6 Textiles for biomedical applications
6.2 Textile structures for biomedical applications
6.2.5 Textiles for tendon and ligament applications
Karamuk et al. manufactured
the structure seeded with tenocytes was exposed direction to
and spread, the surface was 95 % covered with viable cells, between the filaments. (Karamuk et al. 2004)
Figure 27
stimulation of tenocytes
microscopy). Arrow indicates the stretching direction. (Karamuk et al. 2004) In addition
usually fabricated of polytetrafluoroethylene polyethylene or silk.
and elastic,
ligaments (especially for anterior cruciate ligament, ACL) are often braided structures made of polyester or a composite of polyester and carbon fibres. They are suitable for their high mech
and Anand, 2000, p. 407 6.2.6 Textiles for v
Vascular grafts on the market are fabricated multifilament yarn via
biocompatible
of unravelling of the structure
applications are aneurysms, intima hyp
concerns also transplants. (Yokota et al. 2008)
commercially available for blood vessel applications, e.g. to replace obstructed or weakened part of a blood vessel.
(GoreMedical)
prostheses coated with e.g. heparin to prevent clotting (GORE endoprosthesis with PROPATEN bioactive surface).
extiles for t
Karamuk et al. manufactured
the structure seeded with tenocytes was exposed direction to warp and weft
and spread, the surface was 95 % covered with viable cells, between the filaments. (Karamuk et al. 2004)
27 a) A schematic picture ulation of tenocytes
microscopy). Arrow indicates the stretching direction. (Karamuk et al. 2004) In addition to woven structure,
usually fabricated of polytetrafluoroethylene polyethylene or silk.
and elastic, and thus
ligaments (especially for anterior cruciate ligament, ACL) are often braided structures made of polyester or a composite of polyester and carbon fibres. They are suitable for
high mechanical properties due to their and Anand, 2000, p. 407
Textiles for v
ar grafts on the market are fabricated multifilament yarn via
biocompatible and hemocompatible. W unravelling of the structure
applications are aneurysms, intima hyp
concerns also transplants. (Yokota et al. 2008)
commercially available for blood vessel applications, e.g. to replace obstructed or weakened part of a blood vessel.
(GoreMedical) or VascuGraft
prostheses coated with e.g. heparin to prevent clotting (GORE endoprosthesis with PROPATEN bioactive surface).
extiles for tendon and ligament Karamuk et al. manufactured woven
the structure seeded with tenocytes was exposed warp and weft (Figure 27
and spread, the surface was 95 % covered with viable cells, between the filaments. (Karamuk et al. 2004)
A schematic picture
ulation of tenocytes. b) Vital/avital composite 6 days after cell seeding (light microscopy). Arrow indicates the stretching direction. (Karamuk et al. 2004)
woven structure,
usually fabricated of polytetrafluoroethylene polyethylene or silk. Due to the braiding
and thus suitable for artificial tendons. Artificial replacements for knee ligaments (especially for anterior cruciate ligament, ACL) are often braided structures made of polyester or a composite of polyester and carbon fibres. They are suitable for
anical properties due to their and Anand, 2000, p. 407-424)
Textiles for vascular
ar grafts on the market are fabricated multifilament yarn via weaving or
and hemocompatible. W
unravelling of the structure. (Doser and Planck, 2011) applications are aneurysms, intima hyp
concerns also transplants. (Yokota et al. 2008)
commercially available for blood vessel applications, e.g. to replace obstructed or weakened part of a blood vessel.
or VascuGraft®
prostheses coated with e.g. heparin to prevent clotting (GORE endoprosthesis with PROPATEN bioactive surface).
