNVLHULUHIRUPHLVVDHUL WRLPLMDWRYDWDNWLLYLVLDMDWRLPLMRLGHQPHUNLW\VYDLKWHOHHUHIRUPLQPXNDDQ7XORN VHW9lOLPDDDQWDYDWWXNHDUDWNDLVXOOHQLVLLWlHWWlWXWNLPXNVHHQRQ RWHWWDYDPXNDDQPDKGROOLVLPPDQPRQLDNDQVDOOLVLDWRLPLMRLWD

.XWHQ5LQWHHQP\|V9lOLPDDQQlN|NXOPDRQNRURVWHWXQ KLVWRULDOOLQHQ7lPlRQOLQMDVVDWHNHPLHQLWXWNLPXNVHOOLVWHQUDWNDLVXMHQNDQVVD PXWWDWDUNRLWXNVHQDQLRQKLVWRULDOOLVHQWDUNDVWHOXQOLVlNVLKDKPRWWDDG\QDPLLN NDDWHRUHHWWLVHVWL

.RUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQ RVLD NRVNHYLVVD DQDO\\VHLVVDDQ .LYLVW|

MD5HNLOlRYDWNHVNLWW\QHHWRSHWXVPLQLVWHUL|QMD\OLRSLVWRMHQYl OLVHHQVXKWHHVHHQ.LYLVW|QYLLWHNHK\VUDNHQWXXSllPLHV±DJHQWWLWHRULDQYDUDDQ MD5HNLOlNl\WWll%XUWRQ5&ODUNLQRKMDXVNROPLRWD0ROHPPDWWXWNLPXN VHWQRVWDYDWHVLOOHRSHWXVPLQLVWHUL|QMD\OLRSLVWRMHQRQJHOPDOOLVHQRKMDXVVXKWHHQ 2QJHOPDW YDLNXWWDLVLYDW NLOSLVW\YlQ ULVWLULLWRLKLQ SROLLWWLVVWUDWHJLVHVVD MD UDKRL WXNVHOOD RKMDDPLVHVVD .LYLVW| QlNHH HULW\LVHVWL LQIRUPDDWLRQ HSlV\PPHWULV\\

GHQMDSllPllUlNRQÀLNWLW\OLRSLVWRMHQDJHQWWLRQJHOPLQD.LYLVW|QHVLWWHOHPlVVl WLHWRWHROOLVXXVRKMHOPDQVRSLPLVHVVDRSHWXVPLQLVWHUL|QROLKDQNDODDWLHWllKDOX DYDWNR\OLRSLVWRWWRGHOODWRWHXWWDDDQQHWXWWHKWlYlWYDLKDPXDYDWNRQHYDLQOLVll UDKRLWXVWD.LYLVW|5HNLOlSllW\\DQDO\\VLVVllQVLLKHQHWWl6XRPHVVD YLHOlNLQYDOWLRQRKMDXVRQ\OLRSLVWRRQQlKGHQPllUllYLQPDUNNLQRLGHQMDDNDWHH PLVHHQRKMDXNVHHQYHUUDWWXQD+lQHQPXNDDQVDMRKWXHQ\OLRSLVWRMHQRUJDQLVDD WLRQMDSllW|NVHQWHRQNRPSOHNVLVXXGHVWDYDOWLRRKMDXNVHVVDGRNXPHQWHLOODHLROH

\KWlVXXUWDRVDDYDDQWlUNHLQ\NVLWWlLQHQRKMDXVYDLNXWXVRQPllUlUDKRMHQMDROOD 5HNLOl(ULVXXQQLOWDWDUNDVWHOHYDWNDNVLWXWNLPXVWDRVRLWWDYDWPLH OHQNLLQWRLVHQULVWLULLGDQPLQLVWHUL|QMD\OLRSLVWRMHQYlOLVHVVlYXRURYDLNXWXNVHVVD PXWWDMlWWlYlWN\V\P\NVHQEXGMHWWLMDSROLLWWLVVWUDWHJLVHQRKMDXNVHQRQJHOPLVWD VHOLW\VWl YDLOOH 7RLYRQ S\VW\YlQL DQDO\VRLPDDQ WlWl RQJHOPDD OlKHPPLQ WXWNL PXNVHQNXOXHVVD

.RVNDDLNDLVHPSLWXWNLPXVHLROHPDOOLQWDQXWVXRPDODLVHQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLL NDQG\QDPLLNNDDWHRUHHWWLVHVWLPLQXQRQSHUXVWHOWXDOlKWHlOLLNNHHOOHWXNHYDOOD WHRULDQPXRGRVWXNVHOOD MD YDKYDVWL DLQHLVWROlKW|LVHVWL 1lPl NDNVL OlKW|NRKWDD VLWRXWXYDWWRLVLLQVD&ODUNLQ±PXNDDQWHRUHHWWLQHQRWHRQYlOW WlPlW|Q PRQLPXWNDLVHQ NRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQ WLODQWHHQ \PPlUWlPLVHVVl 7l PlQWXWNLPXNVHQNlVLWWHLVW|VVlNl\WlQ(OLQRU2VWURPLQ±MDRWWHOXD YLLWHNHK\NVHQWHRULDQMDPDOOLQHURLVWD9LLWHNHK\VWDUNRLWWDDODDMDDHULWHRULRLKLQ SRKMDDYDD WXWNLPXNVHQ \OHLVWl OlKHVW\PLVWDSDD MRND DXWWDD WXWNLMDD UDMDDPDDQ WXWNLPXNVHHQOLLWW\YlW\OHLVHWN\V\P\NVHW7HRULDYLLWWDDDLNDLVHPPDQWXWNLPXN VHQ DQWDPDDQ HQQDNNRNlVLW\NVHHQ VLLWl PLWNl YLLWHNHK\NVHQ RVDW RYDW PHUNLW

(23)

WlYLl0DOOLWDDVWDUNRLWWDDUDMDWXPSLDKDYDLQWRMDVllQQ|QPXNDLVXXNVLVWDMRWND SHUXVWXYDWMROOHNLQWXWNLPXVDLQHLVWROOHWDLMRLWDYRLWHVWDWDWLHW\OOlDLQHLVWROOD9LL WHNHK\VWHRULDMDPDOOLRYDWWRLVLOOHHQVLVlNNlLVLlNlVLWWHLWlMRLVWDYLLWHNHK\VRQ NDLNNHLQHSlPllUlLVLQMDPDOOLWlVPlOOLVLQ2VWURP7DUNRLWXNVHQDQL RQDLQHLVWROlKW|LVHVWLPXRGRVWDDNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQG\QDPLLNDQWHRUHHWWLQHQ PDOOL$LQHLVWROlKW|LV\\VWDUNRLWWDDVLWlHWWlDLQHLVWRDDQDO\VRLGHVVDQLPLQXOODRQ ROOXWYDLQDOXVWDYDNlVLW\VWHRUHHWWLVHVWDYLLWHNHK\NVHVWlMDROHQPXRGRVWDQXWWXW NLPXNVHQLWHRUHHWWLVHQPDOOLQDLQHLVWRQWXONLQQDQNDQVVDVDPDQDLNDLVHVWL

3ROLWLLNDQQ\N\WXWNLPXNVHQWHRULDWRYDWROOHHWWRLVWDLVHNVL\OOlWWlYlQKDUYLQDL VLDPRQLWLHWHLVHQNRUNHDNRXOXWXWNLPXNVHQNHQWlOOl)HUOLH\P7HR UHHWWLVHVVD YLLWHNHK\NVHVVl Nl\WlQ DYXNVHQL NRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQ G\QDPLLNDQ WXWNLPXNVHQOLVlNVLSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHHQOLLWW\YllNlVLWHKLVWRULDD+\|G\QQlQ OLVlNVLSROLWLLNDQMlUMHVWHOPlWDVRDWXWNLYLDDJHQGDVHWWLQJWHRULRLWDG\QDPLLNDQ DQDO\\VLQWHRUHHWWLVHQPDOOLQUDNHQWDPLVHVVD7lVVlDYXNVLRYDW\KG\VYDOWDODLQHQ SROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXVMRVVDRQNHKLWHWW\XVHLWDWHRULRLWDKDKPRWWDPDDQSROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQMDP\|VNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQWRLPLQWDD

$LQHLVWRRQ SHUXVWXYDOOH KLVWRULDOOLVHW OLQMDW KXRPLRLYDOOH WHRUHHWWLVHVWL Ml VHQWlYlOOHVXRPDODLVHQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQG\QDPLLNNDDPDOOLQWDYDOOHWXWNL PXNVHOOHRQVHOYlWLODXV0\|VNllQSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHQWHRULRLGHQPDKGROOL VXXNVLDHLROHWDUSHHNVLK\|G\QQHWW\WDUNHPPDQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQDQDO\\VLQ WHNHPLVHNVL6HXUDDYLVVDOXYXLVVDS\ULQYDVWDDPDDQQlLKLQKDDVWHLVLLQ/XYXVVD WDUNHQQDQWXWNLPXNVHOOLVHWUDWNDLVXWMDWXWNLPXVWHKWlYlW(VLWWHOHQWHRUHHWWLVHQ PDOOLQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQG\QDPLLNDVWDWRLPLQWDQDMRWDNXYDDHULW\LVHVWLWL ODQWHHQMDPDKGROOLVXXNVLHQVXKGH/LVlNVLSHUXVWHOHQYLLWHNHK\NVHHQVRSLYDWPH WRGRORJLVHWMDDLQHLVWROOLVHWUDWNDLVXW/XYXVVDWDUNDVWHOHQKDDVWDWWHOXDLQHLVWRVWD HULWWHOHPLlQL QHOMll SROLWLLNNDMXRQQHWWD MRLOOD WDUNRLWDQ MRQNLQ SROLLWWLVHQ N\V\

P\NVHQ\KWH\GHVVlROHYLDNRNRQDLVXXNVLD(QNlVLWWHOHSROLWLLNNDMXRQWHLWDNXLWHQ NDDQKDDVWDWWHOXDLQHLVWRQDYXOODYDDQHUL\WlQQHNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQKLVWRULDD WDUNDVWHOHYDQ WXWNLPXVNLUMDOOLVXXGHQ MD WRLPLMRLGHQ GRNXPHQWWLHQ SHUXVWHHOOD /XYXVVDWXWNLQWDUNHPPLQQHOMllSROLWLLNNDMXRQQHWWDKDDVWDWWHOXDLQHLVWRQDYXO ODUDNHQWDHQ\PPlUU\VWlG\QDPLLNNDDNXYDDYDQWHRUHHWWLVHQPDOOLQNDXWWD3ll WHOPlOXYXVVD\KGLVWlQDLNDLVHPPDQWXWNLPXNVHQGRNXPHQWWLHQWDUNDVWHOXQMD KDDVWDWWHOXMHQDQDO\\VLQWXORNVHWWHRUHHWWLVHHQPDOOLLQMRQNDMlONHHQYRLQHVLWWll YlLWWHLWlVXRPDODLVHQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQG\QDPLLNDVWD

<KWHLVHQlOlKW|NRKWDQDPDOOHLOODRYDWMXXUHW3HWHU%DFKUDFKLQMD0RUWRQ6%DUDW]LQNV NODVVLVLVVDDUWLNNHOHLVVDDJHQGDQDVHWWDPLVHVWDYDOODQNDNVLVWDNDVYRLVWDMDHSlSllW|NVHQWH RVWD%DXPJDUWQHU*UHHQ3HGHUVHQ -RQHV±

(24)
(25)

