9 Results and discussion
9.5 Microscopic evaluation
The samples’ uniformity was evaluated from the microscope taken with magnification 6.3 and 6.4
best samples were very consistent and regular (
inconsistency still not showing openings in the structure ( with more inconsistency (
The warp yarns were divided into sparser and denser sections, especially with extremely high warp densities.
37 Average contact angles and standard deviations measured with DI
DMEM for plain weaves 8, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent, and plain weave derivatives 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent
cover factors
contact angle measurements ( wettability and permeability of th significantly between th
Only the sample of plain
measured with DMEM than DI 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent ha
the plain weave with 8 yarns/reed dent in less than when the warp density is considered
liquid penetrate easily.
measured on in diameter, which made
estimation is based on microscopica was not allowed to
the structure to pass.
significantly denser and
Microscopic evaluation
The samples’ uniformity was evaluated from the microscope taken with magnification 6.3 and 6.4 (Figure 3
best samples were very consistent and regular (
inconsistency still not showing openings in the structure ( with more inconsistency (
The warp yarns were divided into sparser and denser sections, especially with extremely high warp densities.
Average contact angles and standard deviations measured with DI
DMEM for plain weaves 8, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent, and plain weave derivatives 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent (n = 10).
cover factors and total void percentages contact angle measurements (Figure 3
wettability and permeability of th
significantly between the results measured with DI
Only the sample of plain weave with 8 yarns/reed dent had measured with DMEM than DI
10 and 12 yarns/reed dent had contact angles around 120 ve with 8 yarns/reed dent in less than
when the warp density is considered easily. The droplets measured on all the denser samples
in diameter, which made it quite likely that there were estimation is based on microscopica
was not allowed to pass straight through them. T the structure to pass. To conclude, the
significantly denser and more slowly wetting than Microscopic evaluation
The samples’ uniformity was evaluated from the microscope taken with magnification Figure 38). The uniformity was in four different categories. Some of the best samples were very consistent and regular (
inconsistency still not showing openings in the structure ( with more inconsistency (Figure
The warp yarns were divided into sparser and denser sections, especially with extremely Average contact angles and standard deviations measured with DI
DMEM for plain weaves 8, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent, and plain weave derivatives 10 .
and total void percentages Figure 37) were done t wettability and permeability of the structures.
e results measured with DI
weave with 8 yarns/reed dent had
measured with DMEM than DI-water. All the samples with warp yarn density o contact angles around 120
ve with 8 yarns/reed dent in less than
when the warp density is considered. The numerous through
he droplets kept their round shape during time around two all the denser samples
it quite likely that there were estimation is based on microscopical imaging
pass straight through them. T
To conclude, the samples with 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent were lowly wetting than
Microscopic evaluation
The samples’ uniformity was evaluated from the microscope taken with magnification The uniformity was in four different categories. Some of the best samples were very consistent and regular (
inconsistency still not showing openings in the structure (
Figure 38C – D) had clearly visible openings in the structure.
The warp yarns were divided into sparser and denser sections, especially with extremely Average contact angles and standard deviations measured with DI
DMEM for plain weaves 8, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent, and plain weave derivatives 10 and total void percentages are only theoretical
) were done t e structures. The
e results measured with DI-water and DMEM culture medium.
weave with 8 yarns/reed dent had
water. All the samples with warp yarn density o contact angles around 120
ve with 8 yarns/reed dent in less than ten
. The numerous through
kept their round shape during time around two all the denser samples. The droplets were
it quite likely that there were l imaging. Due to the pass straight through them. T
samples with 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent were lowly wetting than the control sample.
The samples’ uniformity was evaluated from the microscope taken with magnification The uniformity was in four different categories. Some of the best samples were very consistent and regular (Figure 38
inconsistency still not showing openings in the structure (
) had clearly visible openings in the structure.