endon and ligament
woven scaffolds ( the structure seeded with tenocytes was exposed
Figure 27a). The
and spread, the surface was 95 % covered with viable cells, between the filaments. (Karamuk et al. 2004)
A schematic picture of the woven PET scaffold used for mechanical b) Vital/avital composite 6 days after cell seeding (light microscopy). Arrow indicates the stretching direction. (Karamuk et al. 2004)
woven structure, braided usually fabricated of polytetrafluoroethylene
the braiding technique the structures are
suitable for artificial tendons. Artificial replacements for knee ligaments (especially for anterior cruciate ligament, ACL) are often braided structures made of polyester or a composite of polyester and carbon fibres. They are suitable for
anical properties due to their
ascular applications ar grafts on the market are fabricated
weaving or warp
and hemocompatible. Weft knitting is no longer used because of the risk . (Doser and Planck, 2011)
applications are aneurysms, intima hyperplacia and possible thrombs and embolia. That concerns also transplants. (Yokota et al. 2008)
commercially available for blood vessel applications, e.g. to replace obstructed or weakened part of a blood vessel. For instance,
® PTFE (B. Brown). In addition, there are PTFE prostheses coated with e.g. heparin to prevent clotting (GORE
endoprosthesis with PROPATEN bioactive surface).
endon and ligament applications scaffolds (Figure 27
the structure seeded with tenocytes was exposed to cyclic mechanical sti . The fabric was suitable for the cells and spread, the surface was 95 % covered with viable cells,
between the filaments. (Karamuk et al. 2004)
of the woven PET scaffold used for mechanical ital/avital composite 6 days after cell seeding (light microscopy). Arrow indicates the stretching direction. (Karamuk et al. 2004)
braided structures usually fabricated of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE
technique the structures are
suitable for artificial tendons. Artificial replacements for knee ligaments (especially for anterior cruciate ligament, ACL) are often braided structures made of polyester or a composite of polyester and carbon fibres. They are suitable for
anical properties due to their creep resistance in
applications
ar grafts on the market are fabricated of polyester (e.g. Dacron
warp knitting, since both of the materials are eft knitting is no longer used because of the risk . (Doser and Planck, 2011)
erplacia and possible thrombs and embolia. That concerns also transplants. (Yokota et al. 2008)
commercially available for blood vessel applications, e.g. to replace obstructed or For instance, Gore
PTFE (B. Brown). In addition, there are PTFE prostheses coated with e.g. heparin to prevent clotting (GORE
endoprosthesis with PROPATEN bioactive surface).
applications Figure 27b) of PET
to cyclic mechanical sti fabric was suitable for the cells and spread, the surface was 95 % covered with viable cells,
of the woven PET scaffold used for mechanical ital/avital composite 6 days after cell seeding (light microscopy). Arrow indicates the stretching direction. (Karamuk et al. 2004)
structures can be used in tendon repair, PTFE), polyester, polyamide, technique the structures are
suitable for artificial tendons. Artificial replacements for knee ligaments (especially for anterior cruciate ligament, ACL) are often braided structures made of polyester or a composite of polyester and carbon fibres. They are suitable for resistance in cyclic loading. (Rigby
of polyester (e.g. Dacron
knitting, since both of the materials are eft knitting is no longer used because of the risk . (Doser and Planck, 2011) The challenges in vascular erplacia and possible thrombs and embolia. That
There are already
commercially available for blood vessel applications, e.g. to replace obstructed or Gore-Tex® Stretch Vascular Graft PTFE (B. Brown). In addition, there are PTFE prostheses coated with e.g. heparin to prevent clotting (GORE
PET monofilaments to cyclic mechanical stimulation in 45°
fabric was suitable for the cells
and spread, the surface was 95 % covered with viable cells, as were the openings
of the woven PET scaffold used for mechanical ital/avital composite 6 days after cell seeding (light microscopy). Arrow indicates the stretching direction. (Karamuk et al. 2004)
can be used in tendon repair, , polyester, polyamide, technique the structures are naturally tubular suitable for artificial tendons. Artificial replacements for knee ligaments (especially for anterior cruciate ligament, ACL) are often braided structures made of polyester or a composite of polyester and carbon fibres. They are suitable for cyclic loading. (Rigby