2 KAKSI DYNAMIIKAN ULOTTUVUUTTA

.RUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQG\QDPLLNDVVDNRURVWXXMRPllULWHOPlQPXNDDQSROLWLLN NDWRLPLQWDQD3ROLLWWLVHHQWRLPLQWDDQWDDVOLLWW\\ROHQQDLVHVWLHLHQQXVWHWWDYXXV MDG\QDDPLQHQOXRQQH7lWlHQQXVWDPDWRQWDOXRQQHWWDNXYDDSROLWLLNDQNRQWLQ JHQVVL.l\WlQNRQWLQJHQVVLDWlPlQOXYXQDSXNlVLWWHHQlMRQNDDYXOODNlVLWWHHO OLVWlQ SROLLWWLVHQ WRLPLQQDQ G\QDPLLNNDD .RNRQDLVYDOWDLVHHQ MD WHRUHHWWLVHHQ WDUNRLWXNVHHQNlVLWHRQK\YLQVRYHOWXYDVLOOlNRQWLQJHQVVLQYRL\PPlUWllNRNRD YDQD´WRLPLQQDQMDWDSDKWXPLVHQHULXORWWXYXXNVLD\KWHHQOLLWWlYlQlNlVLWWHHQl´

6LPROD 5LQQH.lVLWHWRLPLLK\YLQG\QDDPLVHQDVHWHOPDQKDKPRW WDPLVHVVD VLOOl SROLLWWLVHQ WRLPLQQDQ NRQWLQJHQVVLLQ OLLWW\\ DMDWXV PDKGROOLVXX GHVWD´WRLPLDWRLVLQ´3DORQHQ

.lVLWHKLVWRULDOOLVHVVDSURMHNWLVVDDQ.DUL3DORQHQSXROXVWDDSROLWLLNDQ WRLPLQWDDVSHNWLDMROOHYDVWDNNDLQHQRQYDNDXV3DORQHQHURWWHOHHSROLWLLNDQWRL PLQQDQQlN|NXOPLDNROPHHQU\KPllQMRLGHQRQWDUNRLWXVKHOSRWWDDSROLWLLNDQ NlVLWWHHOOLVWlPLVWlWRLPLQWDQD(QVLPPlLQHQU\KPlOLLWW\\SROLLWWLVHQWRLPLQQDQ PllULWWHO\\Q MD WRLQHQ U\KPl SROLWLLNNDDQ SURVHVVLQD 7XWNLPXNVHOOHQL PHUNLW WlYLQRQNROPDVU\KPlMRNDNlVLWWHOHHSROLWLLNDQNRQWLQJHQVVLD3DORQHQ

±7lKlQNROPDQWHHQU\KPllQNXXOXYDWWLODQWHHQPDKGROOL VXXGHQMDSHOLQMDOHLNLQQlN|NXOPDW7lVVlWXWNLPXNVHVVDUDMDXGXQQlLVWlNRQ WLQJHQVVLQ QlN|NXOPLVWD NDKWHHQ HQVLPPlLVHHQ MRWND N\WNH\W\YlW OXRQWHYDVWL HVLWWlPLLQLG\QDPLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHQOlKW|NRKWLLQ3ROLWLLNDQNRQWLQJHQVVLLQNXX OXYDDSHOLQMDOHLNLQPHWDIRUDDHQNlVLWWHOHVLOOlVHYLHDMDWXNVHWNDXHPPDVWRLPL MRLGHQVXKWHLVWDMDOLLWW\\HQHPPlQNRQNUHHWWLVHHQSROLLWWLVHHQSHODDPLVHQ3DOR QHQ6LLKHQOLLWW\YlWHVLPHUNLNVLSROLLWWLVHQSHOLWLODQKDYDLWVHPLQHQMD

\PPlUUHWW\MHQVllQW|MHQMDHHWWLVHQNRRGLVWRQULNNRPLQHQOLVlSHOLWLODQVDDPLVHN VL3DORQHQ±-RKGDQQRVVDHVLWWlPlWOlKW|NRKGDWHLYlWWXHSHOLQ MD OHLNLQ QlN|NXOPDQ VLVlOO\WWlPLVWl WXWNLPXNVHHQL VLOOl VH NRURVWDD SROLWLLNDQ KHQNLO|WRLPLMDOXRQQHWWD.RVND3DORVHQHVLWWlPlWQlN|NXOPDWRYDWSllOOHNNlLVLl MDWRLVLDDQSRLVVXONHPDWWRPLDWlPlQNDOWDLQHQYDOLNRLYXXVRQPDKGROOLVWD3DOR QHQ

.HVNXVWHOXOLLWW\\NODVVLNNRMHQ&DUO6FKPLWWMD0D[:HEHUYDVWDNNDLQDVHWWHOXXQ.DUL3DORVHQ QlNHP\NVHVVl6FKPLWWHGXVWDDSROLWLLNDQVWDELLOLDQlNHP\VWlMRVVDSROLWLLNDQOlKW|NRKGDNVLKDH WDDQ´HQHPPlQ´NXLQSROLWLLNND:HEHUWDDVNRURVWDDPDKGROOLVXXVQlN|NXOPDD&KDQFHMROOD KlQ \ULWWll 3DORVHQ PXNDDQ \PPlUWll SROLWLLNDQ WRLPLQQDQ NRQWLQJHQWWLD OXRQQHWWD 3DORQHQ

.DLNHQNDLNNLDDQ3DORQHQHURWWHOHH\KGHNVlQSROLWLLNDQWRSRVWDHOLQlN|NXOPDD SROLWLLNNDVDQDVWRRQ.DKGHNVDQQlLVWlQlN|NXOPLVWDYRLGDDQMDNDDNROPHHQU\KPllQDUYRV WHOXN\Y\QMDSROLF\QWRSRNVHWGHOLEHURLQQLQVLWRXWXPLVHQMDNLLVWlPLVHQWRSRNVHWPDKGRO OLVXXGHQ WLODQWHHQ MD SHOLQ WRSRNVHW 5\KPLHQ XONRSXROLVHQD RQ ROHPDVVD HSlVllQQ|OOLV\\GHQ WRSRV3DORQHQ±±

(26)

3ROLWLLNNDNlVLWWHLVW|Q NRQWLQJHQVVLQ U\KPlVWl NHVNLW\Q VLLV NDKWHHQ QlN|

NXOPDDQ 1lLVWl HQVLPPlLQHQ SROLWLLNND WLODQWHHQD \KGLVW\\ DMDWXNVHOOLVHVWL G\QDPLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHQKLVWRULDOOLVHHQRWWHHVHHQ7RLQHQQlN|NXOPDSROLWLLNDQ PDKGROOLVXXV RQ ROHQQDLQHQ WDUNDVWHOWDHVVD G\QDPLLNDQ DQDO\\VLOOH ROHQQDLVLD WRLPLMRLGHQYlOLVLlYXRURYDLNXWXVVXKWHLWD7XWNLPXNVHOOHQLNHVNHLVLNVLQRXVHYDW VLLV NDNVL NRQWLQJHQVVLQ WHNLMll MRWND QLPHlQ SROLWLLNDQ G\QDPLLNDQ NDKGHNVL XORWWXYXXGHNVLWLODQQHMDPDKGROOLVXXV

'\QDPLLNDQ HQVLPPlLQHQ XORWWXYXXVSROLWLLNND WLODQWHHQD OLLWW\\ DMDWXN VHHQRWROOLVHVWDKHWNHVWlMROORLQWRWXWWXSROLWLLNDQOLQMDYRLGDDQPXUWDD3DORQHQ 7LODQQHNRURVWDDSROLWLLNDQDMDOOLVWDOXRQQHWWDHOLVHQKLVWRULDOOLVXXWWD 3DORQHQ.UHLNDQVDQDVWRVWDRPDNVXWXWNKURQRVǒǏǗnjǎǐMDNDLURV ljĮLjǏǗǐDYDDYDWDMDWXVWD.KURQRVYLLWWDDNURQRORJLVHHQPLWDWWDYDDQDLNDDQMD NDLURVHULW\LVODDWXLVHHQDMDQMDNVRRQ3ROLWLLNNDWLODQWHHQDNXYDVWDDNDLURVKHWNL HQLOPHQW\PLVWl1lLVVlWLODQWHLVVDYRLGDDQQlKGlKLVWRULDOOLQHQHSlMDWNXPR3D ORQHQ±7lPlQYXRNVLSROLWLLNNDWLODQWHHQDYDDWLLWXWNLPXNVHOWD P\|VKLVWRULDOOLVHQQlN|NXOPDQ

+HOOHQLVWLVHQDMDQNXYDQYHLVWlMl/\VLSSRVNXYDVLLKPLVKDKPRLVHQVLLYHNNllQ HWXKLXNVLOWDDQSLWNlQMDWDNDUDLYROWDDQNDOMXQ.DLURVKDKPRQ3DWVDDVHHQOLLWW\

YlVVlVHOLW\NVHVVllQKlQNHUWRRNXLQND.DLURVRQPDKGROOLVWDVDDGDNLLQQLYDLQ RLNHDQDKHWNHQlWDUUDDPDOODNLLQQLHWXKLXNVLVWD.XQ.DLURVOHQWllSRLVNDOMXV WDWDNDUDLYRVWDHLHQllVDDRWHWWD3ROOLWW±$QWKRORJLD3DODWLQD;9, +HQNLO|LW\.DLURVNXYDVWDDNRQNUHHWWLVHVWLSROLWLLNDQWLODQWHHQNHVNHLVWlDMD WXVWDKHWNHHQWDUWWXPLVHVWD

9DLNNDNDLURVRQKHOSSR\PPlUWllYDLQDLQXWODDWXLVHQDKHWNHQlRQNRQWLQ JHQVVLDROHPDVVDP\|VUXWLLQLQRPDLVLOWDYDLNXWWDYLVVDWLODQWHLVVD3DORQHQ 0XXWRVHGHOO\WWllVRSLYDQWLODQWHHQKXRPDDPLVWDWDLROHPDVVDROHYDQWLODQ WHHQUDGLNDDOLDXXGHOOHHQWXONLQWDDRWROOLVHNVL

´7KHVFDUFLW\RIWLPHDOVRUHIHUVWRWKHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQVLWXDWLRQVWRWKH PRGHVRIXWLOL]LQJHLWKHUWKHH[WUDRUGLQDU\RUUHFXUUHQWWLPHDVDVLWXDWLRQRI UXSWXUHWRWKHSRVVLELOLW\RILQWHUSUHWLQJWKHH[LVWLQJVLWXDWLRQLQSROLWLFDOO\

RSSRVLQJWHUPV2UZHFDQHYHQVSHDNRIWKHUHDGLQJRIVLWXDWLRQVDVWKH

¿UVWVWHSWRZDUGWXUQLQJWKHPLQWRPRPHQWVRIFKDQJHZKLFKDUHDOZD\V GHSHQGHQWRQWKHFKDUDFWHURIWKHLUDVVHVVPHQW´3DORQHQ

3LHQLHNVNXUVLRWLHWHHQDODQLXONRSXROHOOHDQWDDLOPLHWWlLOPHLVHVWLVDQDQ´NDLURV´Nl\WW|DLQXW ODDWXLVHQ WDL RWROOLVHQ KHWNHQ NXYDDPLVHVVD RQ ROOXW DQWLLNLQ NUHLNNDODLVWHQ SDULVVD KDUYLQDLVWD