The warp yarns were divided into sparser and denser sections, especially with extremely Average contact angles and standard deviations measured with DI
DMEM for plain weaves 8, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent, and plain weave derivatives 10 are only theoretical
) were done to get more accurate view of the The contact angles did not
water and DMEM culture medium.
weave with 8 yarns/reed dent had significantly higher
water. All the samples with warp yarn density o contact angles around 120°. All the droplets penetrated
seconds, which is understandable . The numerous through-go
kept their round shape during time around two The droplets were approximately
it quite likely that there were openings under Due to the small size of the openings pass straight through them. Thus the liquid must diffuse into
samples with 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent were the control sample.
The samples’ uniformity was evaluated from the microscope taken with magnification The uniformity was in four different categories. Some of the Figure 38A) and some had minor inconsistency still not showing openings in the structure (Figure 38
) had clearly visible openings in the structure.
The warp yarns were divided into sparser and denser sections, especially with extremely Average contact angles and standard deviations measured with DI
DMEM for plain weaves 8, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent, and plain weave derivatives 10 are only theoretical values.
o get more accurate view of the contact angles did not
water and DMEM culture medium.
significantly higher
water. All the samples with warp yarn density o the droplets penetrated seconds, which is understandable going openings let the kept their round shape during time around two
approximately openings under
size of the openings hus the liquid must diffuse into samples with 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent were
the control sample.
The samples’ uniformity was evaluated from the microscope taken with magnification The uniformity was in four different categories. Some of the ) and some had minor Figure 38B). The samples ) had clearly visible openings in the structure.
The warp yarns were divided into sparser and denser sections, especially with extremely 66
Average contact angles and standard deviations measured with DI-water and DMEM for plain weaves 8, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent, and plain weave derivatives 10 . Therefore, o get more accurate view of the
contact angles did not differ water and DMEM culture medium.
significantly higher contact water. All the samples with warp yarn density of the droplets penetrated seconds, which is understandable ing openings let the kept their round shape during time around two approximately 1.5 mm openings under it. This
size of the openings the hus the liquid must diffuse into samples with 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent were
The samples’ uniformity was evaluated from the microscope taken with magnification The uniformity was in four different categories. Some of the ) and some had minor
The samples ) had clearly visible openings in the structure.
The warp yarns were divided into sparser and denser sections, especially with extremely 66
water and DMEM for plain weaves 8, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent, and plain weave derivatives 10 Therefore, o get more accurate view of the differ water and DMEM culture medium.
contact f the droplets penetrated seconds, which is understandable ing openings let the kept their round shape during time around two 1.5 mm it. This
the hus the liquid must diffuse into samples with 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent were
The samples’ uniformity was evaluated from the microscope taken with magnification The uniformity was in four different categories. Some of the ) and some had minor
The samples ) had clearly visible openings in the structure.
The warp yarns were divided into sparser and denser sections, especially with extremely
Figure 38
weave: A) 10 yarns/reed dent.
side, C) 6 yarns/reed de Weft )
Plain weave the interlacing points yarns. The openings were clearly with
size. In the plain weave with 6 even in the interlacing poi
10 there were some irregular openings interlacing points
direction.
With eight yarns/reed
openings between individual filaments, width 10 magnification of 10. The long
Due to the high number of yarns in same reed dent, plain weave higher weft density
warp direction. There were small openings between the fibres, mostly located in the sparser sect
yarn. With
half of the width of a filament,
Plain weave woven with the help of paraffin oil (Figure 39
had clear sparse and dense sections in warp direction, in one reed dent.
fibres (in
order of magnitude as the fibre diameter. They were located more to the s The sample
with 10 yarns/
otherwise smaller openings a few micrometres in size. With 12 yarns/reed dent there were no through
approximately 10
the samples looked very dense and uniform.
Figure 38 Magnification of 6.3 ) 10 yarns/reed dent.