of polyester (e.g. Dacron®
knitting, since both of the materials are eft knitting is no longer used because of the risk
The challenges in vascular erplacia and possible thrombs and embolia. That
There are already
commercially available for blood vessel applications, e.g. to replace obstructed or Stretch Vascular Graft PTFE (B. Brown). In addition, there are PTFE prostheses coated with e.g. heparin to prevent clotting (GORE®VIABAHN
43
monofilaments and mulation in 45°
fabric was suitable for the cells to adhere the openings
of the woven PET scaffold used for mechanical ital/avital composite 6 days after cell seeding (light can be used in tendon repair, , polyester, polyamide,
naturally tubular suitable for artificial tendons. Artificial replacements for knee ligaments (especially for anterior cruciate ligament, ACL) are often braided structures made of polyester or a composite of polyester and carbon fibres. They are suitable for cyclic loading. (Rigby
®) or PTFE knitting, since both of the materials are eft knitting is no longer used because of the risk
The challenges in vascular erplacia and possible thrombs and embolia. That structures commercially available for blood vessel applications, e.g. to replace obstructed or
Stretch Vascular Graft PTFE (B. Brown). In addition, there are PTFE
VIABAHN®
of the woven PET scaffold used for mechanical ital/avital composite 6 days after cell seeding (light can be used in tendon repair, , polyester, polyamide,
naturally tubular suitable for artificial tendons. Artificial replacements for knee ligaments (especially for anterior cruciate ligament, ACL) are often braided structures made of polyester or a composite of polyester and carbon fibres. They are suitable for cyclic loading. (Rigby
) or PTFE knitting, since both of the materials are eft knitting is no longer used because of the risk
The challenges in vascular erplacia and possible thrombs and embolia. That structures commercially available for blood vessel applications, e.g. to replace obstructed or
Stretch Vascular Graft PTFE (B. Brown). In addition, there are PTFE
®
Woven structures Yokota and colle (Figure 28
only be used for larger weave fabr
fibre that had a
fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells and tested composite structur
component scaffold
structure was covered with uniform monolayer of endothelium, which on the other hand, is not possible
the natural layer failure of the sutures.
Figure 28
Warp knitted structures Due to the fact that
large, there is a risk of blood leakage, even though porosity would be importan new tissue formation. To prevent
with velour surfaces (inside a
be sealed with patient’s blood (preclotting) or by impregnating the graft wi or gelatin (Rigby and Anand, 2000, p. 407
with biodegradable material allows non and pores become available to cel Anand, 2000, p. 407
in Figure 29 Woven structures
and colleagues fabricated
8), because prosthesis made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) can only be used for larger
fabric and collagen spongy structure. The woven fabric was manufactured of fibre that had a PLLA core
fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells and tested composite structure than on
component scaffold cell seeding, it was implanted without cells
structure was covered with uniform monolayer of endothelium, which on the other is not possible
the natural layer-like struct failure of the sutures.
28 Woven, tubular structure for vascular prosthesis (Yokota et al. 2008).
Warp knitted structures Due to the fact that warp
large, there is a risk of blood leakage, even though porosity would be importan new tissue formation. To prevent
with velour surfaces (inside a
be sealed with patient’s blood (preclotting) or by impregnating the graft wi or gelatin (Rigby and Anand, 2000, p. 407
with biodegradable material allows non and pores become available to cel Anand, 2000, p.
407-Figure 29.
agues fabricated
, because prosthesis made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) can only be used for larger-diameter arteries. The scaffold consisted o
and collagen spongy structure. The woven fabric was manufactured of PLLA core and a
fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells and tested e than on the wov
cell seeding, it was implanted without cells
structure was covered with uniform monolayer of endothelium, which on the other with e.g. PTFE
like structure of arteries. There were failure of the sutures. (Yokota et al. 2008)
tubular structure for vascular prosthesis (Yokota et al. 2008).