*DOOHW(VLPHUNLNVLNUHLNNDODLVHVVDGUDDPDVVDNDLURVVDQDDQHLDLQDROHWXONLWWDYLVVDHGHV DMDOOLVWDSHUVSHNWLLYLl5DFH0\|KHPPLQMXXWDODLVNULVWLOOLVHVVlWUDGLWLRVVDVDQDQNl\W W|RQROOXWWRLQHQ6HSSR$7HLQRVHQ7HRORJLDQVDQDNLUMDVVDNKURQRVRQNllQQHWW\DLNDQD WDLDMDQMDNVRQD.DLURVRQSXROHVWDDQVXRPHQQHWWX´RLNHDVRSLYDDLNDDMDQNRKWD´WDL´Wl\WW\Q\W DLND RWROOLQHQ DLND -XPDODQ HULW\LVHQ WRLPLQQDQ DLND´ 6DQD NXYDD P\|V WRLVHQODLVWD RWROOLVWD KHWNHl±VllWl

(27)

2PDQWXWNLPXNVHQLQlN|NXOPDVWDSROLWLLNNDWLODQWHHQDYLLWWDDDLNDDQMROORLQNRU NHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVWDMlUMHVWHOPllYRLGDDQPXXWWDD

'\QDPLLNDQWRLQHQXORWWXYXXVPDKGROOLVXXVOLLWW\\WRLPLMRLGHQKDYDLWVHPLLQ SROLLWWLVLLQ PDKGROOLVXXNVLLQ MD QLLGHQ SHUXVWHHOOD PXRGRVWHWWXXQ NlVLW\NVHHQ WRLPLQQDQ YDLKWRHKGRLVWD 3DORQHQ 0DKGROOLVXXNVLD WRLPLD O|\W\\

DLQDPXWWDNHVNHLVLQN\V\P\VOLLWW\\QlLGHQYDLKWRHKWRMHQDNWLLYLVHHQHWVLPLVHHQ KDYDLWVHPLVHHQMDNl\WWlPLVHHQQ\N\KHWNHVVl´7KHSROLWLFDOTXHVWLRQLVQRW¶$UH WKHUHUHDOL]DEOHDOWHUQDWLYHVDYDLODEOH¶EXWUDWKHU¶:KDWUHDOL]DEOHDOWHUQDWL YHVDUHDYDLODEOHLQWKHKHUHDQGQRZ"¶´3DORQHQ0DKGROOLVXXVWl\

GHQWllQ\N\KHWNLV\\GHOOllQWLODQQHXORWWXYXXGHQKLVWRULDOOLVXXWWD.l\WlQPDK GROOLVXXGHQ V\QRQ\\PLQD WRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXWWD MRND NRURVWDD VHQ SROLWLLNDQ WRLPLQWDDQOLLWW\YllOXRQQHWWDSDUHPPLQ

7RLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXGHWYRLYDWPXXWWXDMDQLLWlYRLGDDQOXRGDXXVLD+DKPR WDQSROLWLLNDQPDKGROOLVXXNVLHQPXXWRVWDSROLWLVRLQQLQNlVLWWHHQNDXWWD.lVLW WHHOOLVHVWLDMDWHOWXQDNRQWLQJHQVVLRQMlUMHVWHWW\WLHWW\MHQVllQW|MHQPXNDDQMDVHQ PDKGROOLVXXGHWYRLYDWSROLWLVRLWXDXXGHOOHHQMDHWWDYLNVL3ROLWLVRLQWLWRLVLQVDQRHQ VLLUWllUDMDDVLLWlPLWNlWRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXGHWWXONLWDDQSROLLWWLVHNVLMDPLNlHL SROLLWWLVHNVL3DORQHQDE±

-RV.DLURVNXYDVWDDSROLWLLNDQWLODQQHWWDSROLWLLNDQPDKGROOLVXXNVLDYRLVLNX YDVWDDDPPHQWDPDOODNUHLNNDODLVHVWDP\WRORJLDVWDPHWDIRUDQHULSXUDLVXXGHQMX PDODWWDUHVWD QLPHOWl (ULV MRND ODWLQDNVL WXQQHWDDQ QLPHOOl'LVFRUGLD 7DULQDQ PXNDDQNDLNLVWDMXPDOLVWD(ULVROLXQRKGHWWXNXWVXDHUlLVLLQKlLKLQ.RVWRQD(ULV KHLWWLMXKOLLQNXOWDLVHQRPHQDQMRVVDOXNL´NDXQHLPPDOOH´0XLGHQMXPDODWDUWHQ NHVNXXGHVVDKHUlVLNLLVWDNHQHOOHN\VHLQHQRPHQDNXXOXX7XRPDULNVLNLLVWDDQ YDOLWWLLQ7URLMDQSULQVVL3DULV+lQWXRPLWVLDVLDQORSXOWD$IURGLWHHQK\YlNVLMRND ROLODKMRQXW3DULVLQOXSDDPDOODKlQHOOHYDLPRNVLPDDLOPDQNDXQHLPPDQQDLVHQ +HOHQDQ3DULVU\|VWL+HOHQDQ$IURGLWHHQDYXOOD6SDUWDVWDPLNlNl\QQLVWLP\\W WLVHQ7URLMDQVRGDQ+HQULNVRQ±.XWHQ(ULVLQKHLWWlPlNXOWDLQHQ RPHQDSROLWLVRLQWLXXGHOOHHQWXONLWVHHMRQNLQDVLDQSROLLWWLVHNVLRVRLWWDDXXVLDSH OLWLORMDWDLMlUMHVWllNRQWLQJHQVVLDXXGHOOHHQ3DORQHQD±

3ROLWLVRLQQLQORSXOOLQHQWXORVYRLROODK\YLQHQQXVWDPDWRQ

(SlSROLWLVRLQWLRQYDLNHDD.XQMRNLQDVLDRQPLHOOHWW\SROLLWWLVHNVLRQVLWlKDQ NDODDSDODXWWDDHSlSROLLWWLVHNVL9DLKWRHKWRQDRQSDVVLLYLQHQHSlSROLWLVRLQWLMRND YRLSHUXVWXDXXYXWWDPLVHHQWDLSROLWLNRLQQLQNLLQQRVWXNVHQNRKWHHQUDMDDPLVHHQ 3DORQHQ6DPRLQSROLWLVRLQWLDYRLGDDQ\ULWWllNDYHQWDDQRUPDOLVRLPDO ODVXXQWDDPDOODVLWlVLYXUDLWHLOOHWDLMlWWlPlOOlSROLWLLNNDNRNRQDDQWHPDWLVRLPDW

<KGHNVlVWlHULWRSRNVHVWD3DORQHQWHPDWLVRLSROLWLVRLQQLQNLLVWlPLVHQWRSRNVHHQHULO OHHQ Nl\WWlPLVWlQL PDKGROOLVXXV MD WLODQQHWRSRNVLVWD 0LHOHVWlQL UDWNDLVXQL RQ NXLWHQNLQ SH UXVWHOWXVLOOlNLLVWDRQROHQQDLQHQNDLNHOOHSROLWLLNDOOHMDWRSRVWHQNHVNHLVHQlRPLQDLVXXWHQDRQ SllOOHNNlLV\\VMROORLQQHRYDWWRLVLDDQWl\GHQWlYLlHLYlWNlSRLVVXONHYLDNDWHJRULVRLQWHMD3DORQHQ

±

(28)

WDMRVVDLQLOPL|VVl3DORQHQ(SlSROLWLVRLQWLDKHOSRPPLQSROLWLVRLQWLD YRLPXXWWDDXXGHOODNLOSDLOHYDOODSROLWLVRLQQLOOD

9HUWDXVNXYD (ULVLQ NXOWDLVHVWD RPHQDVWD LOPHQWll K\YLQ SROLWLVRLQQLQ KHOS SRXWWDMDHSlSROLWLVRLQQLQYDLNHXWWD-XPDOWHQNHVNLQlLVWlNDXQHXVMlUMHVW\VWlHL ROOXWSROLWLVRLWXPXWWDRPHQDQKHLWWlPLVHQMlONHHQVLLWlWXOLYlLVWlPlW|QWl7XV NLQ (ULVP\|VNllQRVDVL DDYLVWDD NHKLW\VNXONXMHQ MRKWDYDQ VRWDDQ PLNl NXYDD K\YLQSROLWLVRLWXQHLGHQPDKGROOLVXXNVLHQDUYDDPDWWRPXXWWD

3ROLWLVRLWXQHHQMDHSlSROLWLVRLWXQHHQNlVLWWHHWMRKWDYDWKHOSRVWLYllULQNlVLW\N VLLQ9DDUDOOLVLPSDQDYllULQNlVLW\NVHQlRQHWWlHLSROLWLVRLWXQHHWDVLDWHLYlWROLVL

\KWlWlUNHLWlYDDQS\V\YlVWLLOPDQSROLLWWLVWDDVSHNWLD3lLQYDVWRLQSROLWLVRLQQLQ DMDWXNVHHQNXXOXXVHHWWlNDLNNLDVLDWRYDWPDKGROOLVHVWLSROLLWWLVLD3ROLWLVRLQWL YLLWWDD WlPlQ DVLDQ MXONLVHHQ NlVLWWHO\\Q MRND RPDQ WXWNLPXNVHQL WDSDXNVHVVD WDSDKWXXNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHVVDMlUMHVWHOPlVVl3ROLWLVRLWXPLVWDYRLSDUKDLWHQ KDYDLQQRLGDVHQNDXWWDRQNRWRLPLMRLGHQQlN|NXOPDVWDKDYDLWWDYLVVDXXVLDPDK GROOLVXXNVLD.XQNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDVVDV\QW\\XXVLDWRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXNVLD QLLVWlWRGHQQlN|LVHVWLV\QW\\P\|VNLLVWDDNXNDSllVHHNl\WWlPllQPDKGROOLVXX GHQK\YlNVHHQ7lOO|LQSROLWLVRLQWLDYRLROHQQDLVHVWLKDYDLQQRLGDVHQNDXWWDRQNR MRNLQ DVLD NLLVWDQDODLQHQ 9DVWDDYDVWL HLSROLWLVRLWXQHHW WRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXGHW Ql\WWlYlWNRQVHQVXDDOLVLOWDMDWLHGRVWDPDWWRPLOWD

-RKGDQQRVVDDVHWWDPDWDYRLWWHHQLRQUDNHQWDD\PPlUU\VWlVXRPDODLVHQNRU NHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQ G\QDPLLNDVWD 2OHQ Q\W VDDYXWWDQXW DOXVWDYDQ NlVLW\NVHQSROLWLLNDQG\QDPLLNDQNDKGHVWDXORWWXYXXGHVWD7l\GHQQlQWlWlYLL WHNHK\VWlVHXUDDYLVVDDODOXYXLVVDSROLLWWLVLDMDNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVLDMlUMHVWHOPLl NRVNHYLOOD WHRULRLOOD MRWWD S\VW\Q UDNHQWDPDDQ WXWNLPXNVHQ WDYRLWHWWD WXNHYDQ WHRUHHWWLVHQPDOOLQ7lPlQPDOOLQWDUNRLWXNVHQDRQMlVHQWllDLQHLVWRVWDWHNHPll QL WXONLQWDD 7XWNLPXNVHQL \PPlUU\VWl UDNHQWDYDQ WDYRLWWHHQ VDDYXWWDPLVHNVL YRLQNLQQ\WDVHWWDDNDNVLWXWNLPXVWHKWlYll(QVLPPlLQHQOLLWW\\NRUNHDNRXOXSR OLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQG\QDPLLNDQXORWWXYXXNVLHQHPSLLULVHHQDQDO\\VLLQ7RLQHQ OLLWW\\W\|QLWHRUHWLVRLYDDQOlKW|NRKWDDQ7XWNLPXVWHKWlYlQLRYDW