6 yarns/reed de
Plain weave with 4 interlacing points
The openings were
clearly with the magnification of 10.
he plain weave with 6 even in the interlacing poi
10 there were some irregular openings
interlacing points. Most of the narrow openings in all samples were in ith eight yarns/reed
openings between individual filaments, width 10 magnification of 10. The long
Due to the high number of yarns in same reed dent, plain weave higher weft density (
warp direction. There were small openings between the fibres, mostly located in the sparser sections of the fabric. T
yarn. With the magnification of 10 the slit of the width of a filament,
Plain weave woven with the help of paraffin oil Figure 39E) and 12 yarns
had clear sparse and dense sections in warp direction, in one reed dent. With both
(in the warp direction). Their
order of magnitude as the fibre diameter. They were located more to the s The sample with 12 yarns/reed dent
with 10 yarns/reed dent there were few slit
otherwise smaller openings a few micrometres in size. With 12 yarns/reed dent there were no through-going openings
approximately 10 m
the samples looked very dense and uniform.
Magnification of 6.3
) 10 yarns/reed dent. Plain weave derivative:
6 yarns/reed dent, reverse side,
with 4 yarns/reed dent interlacing points. There was
The openings were seen magnification of 10.
he plain weave with 6 even in the interlacing points with 10 there were some irregular openings
Most of the narrow openings in all samples were in ith eight yarns/reed (Figure 39
openings between individual filaments, width 10
magnification of 10. The long narrow openings were caused by the low weft density.
Due to the high number of yarns in same reed dent, plain weave (Figure 39D
warp direction. There were small openings between the fibres, mostly located in the ions of the fabric. The openings were clearly more located in t
magnification of 10 the slit of the width of a filament, approximately 10
Plain weave woven with the help of paraffin oil and 12 yarns/reed dent
had clear sparse and dense sections in warp direction,
With both warp densities there were minor slit direction). Their
order of magnitude as the fibre diameter. They were located more to the s with 12 yarns/reed dent
reed dent there were few slit
otherwise smaller openings a few micrometres in size. With 12 yarns/reed dent there going openings
m, but there was always another fibre to be seen underneath. Both of the samples looked very dense and uniform.
Magnification of 6.3 tells of the consistency of the fabric surface Plain weave derivative:
nt, reverse side, D)
reed dent (Figure 3 There was free space to be seen
seen already with
magnification of 10. The openings were approximately 0.3 he plain weave with 6 yarns/reed dent
nts with the magnification of 6.
10 there were some irregular openings between the filaments but still no opening Most of the narrow openings in all samples were in
Figure 39C) with the lower weft density openings between individual filaments, width 10
narrow openings were caused by the low weft density.
Due to the high number of yarns in same reed dent, plain weave
D) had clear sections of denser and sparser fabric in warp direction. There were small openings between the fibres, mostly located in the
he openings were clearly more located in t magnification of 10 the slit
approximately 10
Plain weave woven with the help of paraffin oil /reed dent (Figure 3
had clear sparse and dense sections in warp direction,
warp densities there were minor slit direction). Their width was
order of magnitude as the fibre diameter. They were located more to the s with 12 yarns/reed dent had less openings
reed dent there were few slit
otherwise smaller openings a few micrometres in size. With 12 yarns/reed dent there going openings to be seen. The distances between the filaments w
, but there was always another fibre to be seen underneath. Both of the samples looked very dense and uniform.
tells of the consistency of the fabric surface Plain weave derivative:
) 10 yarns/reed dent, reverse side.
Figure 39A) free space to be seen
already with the magnification of 6.
The openings were approximately 0.3 reed dent (Figure 39
magnification of 6.
between the filaments but still no opening Most of the narrow openings in all samples were in
with the lower weft density openings between individual filaments, width
10-narrow openings were caused by the low weft density.
Due to the high number of yarns in same reed dent, plain weave
lear sections of denser and sparser fabric in warp direction. There were small openings between the fibres, mostly located in the
he openings were clearly more located in t
magnification of 10 the slit-like openings between filaments were only approximately 10 m.