Warp knitted structures
warp knitted
large, there is a risk of blood leakage, even though porosity would be importan new tissue formation. To prevent
with velour surfaces (inside and outside) have been developed
be sealed with patient’s blood (preclotting) or by impregnating the graft wi or gelatin (Rigby and Anand, 2000, p. 407
with biodegradable material allows non and pores become available to cel
-424) A typical type of warp knitted vascular prosthesis is presented agues fabricated a woven
, because prosthesis made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) can diameter arteries. The scaffold consisted o
and collagen spongy structure. The woven fabric was manufactured of and a PGA surface
fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells and tested
the woven fabric alone. Due to the purpose to use cell seeding, it was implanted without cells
structure was covered with uniform monolayer of endothelium, which on the other e.g. PTFE. The structure formed
ure of arteries. There were (Yokota et al. 2008)
tubular structure for vascular prosthesis (Yokota et al. 2008).
knitted structures are highly porous and the pores are often large, there is a risk of blood leakage, even though porosity would be importan
new tissue formation. To prevent haemorrhage
nd outside) have been developed
be sealed with patient’s blood (preclotting) or by impregnating the graft wi or gelatin (Rigby and Anand, 2000, p.
407-with biodegradable material allows non-porosity in the beginning of the implantation and pores become available to cells after the degradation of the
A typical type of warp knitted vascular prosthesis is presented woven two-component scaffold for small arteries , because prosthesis made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) can
diameter arteries. The scaffold consisted o
and collagen spongy structure. The woven fabric was manufactured of PGA surface. The structure was seeded with fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells and tested in vitro
en fabric alone. Due to the purpose to use cell seeding, it was implanted without cells
structure was covered with uniform monolayer of endothelium, which on the other . The structure formed
ure of arteries. There were
tubular structure for vascular prosthesis (Yokota et al. 2008).
structures are highly porous and the pores are often large, there is a risk of blood leakage, even though porosity would be importan
haemorrhage and to fill the openings nd outside) have been developed
be sealed with patient’s blood (preclotting) or by impregnating the graft wi
-424; Doser and Planck, 2011). Impregnating porosity in the beginning of the implantation ls after the degradation of the
A typical type of warp knitted vascular prosthesis is presented component scaffold for small arteries , because prosthesis made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) can
diameter arteries. The scaffold consisted o
and collagen spongy structure. The woven fabric was manufactured of . The structure was seeded with in vitro. Cells
en fabric alone. Due to the purpose to use cell seeding, it was implanted without cells.
structure was covered with uniform monolayer of endothelium, which on the other . The structure formed in vivo
ure of arteries. There were no thrombosis, aneurysms nor
tubular structure for vascular prosthesis (Yokota et al. 2008).
structures are highly porous and the pores are often large, there is a risk of blood leakage, even though porosity would be importan
to fill the openings
nd outside) have been developed. The openings can also be sealed with patient’s blood (preclotting) or by impregnating the graft wi
424; Doser and Planck, 2011). Impregnating porosity in the beginning of the implantation ls after the degradation of the
A typical type of warp knitted vascular prosthesis is presented component scaffold for small arteries , because prosthesis made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) can
diameter arteries. The scaffold consisted of a tubular and collagen spongy structure. The woven fabric was manufactured of
. The structure was seeded with Cells spread better on the en fabric alone. Due to the purpose to use
. In vivo the composite structure was covered with uniform monolayer of endothelium, which on the other
in vivo was very similar to no thrombosis, aneurysms nor
tubular structure for vascular prosthesis (Yokota et al. 2008).
structures are highly porous and the pores are often large, there is a risk of blood leakage, even though porosity would be importan
to fill the openings knitted grafts . The openings can also be sealed with patient’s blood (preclotting) or by impregnating the graft wi
424; Doser and Planck, 2011). Impregnating porosity in the beginning of the implantation ls after the degradation of the material. (Rig
A typical type of warp knitted vascular prosthesis is presented 44
component scaffold for small arteries , because prosthesis made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) can
f a tubular plain and collagen spongy structure. The woven fabric was manufactured of
. The structure was seeded with spread better on the en fabric alone. Due to the purpose to use the
two-the composite structure was covered with uniform monolayer of endothelium, which on the other
was very similar to no thrombosis, aneurysms nor
tubular structure for vascular prosthesis (Yokota et al. 2008).