$QDO\VRLGDHPSLLULVHVWLSROLLWWLVWDWLODQQHWWDMDSROLLWWLVLD WRLPLQWDPDKGROOLVXXNVLDWRLPLMRLGHQQlN|NXOPDVWD

5DNHQWDDWHRUHHWWLVHVWLMDWHVWDWDHPSLLULVHVWLNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQ G\QDPLLNNDD6XRPHVVDNlVLWWHOHYlWHRUHHWWLQHQPDOOL

6HXUDDYDDODOXNXOLLWW\\PROHPSLLQWXWNLPXVWHKWlYLLQL.l\QHQVLQDLHPPDQ WXWNLPXNVHQDYXOODWDUNHPPLQOlSLPLWlWDUNRLWDQG\QDPLLNDQDQDO\\VLLQHVLW WlPLOOlQL NDKGHOOD XORWWXYXXGHOOD /RSXNVL \KGLVWlQ QlPl NDNVL XORWWXYXXWWD WHRUHHWWLVHNVLPDOOLNVL/XYXVVDWDUNDVWHOHQWHKWlYLHQ\KW\PlSLVWHLWlPLWHQ WHRUHHWWLQHQPDOOLWRLPLLRVDQDWXWNLPXVDLQHLVWRQDQDO\\VLDMDWHRUHHWWLVWDMlVHQ Q\VWl

(29)

2.1 Kohti dynamiikan analyysia

.RUNHDNRXOXWXWNLPXV HL ROH \KWHQlLQHQ WLHWHHQDOD YDDQ NRNRHOPD \KGHQ WXW NLPXVNRKWHHQ \PSlULOOH NRNRRQWXQHLWD HUL DORMHQ WXWNLMRLWD .RUNHDNRXOXWXW NLMRLGHQ WHRUHHWWLVWD RULHQWDDWLRWD YRL MDRWHOOD HVLPHUNLNVL VHQ PXNDDQ NXLQND YRLPDNDV VLGH WXWNLMDOOD WLHWHHQDODDQVD RQ MD NXLQND WRLVWXYDVWL KlQ WDUNDVWHOHH WXWNLPXNVLVVDDQNRUNHDNRXOXMD6DDULQHQ2PDQlN|NXOPDQLSRKMDD SROLWLLNDQ WXWNLPXNVHHQ MD WlPl WXWNLPXV VHQ SLLULVVl NHKLWHWW\LKLQ PDOOHLKLQ 7XWNLPXNVHQLNHVNLWW\\\NVLQRPDDQNRUNHDNRXOXWXNVHHQPXWWDROHQP\|VWXW NLQXWSHUXVNRXOXWXVWD6LWHHQLSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHQWHRULRLKLQRQNRKWXXOOLVHQ YDKYDMD\OHLVHVWLROHQNLLQQRVWXQXWNRXOXWXVSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPLVHVWD7lPlIRNXN VHQLRQRKMDQQXWWHNHPLlQLWHRUHHWWLVPHWRGRORJLVLDYDOLQWRMDMRLWDHVLWWHOHQWlVVl OXYXVVD

7XWNLPXVWHKWlYLHQMRKGDWWHOHPDQDWlPlOXNXYLHHGHOOHHQNRKWLSROLWLLNDQG\

QDPLLNDQDQDO\\VLDVLWHQHWWlOXNXHVLWWHOHHMDSUREOHPDWLVRLDLNDLVHPSLDSR OLWLLNDQMDNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHQOlKHVW\PLVWDSRMD/XNXHVLW WllYDLKWRHKWRLVLDPDOOHMDMRWNDNHVNLWW\YlWMlUMHVWHOPlQPXXWRNVHHQ6HXUDDYDW OXYXWMD\KGLVWlYlWSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHQWHRULDWG\QDPLLNDQNDKWHHQ XORWWXYXXWHHQHOLWLODQWHHVHHQMDPDKGROOLVXXNVLLQ/XNXNRNRDDHVLWHW\WDMD WXNVHW NDKGHVWD XORWWXYXXGHVWD WHRUHHWWLVHNVL PDOOLNVL 3ROLWLLNNDD WLODQWHHQD MD PDKGROOLVXXWHQDNlVLWWHOHYlWOXYXWYLHYlWHWHHQSlLQHQVLPPlLVWlHPSLLULVWlWXW NLPXVWHKWlYllMDNRNRDYDOXNXDQWDDHYllWWRLVHQWHRUHHWWLVHPPDQWXWNLPXVWHK WlYlQHGHOO\WWlPllQWDUNDVWHOXXQ

2.1.1 Perinteiset lähestymistavat poliittiseen ja korkeakoulupoliittiseen järjestelmään

.RUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQMDVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQDQDO\\VLRQROOXW\KWH\GHVVlSROLWLLNDQ WXWNLPXNVHQ YLUWDXNVLLQ $ORLWDQ HVLWWHOHPlOOl NODVVLVLD SROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQ

\PPlUWlPLVWDSRMD 1lLWl RYDW ROOHHW WDNVRQRPLD VLLKHQ RVLWWDLQ OLLWW\Yl YDLKH KHXULVWLLNNDVWDJHVKHXULVWLFV-HQNLQV6PLWK 6DEDWLHUEVHNlMlUMHV WHOPlWHRUHHWWLVHWWDUNDVWHOXW7lPlQMlONHHQWDUNDVWHOHQQLLGHQYDLNXWWHLWDNRU NHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHHQ

3ROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHVVDSROLLWWLVLDMlUMHVWHOPLlRQU\KPLWHOW\WDNVRQRPLVHV WL RPLQDLVSLLUWHLGHQ PXNDDQ 7DNVRQRPLVHW YDLNXWWHHW QlN\YlW VHONHLPPLQ HX URRSSDODLVHQ OXYXQ YDLKWHHQ SROLWLLNDQ WXWNLPXNVHQ RLNHXVWLHWHHOOLVLVVl MXXULVVD$OOJHPHLQH 6WDDWVOHKUH SDUDGLJPDQ HQVLPPlLVLLQ WXWNLMRLKLQ NXXOX QHHW*HRUJ-HOOLQHNMD+DQV.HOVHQROLYDWRLNHXVWLHWHLOLM|LWlMDKHLGlWRQ\OHLVHVWL

3HUXVNRXOXWXVWD NRVNHYDD WXWNLPXVWD ROHQ WHKQ\W \KGHVVl PXLGHQ .832/,WXWNLPXVU\KPlQ WXWNLMRLGHQNDQVVDOLLWW\HQHULW\LVHVWLODDGXQYDUPLVWXNVHHQMDDUYLRLQWLLQ9DUMR6LPROD5LQQH 3LWNlQHQ .DXNR +DQQXV .DXNR .\QNllQQLHPL 3LWNlQHQ 6LPROD 9DUMR 9llWlLQHQ 6LPROD5LQQH9DUMR3LWNlQHQ .DXNR.DXNR 9DUMR9DUMR .DXNR

(30)

OLLWHWW\ RLNHXVSRVLWLYLVWLVHHQ NRXOXNXQWDDQ (VLPHUNLNVL -HOOLQHNLQ ± QlNHP\NVHVVlYDOWLRWLHGHNHVNLWW\\YDOWLRNlVLWWHHQ\PSlULOOHVHQHULW\LVSLLUWHL GHQ WXWNLPLVHHQ MD KLVWRULDOOLVVRVLDDOLVWHQ WXQQXVPHUNNLHQ NXYDDPLVHHQ 6XR PHVVDWDDV9DOWLRWLHWHLGHQNlVLNLUMDNlVLWWllYDOWLRWLHWHHQHVVHQWLDOLVWLVHVWLROHYDQ YDOWLRQ´ROHPXNVHQMDWRLPLQQDQYDODLVHPLVWD´%URWKHUXV3ROLWLLNDQ WXWNLPXNVHQDONXMXXUWHQYDOWLRNHVNHLV\\WWlNXYDDK\YLQVHHWWlSROLWLLNNDVDQD O|\W\\ QHOLRVDLVHQ KDNXWHRNVHQ VLVlOO\VOXHWWHORVWD YDLQ VHLWVHPlVVl \KG\VVDQDV VDNDXSSDSROLWLLNNDNXQQDOOLVSROLWLLNNDVLLUWRPDDSROLWLLNND´VRVLDOLSROLWLLNND´

WDORXVSROLWLLNNDWXOOLSROLWLLNNDMDPHWVlSROLWLLNND9DOWLRWLHWHLGHQNlVLNLUMD /lQVL(XURRSSDDQ YHUUDWWXQD VLLUW\Pl SROLWLLNNDWHUPLVW||Q WDSDKWXLNLQ6XRPHVVDP\|KllQYDVWDOXYXOOD7lPlWDSDKWXLXVHLGHQVXR PHQNLHOLVWHQYDOWLRVDQRMHQNRUYDDQWXPLVHOODSROLWLLNNDMRKGDQQDLVLOODNlVLWWHLO Ol NXWHQ ´YDOWLROOLVHQ´ NRUYDDPLQHQ ´SROLLWWLVHOOD´ 3DORQHQ E ± 6XRPHQVDQDVWRRQSRLNNHXNVHOOLVHQYDOWLRNHVNHLVWlMDYDOWLRVLVlOW\\NHVNHLVLLQ SROLLWWLVWDMlUMHVWHOPllNXYDDYLLQWHUPLVW|LKLQ3XONNLQHQ

0DDLOPDQ SROLLWWLVLD MlUMHVWHOPLl OXRNLWWHOHYLVWD VXRPHQNLHOLVLVWl WHRNVLVWD YDQKHPSLDHVLPHUNNHMlRYDW<UM|5XXGXQNLUMRLWWDPD9DOWLRWLHGRQRSDV VHNl-XVVL7HOMRQNllQWlPlDOXQSHULQLOPHVW\Q\W0DXULFH'XYHUJHULQ 3ROLLWWLVHWMlUMHVWHOPlW/HV5HJLPHV3ROLWLTXHV5XXWXOlKLQQlNl\OlSL HULPDLGHQMlUMHVWHOPLHQRPLQDLVSLLUWHLWlPXWWD'XYHUJHUPllULWWHOHH SROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQ

´3ROLLWWLVHOODMlUMHVWHOPlOOlWDUNRLWHWDDQVDQDQODDMLPPDVVDPHUNLW\NVHVVl PXRWRDMRQNDKDOOLWVHYLHQMDKDOOLWWXMHQ\OHLQHQHURRQVDDQXWPLVVlWDKDQ VDVRVLDDOLVHVVDU\KPlVVl6XSSHDPPDVVDPHUNLW\NVHVVl¶SROLLWWLVHVWDMlU MHVWHOPlVWl¶SXKXWDDQVLOORLQNXQRQN\V\P\VWLHW\QODLVHQLKPLV\KWHLV|Q QLPLWWlLQNDQVDNXQQDQSROLLWWLVHVWDRUJDQLVDDWLRVWD´

'XYHUJHULQ MDRWWHOXD PXLVWXWWDYD KDKPRWXV RQ QlKWlYLVVl P\|KHPPLQ -DQ 0DJQXV-DQVVRQLQ±±PllULWWHO\VVlSROLWLLNDVWDODDMDVVD PHUNLW\NVHVVlNDLNNLQDLVWHQLKPLVU\KPLHQKDOOLWVHPLVHQDMDDKWDDVVDPHUNLW\N VHVVlMXONLVWHQRUJDQLVDDWLRLGHQKDOOLWVHPLVHQDMRLVWDWlUNHLQRQYDOWLR

7DNVRQRPLDHOll\KlQ\N\LVLVVlNLQSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHQRSSLNLUMRLVVDVHQ KDYDLQQROOLVWDYDQOXRQWHHQYXRNVLNV%HUQGWVRQ+H\ZRRG±

6DXNNRQHQ(VLPHUNLNVL-DDNNR1RXVLDLQHQHLYDOWLRRSLQSH UXVWHRNVHVVDDQ6XRPHQSROLLWWLQHQMlUMHVWHOPlPllULWWHOHSROLLWWLVWDMlUMHVWHOPll ROOHQNDDQ3ROLLWWLQHQMlUMHVWHOPlWXOHH1RXVLDLVHOODHSlVXRUDVWLPllULWHOO\NVLVLN VLPLKLQNLUMDNHVNLWW\\1RXVLDLQHQNlVLWWHOHHSROLLWWLVLDYRLPLDSXROXHHWHWX MlUMHVW|W PHGLD YDOWLROOLVLD LQVWLWXXWLRLWD NXWHQ YDOWLRQHXYRVWR MD HGXVNXQWD NXQQDOOLVWDLWVHKDOOLQWRDMlUMHVWHOPlQWRLPLQWDDHVLPHUNLNVLODNLHQVllWlPLVHV VlMDWDORXVDUYLRQODDGLQQDVVDVHNlYDOWLRQXONRDVLRLGHQKRLWRDMDNDQVDODLVYDL NXWWDPLVHQPDKGROOLVXXNVLD6DPDUDNHQQHNXLQ1RXVLDLVHOODWRLVWXX+HOVLQJLQ

(31)

\OLRSLVWRQ SROLWLLNDQ MD WDORXGHQ WXWNLPXNVHQ ODLWRNVHQ YDOWLRRSLQ RSSLDLQHHQ SHUXVRSLQQRLVVDNl\WWlPlVVlYHUNNRNLUMDVVD6DXNNRQHQ3ROLLWWLVHQMlU MHVWHOPlQNlVLWHPllULWHOOllQNLQXVHLQWLODQQHNRKWDLVHVWL6DXNNRQHQ

9DLKHKHXULVWLLNND RQ HQHPPlQ <KG\VYDOORLVVD NHKLWW\Q\W OlKHVW\PLVWDSD MD SRKMDD+DUROG'/DVVZHOOLQOXYXOODNHKLWWHOHPllQSROLWLLNNDSURVHVVLQMl VHQQ\NVHHQ6LLQlSROLWLLNNDKDKPRWHWDDQQLPHWW\MHQYDLKHLGHQNDXWWDHWHQHYl QlWRLPLQWDQD9DLKHKHXULVWLLNDQMDSROLF\DQDO\\VLQYlOLOOHRQNLQPHUNLWW\P\|V

\KWlOlLV\\VPHUNNHMl'HOHRQ7DDVHVLPHUNLNVL(UNNL%HUQGWVRQ QlNHH SROLF\DQDO\\VLQ OlKLQQl WXWNLPXVDOXHHQD HLNl PHQHWHOPlQl -RND WDSD XNVHVVDYDLKHKHXULVWLLNNDRQVDQJHQYDOWLROlKW|LQHQMDVHQMXULGLVKDOOLQQROOLVWD SURVHVVLDN\VHHQDODLVWDPDWRQOlKHVW\PLVWDSD7lPlQYXRNVLVHWXOHHK\YLQOlKHO OHYDOWLRRQMDVHQRUJDDQHLKLQNHVNLWW\YllWDNVRQRPLVWDRWHWWD

7DNVRQRPLQHQSHULQQHVLLVQlN\\VXRPDODLVHVVDSROLLWWLVWHQMlUMHVWHOPLHQWXW NLPXNVHVVDMRVVDNODVVLQHQOlKHVW\PLVWDSDRQROOXW´YDOWLROOLVHHQ´SllW|NVHQWH NRRQRVDOOLVWXYLHQSllWWlYLHQMDYDOPLVWHOHYLHQHOLPLHQHULWWHO\MDKLVWRULD1lN|

NXOPDKHLMDVWHOHHOHJDOLVWLVWDDMDWXVWDWRLPLYDOWRMHQVHONHlVWlMDRVWD$MDWXNVHHQ NXXOXXP\|VSllW|NVHQWHNRSURVHVVLQYDLKHLWWDLVHVWDHGLVW\PLVHVWlMRWDYRLVLDQD O\VRLGDYDLKHKHXULVWLVLOODPDOOHLOOD

.XWHQ WDNVRQRPLVHVVD SHULQWHHVVl P\|V NRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQ G\QDPLLNDQ WXWNLPXNVHQQlN|NXOPDVWDNHVNHLVWHQLQVWLWXXWLRLGHQHULWWHO\RQSHUXVOlKW|NRK WD6HQVLMDDQWDNVRQRPLDQOHJDDOLVHHQOlKW|NRKWDDQHLYRLG\QDPLLNDQWXWNLPXN VHQ WRLPLMDPllULWWHO\VVl VLWRXWXD 5DMDXWXPLQHQ SHONlVWllQ ODLQVllGlQQ|VVl WXQQXVWHWWXLKLQRUJDDQHLKLQHLROHSHUXVWHOWXDVLOOlP\|VOXNXLVDWPXXWWRLPLMDW RVDOOLVWXYDW NRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHHQ SllW|NVHQWHNRRQ .XWHQ YDLKHKHXULVWLLNND G\QDPLLNDQDQDO\\VLRQNLLQQRVWXQXWSROLWLLNDQSURVHVVLVWDPXWWDLOPDQROHWXVWD VLLWlHWWlWRLPLMRLGHQYlOLVWlYXRURYDLNXWXVWDUDMRLWWDLVLYDWQLLGHQODLVVDPllULWHO O\WDVHPDWWDLPllUlWW\SllW|NVHQWHNRMlUMHVW\V7DNVRQRPLDMDYDLKHKHXULVWLLNND RYDWK\|G\OOLVLlKDYDLQQROOLVWDPDDQVLWlVllQW|MlUMHVWHOPllMRQNDULNNRPLVWDG\

QDPLLNDQWXWNLPXVS\VW\\WXWNLPDDQ

0\|VVXRPDODLVHVVDNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHVVDRQQlKWlYLVVlWDN VRQRPLVHQMDYDOWLRNHVNHLVHQUDWLRQDDOLVWDVllQWHO\lNRURVWDYDQYDLKHKHXULVWL VHQDMDWWHOXWDYDQMlONLl9DOWLROOLVXXWWDOXRQQHKWLLP\|VVHHWWlPRQHWNRXOXWXV SROLLWWLVWDMlUMHVWHOPllNlVLWWHOHYLVWlNLUMRLWWDMLVWDRYDWHQWLVLlRSHWXVPLQLVWHUL|Q YLUNDPLHKLl7lPlRQWXRQXWPXNDDQP\|VQRUPDWLLYLVHQMDNHKLWWlYlQHOHPHQ WLQ -XNND 6DUMDODQ 6XRPDODLQHQ NRXOXWXVSROLWLLNND NlVLWWHOHH ORSXNVL O\K\HVWL MD WDNVRQRPLVHVWL NRXOXWXVSROLWLLNDQ SllW|NVHQWHNRMlUMHVWHOPll MRKRQ QLPHWllQ KDOOLWXV HGXVNXQWD NHVNXVKDOOLQWR MD W\|PDUNNLQDMlUMHVW|W 6DUMDOD

±7lVWlHULOOllQ6DUMDOD±SRKWLL´NRXOXWXVSROLWLLNDQ

9DOWLRRSLQODLWRNVHVWDWXOLYXRGHVWDOlKWLHQRVDSROLWLLNDQMDWDORXGHQWXWNLPXNVHQODLWRVWD

(32)

VllWHO\MlUMHVWHOPll´ NRVNHYDVVD RVLRVVD KDOOLQWRKLVWRULDD ODLQVllGlQW|l MD RSH WXVWDRKMDDYLDGRNXPHQWWHMD6DUMDODWRVLQNHVNLWW\\HQVLPPlLVHQMDWRLVHQDVWHHQ NRXOXWXNVHHQ

6DUMDODQWHRVWDNDWWDYDPSLNXYDXVO|\W\\/LHNNL/HKWLVDORQMD5HLMR5DLYRODQ LOPHVW\QHHVWl RSSLNLUMDVWD.RXOXWXV MD NRXOXWXVSROLWLLNND OXYXOOH .LUMRLWWDMDWHVLWWHOHYlWHVLSXKHHVVDNRXOXWXVSROLWLLNDQ\KWHQl\KWHLVNXQWDSROLWLL NDQ ORKNRQD /HKWLVDOR 5DLYROD YUW 0\|KHPPLQ KH ODDMHQWDYDW NRXOXWXVSROLWLLNDQ NRVNHPDDQ LQWUHVVLU\KPLl MD YDLNXWWDPLVWRLPLQWDD \OHHQVl /HKWLVDOR 5DLYROD/HKWLVDORMD5DLYRODVLYXDYDWSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHO PlQG\QDPLLNNDD±WRGHWHVVDDQVXRPDODLVHQNRXOXWXVSROL WLLNDQSLLUWHHQlROHYDQNRQVHQVXNVHQMRNDRQVlLO\Q\WOXYXOWDSllRVLQMlUN N\PlWW|PlQl 1lLGHQ O\K\LGHQ PDLQLQWRMHQ OLVlNVL UDNHQWHHOOLVHQD ULVWLULLWDQD PDLQLWDDQYDOWLRYDUDLQPLQLVWHUL|QNDVYDQXWYDOWDRSHWXVPLQLVWHUL|QUHVXUVVHLKLQ /HKWLVDOR 5DLYROD

2VPR/DPSLVHQ6XRPHQNRXOXWXVMlUMHVWHOPlQNHKLW\VHURDDKLHPDQ WDNVRQRPLVLVWDDQDO\\VHLVWDHLNlLVWXSXKWDDVWLWlKlQNDWHJRULDDQ7DNVRQRPLVLV WDQlN|NXOPLVWDOlKHPPlVG\QDPLLNDQDQDO\\VLDVHQWXRYDWKLVWRULDOOLVHWSHULR GLVRLQQLWNXWHQHOLLWWLPDOOLVWDVXXQQLWWHOXXQMDHGHOOHHQWXORVYDVWXXOOLVHHQNRU NHDNRXOXSROLWLLNNDDQ NRVNHYLHQ VLLUW\PLHQ NXYDXNVHW /DPSLQHQ ±

± /DPSLQHQ ± KDKPRWWHOHH P\|V MRLWDNLQ SROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQ SLLUWHLWl YLUNDPLHVNHVNHLV\\WWl NRXOXDVLRLVVD HGXVNXQQDQ URROLQ YlKHQHPLVWlMDKDOOLWXNVHQYDKYLVWXPLVWDSROLWLLNDQLGHRORJLVXXGHQKlOYHQHPLV Wl MD WHNQLVW\PLVHQ NDVYXD HWXMlUMHVW|MHQ LQVWLWXWLRQDOLVRLWXPDWWRPXXWWD VHNl WXWNLPXNVHQURROLQNRURVWXPLVWDSllW|NVHQWHRVVDOXYXOWDOlKWLHQ(VLWHW\W WXORNVHWRYDWPHUNLWWlYLlKDYDLQWRMD+DYDLQWRMDHLROHNXLWHQNDDQMlVHQQHWW\WHR UHHWWLVHQPDOOLQNDXWWDYDDQHVLWHWW\KLVWRULDOOLVLQDNHKLW\VNDDULQD