structures are highly porous and the pores are often large, there is a risk of blood leakage, even though porosity would be important for the knitted grafts . The openings can also be sealed with patient’s blood (preclotting) or by impregnating the graft with collagen 424; Doser and Planck, 2011). Impregnating porosity in the beginning of the implantation (Rigby and A typical type of warp knitted vascular prosthesis is presented 44
component scaffold for small arteries , because prosthesis made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) can plain and collagen spongy structure. The woven fabric was manufactured of . The structure was seeded with
spread better on the -the composite structure was covered with uniform monolayer of endothelium, which on the other
was very similar to no thrombosis, aneurysms nor
structures are highly porous and the pores are often t for the knitted grafts . The openings can also th collagen 424; Doser and Planck, 2011). Impregnating porosity in the beginning of the implantation by and A typical type of warp knitted vascular prosthesis is presented
Figure 29 2011).
The size of the openings can be reduced also by
graft with endothelial cells. That way it resembles more natural blood vessel and the cells also prevent blood clotting (Doser and Planck, 2011).
structures, w
they are very strong. They can be used in areas where high pressure is directed to the structure. (Rigby and Anand, 2000, p. 407
Koch et al. manufactured a tubular supported by a warp
surface) for small caliber vascular applications
material to the cells and the mesh as a supporting structure to g The scaffolds were seeded with autologous arteria
was no thrombus or aneurysm formation or calcification during the 6 months of implantation. A confluent monolayer of endothelial cells was achieve
surface of the graft.
thrombus formation, the results are promising.
Braided structures
Uurto et al. manufactured biodegradable drug by braiding
inflammatory ch (dexamethasone
reaction and another (
material was very biocompatible and the stents seemed to be promising for treating vascular occluding diseases, even though their efficacy still needs to be proven in mo accurate studies.
Zamiri et al. fabricated braided 85:15), polydioxanone (PDO), and biocompatibility
stress and chronic inflammation to the implantation site. Even PLLA degra
29 A typical warp knitted vascular prosthesis out of PET (Doser and Planck,
The size of the openings can be reduced also by
graft with endothelial cells. That way it resembles more natural blood vessel and the cells also prevent blood clotting (Doser and Planck, 2011).
structures, woven structures are denser
they are very strong. They can be used in areas where high pressure is directed to the structure. (Rigby and Anand, 2000, p. 407
Koch et al. manufactured a tubular supported by a
warp-for small caliber vascular applications
material to the cells and the mesh as a supporting structure to g The scaffolds were seeded with autologous arteria
was no thrombus or aneurysm formation or calcification during the 6 months of implantation. A confluent monolayer of endothelial cells was achieve
surface of the graft. Compared to more traditional Gore thrombus formation, the results are promising.
Braided structures
Uurto et al. manufactured biodegradable drug
by braiding for both vascular and urethral purposes inflammatory changes
dexamethasone with high doses) increased the chronic inflammation and foreign reaction and another (
material was very biocompatible and the stents seemed to be promising for treating vascular occluding diseases, even though their efficacy still needs to be proven in mo accurate studies. (Uurto et al. 2007)
Zamiri et al. fabricated braided polydioxanone (PDO), and biocompatibility in vivo
stress and chronic inflammation to the implantation site. Even PLLA degra
A typical warp knitted vascular prosthesis out of PET (Doser and Planck, The size of the openings can be reduced also by
graft with endothelial cells. That way it resembles more natural blood vessel and the cells also prevent blood clotting (Doser and Planck, 2011).
oven structures are denser
they are very strong. They can be used in areas where high pressure is directed to the
they are very strong. They can be used in areas where high pressure is directed to the