+DQN&-HQNLQV6PLWKMD3DXO$6DEDWLHUERYDWNULWLVRLQHHWWDNVRQR PLVLDMDYDLKHKHXULVWLVLDPDOOHMD+HLGlQNlVLW\NVHQVlPXNDDQSROLWLLNNDSURVHV VLQNXYDXVRQVXRUDYLLYDLVXXGHVVDDQHSlWDUNND/LVlNVL-HQNLQV6PLWKMD6DEDWLHU QRVWDYDW YDLKHKHXULVWLLNDQ SHUXVRQJHOPLNVL NHVNLWW\PLVHQ PXRGROOLVLLQ YDOWDMD NRLKLQMDNDXVDDOLVXXGHQSXXWWHHQ-HQNLQV6PLWK 6DEDWLHUE±6D PDWRQJHOPDWSlWHYlWHVLWWHOHPLLQLQlLKLQSDUDGLJPRLKLQOLLWW\YLLQVXRPDODLVHQ NRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXVWXORNVLLQ.XYDXNVLQDQHRYDWDQVLRNNDLWDPXWWD YDUVLQDLVHHQYXRURYDLNXWXNVHQVllQQ|QPXNDLVXXNVLLQMDQLLGHQVHOLWWlPLVHHQQH HLYlWSllVHNLLQQL

3ROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHQNODVVLVHWVXXQWDXNVHWWDNVRQRPLDMDYDLKHKHXULVWLLNND RKMDDYDWDMDWXNVLDS\V\YllQMlUMHVWHOPllQMRVVDWXWNLPXVUDMDXWXXHULODLVWHQOLQMD

.LUMDVWDRQP\|VNDNVLDLNDLVHPSDDYHUVLRWDMRWNDKHLMDVWDYDWK\YLQDMDQPXXWRVWD6LLQlPLVVl YXRQQDLOPHVW\Q\WWHRVRQQLPHOWllQ.RXOXWXVSROLWLLNNDMDNRXOXWXVVXXQQLWWHOXRQYXRQQD QLPLSHONNl.RXOXWXVSROLWLLNND(VLPHUNLNVLYXRGHQDODOXNX´VXXQQLWWHOX´RQPXXWWX QXWYXRQQDNXYDDYDVWLRWVLNROOH´NHKLWWlPLQHQHQQDNRLQWLMDDUYLRLQWL´/HKWLVDOR 5DLYROD

(33)

XNVLHQWRWHXWWDPLVHQWDUNDVWHOXXQ6XRPHVVDWlPlRQROOXWXVHLQOXRQQROOLQHQOl KHVW\PLVWDSDVLOOlSROLWLLNDQWXWNLPXNVHQMXXUHWRYDWROOHHWYDOWLRNHVNHLVLl7lVVl WXWNLPXNVHVVDRPDNVXPDQLWRLPLMRLGHQG\QDPLLNDQKDYDLWVHPLVHQQlN|NXOPDVWD

\NVLWWlLVHQSROLWLLNNDOLQMDXNVHQDQDO\VRLQWLDQWDDOLLDQNDSHDQSHUVSHNWLLYLQ<NVL PDKGROOLQHQUDWNDLVXWlKlQRQJHOPDDQRQODDMHPSDDQlN|NXOPDDVRYHOWDYDMlU MHVWHOPlWHRUHHWWLQHQRWHMRWDRQP\|VVRYHOOHWWXNRUNHDNRXOXWXWNLPXNVHHQ

-lUMHVWHOPlWHRUHHWWLVLLQ WDUNDVWHOXLKLQ OXHQ VHNl V\VWHHPLWHRUHHWWLVHW HWWl IXQNWLRWHRUHHWWLVHWPDOOLW.DUNHDVWLRWWDHQQlLVWlHQVLPPlLQHQQlN|NXOPDYHU WDXWXXN\EHUQHWLLNNDDQMDMlONLPPlLQHQHOROOLVHHQRUJDQLVPLLQ-lUMHVWHOPlWHR UHHWWLVLVWD WDUNDVWHOXLVWD WXQQHWXLPPDW OLHQHYlW 'DYLG (DVWRQLQ -UJHQ +DEHUPDVLQ1LNODV/XKPDQQLQMD7DOFRWW3DUVRQVLQW\|W 6\VWHHPLWHRUHHWWLQHQ QlN|NXOPD RQ VHONHLPPLQ OlVQl (DVWRQLQ W\|VVl (DVWRQ QlNHH SROLLWWLVHQ MlUMHVWHOPlQ ´DUYRMHQ DXNWRUDWLLYLVHQD DOORNDDWLR QD´NllQQ|V%HUQGWVRQLQPXNDDQ0DOOLQDMDWXVPDDLOPDDQNXXOXXHWWl

\KWHLVNXQQDQ YDDWLPXVWHQ MD NDQQDWXNVHQ SRKMDOWD SROLLWWLVHVVD MlUMHVWHOPlVVl ODDGLWDDQ WXRWRNVLD 7lVVl NHVNHLVHVVl URROLVVD RYDW SRUWLQYDUWLMDW HVLPHUNLNVL SXROXHHW MRWND PllULWWlYlW PLWNl DVLDW SllVHYlW SROLLWWLVHHQ SllW|NVHQWHNRRQ (DVWRQYUW7lPlDOORNDDWLRMlUMHVWHOPlSllWWllDUYRMHQYDOXHMDND PLVHVWD(DVWRQ\PPlUWllDUYRWODDMDVWLHVLPHUNLNVLWDORXGHOOLVLQDUHVXUVVHLQD 3DUVRQVRQWDDVVHONHLPPLQIXQNWLRWHRUHHWLNNR+lQHQQlN|NXOPDVWDDQ QHOMll \KWHLVNXQQDOOLVWD IXQNWLRWD DVHWWXYDW KRLWDPDDQ DLQD MRWNLQ LQVWLWXXWLRW )XQNWLRWD HURWWDYDW VXKGH MlUMHVWHOPlQ VLVlLVLLQ WDL XONRLVLLQ WDSDKWXPLLQ VHNl W\|QMDRQMDWDYRLWWHHQDVHWWHOXXQOLLWW\YLLQDVSHNWHLKLQ)XQNWLRWRYDWDGDSWDDWLR WDYRLWWHLGHQVDDYXWXVLQWHJUDDWLRMDVlLO\WWlPLQHQ3DUVRQV/XKPDQQLQ WDDVYRLOXRNLWHOODV\VWHHPLWHRUHHWLNRNVLYDLNNDKlQSXKXX V\VWHHPLIXQNWLRLVWD MDRQRWWDQXWSDOMRQLGHRLWD3DUVRQVLOWDNV/XKPDQQ±/XKPDQQ WDUNDVWHOHH \NVLIXQNWLRLVLD IXQNWLRMlUMHVWHOPLl MRLVWD NRPPXQLNDDWLRVWD NRRVWXYD\KWHLVNXQWDUDNHQWXX1lLVWlMRNDLQHQIXQNWLRMlUMHVWHOPlRQHULOOLQHQMD DXWRSRLHHWWLQHQ7RLVLQVDQRHQQHHLYlWROH\KWH\GHVVlWRLVLLQVDMDN\NHQHYlWLWVH PXXWWDPDDQLWVHllQ-lUMHVWHOPlQNRPPXQLNDDWLRVHQ\PSlULVW||QWDSDKWXXUH VRQDDWLRQDYXOODMDUHVRQDDWLRQPDKGROOLVHVWLDLKHXWWDPDPXXWRVDXWRSRLHHVLOOD +DEHUPDVRQWDDV\KWHLVNXQWDWHRUHHWLNNRYDLNNDKlQNLQSHUXVWDDQlN|NXOPDQVD 3DUVRQVLQW\|OOH%HUQGWVRQ±+DEHUPDVWHNHHHURQHOl PLVPDDLOPDQ/HEHQVZHOWMDV\VWHHPLQ6\VWHPYlOLOOl+DEHUPDVLQ\NVL NHVNHLVLlWHHVHMlMDNULWLLNNHMlRQHOlPLVPDDLOPDDXKNDDYDWDORXGHQDMDWWHOXPDO OLHQNRORQLDOLVRLQWL

7XQQHWWX MD YDUKDLQHQ VXRPDODLVWD SROLLWWLVWD MlUMHVWHOPll MlUMHVWHOPlWHR UHHWWLVHVWD QlN|NXOPDVWD WDUNDVWHOHYLD WXWNLPXNVLD RQ ,ONND +HLVNDVHQ -XONLQHQNROOHNWLLYLQHQMDPDUNNLQDSHUXVWDLQHQRVDQDGHPRNUDWLDMDWDVDDUYR '(7$ KDQNHWWD +lQHQ NHVNHLVLl NlVLWWHLWllQ RYDW SROLLWWLVKDOOLQQROOLVHW RK MDXVLGHRORJLDW MD \KWHLVNXQQDQ RKMDXNVHQ VXSHULGHRORJLDW +HLVNDVHQ

±\KWHQlKDYDLQWRQDRQWDORXGHQSHUXVWHOXMHQWXQNHXWXPLQHQSROLWLLNNDDQ MRNDRQDQDORJLQHQ+DEHUPDVLQKDYDLQQRQNDQVVD

(34)

6XRPDODLVHQNRUNHDNRXOXWXNVHQDQDO\VRLQQLQPLHOHNN\\WWlRQSRKGLWWXXVH DPSLHQNLQ HVLWWHOHPLHQL MlUMHVWHOPlWHRUHHWLNNRMHQ PDOOLHQ NDXWWD -DQL 8UVLQ WHVWDD7DOFRWW3DUVRQVLQPDOOLD8UVLQPllULWWHOHHNRUNHDNRX OXMlUMHVWHOPlQ ´IXQNWLRQDDOLVHVWL UDNHQWHLVWXQHHNVL G\QDDPLVHNVL NRNRQDLVXX GHNVLMRVVDVHQRVDMlUMHVWHOPlW\OOlSLWlYlWVLVlLVLlMDXONRLVLDVlLO\PLVWHKWlYLl´

+lQ KDKPRWWHOHH PDOOLD OLLWW\HQ VXRPDODLVHHQ NRUNHDNRXOXWXNVHHQ MD NHVNLWW\\

\OLRSLVWRMHQMDRSHWXVPLQLVWHUL|QVXKWHHVHHQ8UVLQNXLWHQNLQKXRPDDHVLWWlPlV VllQQlNHP\NVHVVlKHLNNRXNVLD8UVLQLQ±PXNDDQKlQHQHVLWWl PlQVlMlUMHVWHOPlWHRUHHWWLQHQPDOOLRQNXYDLOHYDUDNHQQHNHVNHLQHQYDLQMlUMHV WHOPlQVLVlLVLLQWHNLM|LKLQNHVNLWW\YlMDPDKGROOLVHVWLHNOHNWLQHQ-XVVL9lOLPDD MD0DUMD/LLVD1HXYRQHQ5DXKDODSXROHVWDDQSRKWLYDW1LNODV/XKPDQQLQ MlUMHVWHOPlWHRULDQ Nl\WW|NHOSRLVXXWWD NRUNHDNRXOXWXNVHQ WXWNLPLVHVVD +HLGlQ QlN|NXOPDVWDDQNRUNHDNRXOXWXNVHQWXWNLPLVHHQ/XKPDQQLQOlKHVW\PLVWDSDRQ OLLDQNLQNRNRQDLVYDOWDLQHQPLQNlYXRNVLVHQRSHUDWLRQDOLVRLQWLRQKDQNDODD6LWl YRLNXLWHQNLQNl\WWllKHXULVWLVHQDDSXYlOLQHHQl9lOLPDD 1HXYRQHQ5DXKDOD

6HNl 8UVLQLQ HWWl 9lOLPDDQ MD 1HXYRQHQ5DXKDODQ SRKGLQ QRLVVDYRLGDDQQlKGlWDXVWDOODVDPDRQJHOPD-lUMHVWHOPlWHRUHHWWLQHQOlKW|NRK WDHLRWDWDUSHHNVL\NVLVHOLWWHLVHVWLNDQWDDSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQWRLPLMRLKLQMD QLLGHQVXKWHLVLLQ6HQRQJHOPDNVLPXRGRVWXXPRQLPXWNDLVXXGHQNlVLWWHO\.DW WDYDQlN|NXOPDMRNDS\UNLLRWWDPDDQNDQWDDNDLNNLLQV\VWHHPLQRVLLQNllQW\\

DQDO\\VLD YDVWDDQ -lUMHVWHOPlWHRULDVVD RQNLQ SHULQWHLVHVWL DMDWHOWX NRPSOHNVL VXXVMlUMHVWHOPlQWXRWWDPDQDMDRQJHOPDOOLVHQDNXQWDDVG\QDPLLNNDDSDLQRW WDYDVVDQlNHP\NVHVVlNRPSOHNVLVXXVRQ\NVLMlUMHVWHOPlQNHVNHLVLVWlSLLUWHLVWl -DORQHQ2PDQWXWNLPXNVHQLNDQQDOWDMlUMHVWHOPlWHRULRLOODRQP\|V WRLQHQOlKW|NRKWDLQHQKDLWWD1HHLYlWVRYHOOXWlVVlWXWNLPXNVHVVDRPDNVXPDDQL DLQHLVWROlKW|LVHHQMDWHRUHHWWLVWDPDOOLDUDNHQWDYDDQQlN|NXOPDDQ9DOPLLQHUL ODLVHVVDKLVWRULDOOLVHVVDMD\KWHLVNXQQDOOLVHVVDNHK\NVHVVlUDNHQQHWXQPDOOLQVR YHOWDPLQHQNl\WWlPllQLDLQHLVWRRQLYDDWLVLUDMXMDNRPSURPLVVHMDMRNRWHRULDQWDL DLQHLVWRQNl\W|QVXKWHHQ-lUMHVWHOPlWHRULRLOODRQHLWWlPlWWlYDKYDVHOLW\VYRLPD MDVHONHlPDOOLQQXVPXWWDWlPlQWXWNLPXNVHQWDUSHLVLLQQHUDMRLWWDLVLYDWOLLDNVL DLQHLVWROlKW|LV\\WWl MD UDMDLVLYDW WHRUHHWWLVLD PDKGROOLVXXNVLD DQDO\VRLGD NRPS OHNVLVXXWWD

2.1.2 Korkeakoulupolitiikan muutosta tarkastelevat mallit

.RUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQMDVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQG\QDPLLNNDDRQWXWNLWWXDLNDLVHPPLQ MRNR G\QDPLLNND WDL PXXWRVNlVLWWHHQ DOOD $QDO\\VLD RQ WHKW\ HUL WDVRLOOD MRO ORLQVHRQNRVNHQXW(XURRSDQXQLRQLQNDQVDOOLVWDLRVDYDOWLRLGHQYlOLVWlYDOWLRL GHQVLVlLVWlWDL\OLRSLVWRMHQVLVlLVWlPXXWRVWD0RQHVWLWDUNDVWHOXRQNRKGLVWXQXW P\|VMRKRQNLQQlLGHQWDVRMHQYlOLLQ

.RUNHDNRXOXWXWNLPXNVHVVD YDLNXWXVYDOWDLQHQ MD ODDMDVWL YLLWDWWX MlUMHVWHOPl NXYDXVRQ%XUWRQ5&ODUNLQYXRQQDMXONDLVWXWHRV7KH+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQ

(35)

6\VWHP±$FDGHPLF2UJDQL]DWLRQLQ&URVV1DWLRQDO3HUVSHFWLYH7XQQHWXLQ&ODU NLQNRQWULEXXWLRRQRKMDXVNROPLRMRNDRQROOXWVXRVLWWXNRUNHDNRXOXMlUMHVWHOPlQ KDKPRWXVWDSDNV5HNLOl0DUJLQVRQ 5KRDGHV%OHLNOLH+¡VWDNHU 9DE¡.RJDQ 0DUWRQ&ODUNLQWDUNRLWXNVHQDRQWDU NDVWHOODNRUNHDNRXOXMlUMHVWHOPLHQSHUXVSLLUWHLWlMDYHUWDLOODQlLWlRPLQDLVXXNVLD NDQVDNXQWLHQYlOLOOl&ODUNPllULWWHOHHNRUNHDNRXOXMlUMHVWHOPlQNDKGHOODWDYDOOD

´,ZLOOVRPHWLPHVXVHWKHWHUPLQDQDUURZFRQYHQWLRQDOVHQVHWRUHIHUWR DQDJJUHJDWHRIIRUPDOHQWLWLHVHJWKH)UHQFKV\VWHPRIKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQ VHHQDVWKHVXPRIPDQ\LQGLYLGXDOXQLYHUVLWLHVFROOHJHVDQGLQVWLWXWHV

%XWPDGHFOHDUE\FRQWH[W,VKDOODWWLPHVVZLWFKWRDEURDGHUDSSURDFK WKDWLQFOXGHVDQ\RIWKHSRSXODWLRQZKHQHQJDJHGLQSRVWVHFRQGDU\HGX FDWLRQDODFWLYLWLHV±±)RUH[DPSOHOHJLVODWLYHHGXFDWLRQDOLVVXHVWUXVWHHV ZKHQDFWLQJDVWUXVWHHVDVZHOODVDGPLQLVWUDWRUVSURIHVVRUVDQGVWXGHQWV IXOORUSDUWWLPHZRXOGDOOIDOOXQGHUWKLVEURDGHUXVDJH´&ODUN±

&ODUNHLVXRUDDQRWDNRUNHDNRXOXMlUMHVWHOPlQVXSSHDDQ PllULWHOPllQPXNDDQ NRXOXWXVLQVWLWXXWLRLGHQ OLVlNVL PXLWD LQVWLWXXWLRLWD 7lPl DLKHXWWDD DQDO\\VLOOH XVHLWDRQJHOPLDMRLVWDVXXULQRQDQDO\\VLQWDVRMHQVHNRLWWDPLQHQ&ODUN SHUXVWHOHHO|\KllOlKHVW\PLVWDSDDQVDVLOOlHWWlVHS\VW\\SDUHPPLQNXYDDPDDQ DNDWHHPLVHQW\|QNXPPDOOLVXXNVLD1lN|NXOPDRQYDUVLQVHONHlVWL\OLRSLVWRQVL VlOWlOlKWHYlVHNRURVWDDWRLVDDOWD\OLRSLVWRMHQRPDOHLPDLVWDHOlPllLQVWLWXXWLRL QDMDWRLVDDOWDDNDWHHPLVHQW\|QHULW\LVODDWXLVXXWWD&ODUNLQPXNDDQ MlUMHVWHOPlQG\QDPLLNNDNXPSXDDLQWUHVVLU\KPLHQNHVNLQlLVHVWlNDPSSDLOXVWD MRNDXVHLQWDSDKWXXMlUMHVWHOPlQVLVlOOl

7DVRMHQVHNDYXXVMDLQWUHVVLQlN|NXOPDNl\VHOYlVWLLOPLHULPDLGHQYHUWDLOXV VDNl\WHW\VVlRKMDXVNROPLRVVD7KH7ULDQJOHRI&RRUGLQDWLRQ&ODUN .ROPLR HULWWHOHH YDOWLRQ YDLNXWXVYDOODQ VWDWH DXWKRULW\ DNDWHHPLVHQ KDUYDLQ YDOODQ DFDGHPLF ROLJDUFK\ MD PDUNNLQDW PDUNHW 3llRVD YHUWDLOWXMHQ MlUMHV WHOPLHQNDPSSDLOXVWDNl\GllQSURIHVVRULHQMDYLUNDPLHVWHQYlOLOOl&ODUN

&ODUNWRWHDDVLOWLHWWlNXOODNLQPDDOODRQYDUVLQRPDQODLVHQVD MlUMHVWHOPlG\QDPLLNND&ODUNULQQDVWDDWRLVLQVDQRHQWRLPLMDU\KPLHQNXWHQYLU NDPLHVWHQWDLSURIHVVRULHQ´NDPSSDLOXQ´MlUMHVWHOPlQOXRQWHHVHHQ6DPRLQP\|

KHPPLQ &ODUN ± SHUXVWHOHH NRNR MlUMHVWHOPlQ OXRQQHWWD PXXQ PXDVVD ODLWRVWDVRQ SRKMDSDLQRWWHLVHOOD UDNHQWHHOOD 7RLVDDOWD WDDV SURIHVVRULHQ QlKGllQROHYDQVXRUDDQNRQÀLNWLVVDYLUNDPLHVWHQNDQVVD&ODUN1lHQ RQJHOPDQMlVHQW\PlWW|PLHQWDVRMHQYlOLOOl.RUNHDNRXOXMlUMHVWHOPlQVHOLWWlPL VHQ DUJXPHQWLW ORLNNLYDW YlOLOOl ODLWRVWDVRQ KDYDLQWRMHQ MD YlOLOOl HOLLWLQ KHQNL O|VXKWHLGHQWDVROODLOPDQV\VWHPDDWWLVWDWDUNDVWHOXD

.ROPLRQNlUMHWRYDWVDPDOODWDYDOOD\KWHLVPLWDWWRPLD$NDWHHPLQHQKDUYDLQ YDOWD YLLWWDD \OLRSLVWRODLVWHQ \OLYDOWDDQ NDQVDOOLVHVVD MlUMHVWHOPlVVl &ODUN

±YDOWLRMRKWRLVXXVWDDVYRLROODMRNRE\URNUDDWWLVWDWDLSROLLWWLVWD&ODUN

±PDUNNLQDWWDUNRLWWDYDWWRLPLMRLGHQYXRURYDLNXWXVWD&ODUN

(36)

(ULW\LVHVWLPDUNNLQRLGHQNlVLWHRQHSlVXKGDVVD9DLNND&ODUN

±MDRWWHOHHHULODLVLDPDUNNLQRLWDRQNRNRPDUNNLQDNlVLWWHHVHHQKDQNDOD SllVWlNLLQQLVLOOlVHNlVLWWHOHHVXKWHLWDHLWRLPLMRLWDNXWHQNROPLRQPXXWNlUMHW .RNRQDLVXXGHVVDDQ NDLNHQ NDWWDYDVWD MD SRXNNRLOHYDVWD ´]LJ ]DJ´ &ODUN QlN|NXOPDVWDRQYDLNHDVDDGDNLLQQLMDWHKGlHPSLLULVWlWXWNLPXVWD9DLNND

&ODUNLQNROPLRRQDUYRNDVOlKW|ODXNDXVPRQLOOHWXWNLPXNVLOOHSHONNllQRKMDXV NROPLRRQQRMDDYDWXWNLPXVMllKHOSRVWLNXYDLOHYDOOHMDHLV\VWHPDDWWLVHOOHWDVROOH

*X\1HDYHHVLWWllWl\GHQQ\NVLl&ODUNLQRKMDXVNROPLRRQ+lQHQPLH OHVWllQWlUNHLNVLRYDWQRXVVHHWQLLQVDQRWXWSXVNXULRUJDQLVDDWLRWMRWNDWRLPLYDW NRRUGLQRLQQLQYlOLWWlYLQlWHNLM|LQl6DPDDLGHDDNHKLWWHOHHHGHOOHHQ(GJDU)UDFN PDQQMRNDNDWVRRNRUNHDNRXOXWXVWDMDVHQ\PSlULVW|lNXYDDYDQNROPLRWD SDUHPPLQYLLVLNXOPLR7lVVlDMDWXNVHVVDNRUNHDNRXOXWXNVHQNDQVVDNRPPXQLNRL SXVNXULRUJDQLVDDWLRLGHQ NDXWWD YLLVL WDKRD KDOOLQWR \KWHLVNXQWD DNDWHHPLQHQ

\KWHLV|RSLVNHOLMDWMDW\|QDQWDMDW)UDFNPDQQLQYLLVLNXOPLRYDLNXWWDDNDWWDYDP PDOWDMDSDUHPPLQHXURRSSDODLVWHQMlUMHVWHOPLHQNXYDXNVHHQVRYHOWXYDOWDNXLQ

&ODUNLQPDOOL

&ODUNLQNROPLRWDRQNULWLVRLWXVHQNLLQQLWW\PLVHVWlNRUNHDNRXOXMHQHULW\LVODD WXLVXXWHHQ(ZDQ)HUOLH&KULVWLQH0XVVHOLQMD*LDQOXFD$QGUHVDQL QRVWDYDWHVLOOHHWWlYDOWLR±\OLRSLVWRVXKWHHQWDUNDVWHOXRQOXRQQROOLVWDPXWWDMRK WDDPXLGHQPHUNLWWlYLHQWRLPLMRLGHQKXRPLRWWDMlWWlPLVHHQ0DXULFH.RJDQLQMD 6WHSKHQ+DQQH\QPXNDDQ&ODUNLQNROPLRNXWHQOlKHVNDLNNLPXXWNLQ WHRUHHWWLVHWPDOOLWROHWWDYDWHWWlNRUNHDNRXOXMHQHULW\LVODDWXLVXXVPllULWWllP\|V MlUMHVWHOPlQWRLPLQWDD)HUOLH\POLVllYlWHWWlQlN|NXOPDXQRKWDD

\OHHQVl WDUNDVWHOOD PXLGHQ NXLQ \OLRSLVWRQ VLVlLVWl HULNRLVODDWXD 0\|V )UDFN PDQQHVLWWLMRSDULYXRVLN\PPHQWlDLHPPLQHWWlNRUNHDNRXOXWHLYlW Ql\WlSRLNNHDYDQVXKWHHVVDDQ\PSlULVW||QVlPXLVWD\KWHLVNXQQDQRUJDQLVDWRUL VLVWDWRLPLMRLVWD3\ULQNLQVLLUWlPllQWlPlQWXWNLPXNVHQQlN|NXOPDDVLLKHQHWWl

\PPlUUlQ\OLRSLVWRWLQVWLWXXWLRNVLPXLGHQMRXNRVVD

6XRPDODLVHQ NRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQ DQDO\\VLVVD RKMDXVNROPLRWD RYDW Nl\WWl QHHWHVLPHUNLNVL.LYLQHQ5LQQHMD0lQW\YDDUDDNVEODDWLHVVDDQWHR UHHWWLVWDYLLWHNHK\VWlNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQNHVNHLVWHQKHQNLO|LGHQKDDVWDWWHOXD YDUWHQ .LYLQHQ \P D ± QRVWDYDW &ODUNLQ RKMDXVNROPLRRQ SHUXVWDHQNHVNHLVLNVLNRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQWRLPLMRLNVLVHXUDDYDW

&ODUNLQ RKMDXVNROPLR RQ P\|V QlKW\ VDQJHQ VWDDWWLVHQD NXYDXNVHQD -RQJEORHG 5LFKDUGVRQ%UDFFR&DOODQ )LQQH\±6HHLP\|VNllQVLVlOOlNDQVDLQYlOLVWlXORWWX YXXWWD0DUJLQVRQ 5KRDGHVPLNlRQK\YLQ\PPlUUHWWlYllYXRQQDUDNHQQHWXOOH PDOOLOOH

(37)

‡ 9DOWLRRKMDXVHGXVNXQWDYDOWLRQHXYRVWRVLYLVW\VYDOLRNXQWD YDOWLRYDUDLQPLQLVWHUL|MDRSHWXVPLQLVWHUL|/LVlNVLQHXYRD

DQWDYDQDNRUNHDNRXOXQHXYRVWRMDN\WNH\W\QHHQlYDOWLRQRKMDXNVHHQ NRUNHDNRXOXMHQNHVNXVKDOOLQWRYDOWXXVWRKDOOLWXVUHKWRUL

‡ $NDWHHPLQHQRKMDXVDNDWHHPLQHQ\KWHLV|WLHGHNXQWDQHXYRVWR ODLWRVQHXYRVWRSURIHVVRULWWXWNLMDWPXXRSHWXVKHQNLO|NXQWD

‡ 0DUNNLQDRKMDXVHOLQNHLQRHOlPlW\|PDUNNLQDMDDPPDWWLMlUMHVW|W .LYLQHQ \P D SllW\YlW HVLWWlPllQ WlUNHLPPlNVL U\KPlNVL RSHWXV PLQLVWHUL|Q NRUNHDNRXOX MD WLHGHRVDVWRQ YLUNDPLHKHW MRLVWD KH NDWVRYDW O|\W\

YlQ ´>Y@DOWDNXQQDQ SLWNlMlQWHLVLPPlQ MD DLNDLVLPPDQ NRUNHDNRXOXSROLWLLNDQ WHNLMlW´7RLVHQDWlUNHlQlU\KPlQlRYDWSROLLWLNRWMRWNDO\K\HPPlOOlDLNDYlOLOOl YRLYDW ´YDLNXWWDD PHUNLWWlYlVWLNLQ NRUNHDNRXOXODLWRNVHQ SHULDDWWHHOOLVLLQ NHKL W\VVXXQWLLQ´.LYLQHQ\PD(VLPHUNNLQlSROLLWLNNRMHQPHUNLW\NVHVWl PDLQLWDDQ DOXHHOOLVHQ KDMDXWWDPLVHQ SllW|NVHW ±OXYXOOD .ROPDQWHQD WlUNHlQlWDKRQD.LYLQHQ\PDQlNHYlWUHKWRULWMDKDOOLQWRMRKWDMDW

+XRPDWWDYDOLQMDXVRQHWWl.LYLQHQ\PDMlWWlYlWSRLVRSLVNHOLMDOLLN NHHQ 0\|KHPPLQ WRVLQ 0DUMR5LLWWD -lUYLQHQ 2VPR .LYLQHQ MD 5LVWR 5LQQH OLVllYlW*X\1HDYHQMD(GJDU)UDFNPDQLQPDOOHMDK\|

G\QWlHQ&ODUNLQNROPLRRQP\|VRSLVNHOLMDWMDNDQVDODLV\KWHLVNXQQDQ6XRPDODL VHVVDNRQWHNVWLVVDKHQlNHYlWPHUNLWWlYLPSlQlRQJHOPDQDNRNRMlUMHVWHOPllNR NRDYDQSXVNXULRUJDQLVDDWLRQSXXWWHHQMRND

´N\NHQLVL \KWHHQ VRYLWWDPDDQ NRUNHDNRXOXMHQ LQWUHVVHMl %XIIHURUJDQL VDDWLROODWXOLVLROODULLWWlYlVWLSllWlQWlMDEXGMHWWLYDOWDDMRWWDVHN\NHQLVL VllWHOHPllQLQVHQWLLYLHQQRMDOODNRNRNRUNHDNRXOXWXVNHQWlQMlUNHYllNH KLW\VWl´-lUYLQHQ.LYLQHQ 5LQQH

.LYLQHQ\PDMD-lUYLQHQ\PHULWWHOHYlWPLHOHQNLLQWRLVHVWLNRUNHD NRXOXSROLLWWLVHQMlUMHVWHOPlQWlUNHLWlWRLPLMRLWD6DPDOODPDOOHLVVDRQQlKWlYLVVl

&ODUNLQRKMDXVNROPLRVWDSHUL\W\YLlSLLUWHLWlMDG\QDPLLNDQPDOOLQQXNVHQNDQQDO WDMRSDRQJHOPLD(ULW\LVHVWLWlPlQlN\\DNDWHHPLVHQRKMDXNVHQWDSDXNVHVVDMRND QlKGllQWlUNHlQlRVDQDNRNRMlUMHVWHOPlQRKMDXVWD-RWWDYRLVLWDUNDVWHOODMlU MHVWHOPlQG\QDPLLNNDD&ODUNLVWDSRLNHWHQRQPLHOHVWlQLWDUSHHQHUL\WWllDMDWXV NRUNHDNRXOXQDNDWHHPLVHQRKMDXNVHQYDLNXWXNVHVWDMlUMHVWHOPllQ0LHOHVWlQLRQ SHUVSHNWLLYLYLUKHXORWWDDDMDWXNVLD\OLRSLVWRMHQVLVlLVHVWlDNDWHHPLVHVWDMlUMHVW\N VHVWlNRNRMlUMHVWHOPlQG\QDPLLNDQDQDO\\VLLQ7lVVlWXWNLPXNVHVVDRPDNVXQNLQ QlN|NXOPDQMRVVDHQWHHOlKW|NRKWDLVLDROHWXNVLDDNDWHHPLVHQRKMDXNVHQPHU NLWWlY\\GHVWlNRUNHDNRXOXSROLLWWLVHOOHMlUMHVWHOPlOOH.DWVRQWlPlQMRKWDYDQWDU NHPSDDQDQDO\\VLLQ

8VHDWNRUNHDNRXOXMHQPXXWRVWDWDUNDVWHOOHHWWXWNLPXNVHWRYDWOlKWHQHHWNDW VRPDDQMlUMHVWHOPllLNllQNXLQ\OLRSLVWRMHQVLVlOWlSlLQ7DLQD6DDULQHQMD-XVVL 9lOLPDDDQDO\VRLYDWHULWDSRMDWXWNLDNRUNHDNRXOXWXNVHQPXXWRVWDWDUNDV

Viittaukset

LIITTYVÄT TIEDOSTOT

Valtion (ministeriön ja po- liittisen johdon), elinkeinoelämän sekä operatiivisen akateemisen johdon (yliopistojen rehtorit ja hallintojohtajat) edistämässä prosessissa

Nrvnd mrxnrvvd yrl rood vhnç srvlwllylvld hwwç qhjdwllylvld rvld pxwwd vhq plwwd yrl rood vlowl qrood/ qllq rq v||wç pççulwhooç nrnrqdlvkhlodkwhox1 Wçooç yrlpph mrvnxv

Todista teht¨ aviss¨ a 1–8 v¨ aite oikeaksi tai v¨ a¨ ar¨ aksi.. Seuraava p¨ a¨ attely

Eräs keskeisistä yliopistojen poliittisista merkityksistä kytkeytyy yliopiston mahdollisuuksiin paradoksaalisesti sekä uudistaa että säilyttää yhteiskuntaa ja sen

.RNRDYDVWL YRLGDDQ WRGHWD HWWl RSSLODLGHQ VRVLDDOLVHW VXKWHHW NRXOXVVD YRL GDDQMlVHQWllYHUWDLV\VWlY\\VWDLNRQÀLNWLVXKWHLNVL6RVLDDOLVLOOHVXKWHLOOHRQ W\\SLOOLVWl QLLGHQ KHWNHOOLV\\V

Osoita, että heidän joukostaan löytyy aina kolme, jotka kaikki tuntevat toisensa, tai kolme, joista ketkään kaksi eivät tunne

Tässä vasemman puolen jokaisen termin voi jakaa kolmeen yhtä suureen osaan, ja soveltaa kolmen muuttujan aritmeettis-geometrista epäyhtälöä sopiviin kolmaso- sien kolmikoihin..

(ssk) Jos kolmioissa on kaksi paria yhtä pitkiä sivuja ja niistä toisen vastaiset kulmat ovat yhtä suuret, niin joko.. kolmiot joko ovat