Plain weave woven with the help of paraffin oil
Figure 39F). With magnification of 6.3 they both had clear sparse and dense sections in warp direction,
warp densities there were minor slit width was approximately 15
order of magnitude as the fibre diameter. They were located more to the s had less openings
reed dent there were few slit-like openings, size 20 m x 0.1 mm, and otherwise smaller openings a few micrometres in size. With 12 yarns/reed dent there
seen. The distances between the filaments w , but there was always another fibre to be seen underneath. Both of the samples looked very dense and uniform.
tells of the consistency of the fabric surface
Plain weave derivative: B) 12 yarns/reed dent, reverse 10 yarns/reed dent, reverse side.
) had visible openings regularly in free space to be seen between the filaments of
magnification of 6.
The openings were approximately 0.3 Figure 39B) no openings were magnification of 6.4. With
between the filaments but still no opening Most of the narrow openings in all samples were in
with the lower weft density
-15 m, to be seen
narrow openings were caused by the low weft density.
Due to the high number of yarns in same reed dent, plain weave (8 yarns/reed de lear sections of denser and sparser fabric in warp direction. There were small openings between the fibres, mostly located in the
he openings were clearly more located in t
like openings between filaments were only Plain weave woven with the help of paraffin oil had two warp densities, 10
. With magnification of 6.3 they both had clear sparse and dense sections in warp direction, due to the great number of yarns
warp densities there were minor slit-approximately 15
order of magnitude as the fibre diameter. They were located more to the s
had less openings. With the magnification of 10 like openings, size 20 m x 0.1 mm, and otherwise smaller openings a few micrometres in size. With 12 yarns/reed dent there
seen. The distances between the filaments w , but there was always another fibre to be seen underneath. Both of
tells of the consistency of the fabric surface
12 yarns/reed dent, reverse 10 yarns/reed dent, reverse side.
had visible openings regularly in between the filaments of magnification of 6.4 and even more The openings were approximately 0.3 –
) no openings were 4. With the magnification of between the filaments but still no opening Most of the narrow openings in all samples were in
with the lower weft density there were smaller to be seen
narrow openings were caused by the low weft density.
8 yarns/reed de lear sections of denser and sparser fabric in warp direction. There were small openings between the fibres, mostly located in the
he openings were clearly more located in the sides of the like openings between filaments were only had two warp densities, 10 . With magnification of 6.3 they both
the great number of yarns -like openings between approximately 15 – 20 m, in the same order of magnitude as the fibre diameter. They were located more to the sparser areas
. With the magnification of 10 like openings, size 20 m x 0.1 mm, and otherwise smaller openings a few micrometres in size. With 12 yarns/reed dent there
seen. The distances between the filaments w , but there was always another fibre to be seen underneath. Both of
67
tells of the consistency of the fabric surface. Plain 12 yarns/reed dent, reverse 10 yarns/reed dent, reverse side. (Warp
had visible openings regularly in between the filaments of same 4 and even more – 0.4 mm in ) no openings were seen magnification of between the filaments but still no openings in Most of the narrow openings in all samples were in the warp there were smaller to be seen with the narrow openings were caused by the low weft density.
8 yarns/reed dent) with lear sections of denser and sparser fabric in the warp direction. There were small openings between the fibres, mostly located in the
he sides of the like openings between filaments were only had two warp densities, 10 . With magnification of 6.3 they both
the great number of yarns like openings between 20 m, in the same parser areas.
. With the magnification of 10 like openings, size 20 m x 0.1 mm, and otherwise smaller openings a few micrometres in size. With 12 yarns/reed dent there seen. The distances between the filaments were , but there was always another fibre to be seen underneath. Both of 67
Plain 12 yarns/reed dent, reverse
had visible openings regularly in same narrow openings were caused by the low weft density.
with the warp direction. There were small openings between the fibres, mostly located in the he sides of the like openings between filaments were only had two warp densities, 10 . With magnification of 6.3 they both the great number of yarns like openings between 20 m, in the same . . With the magnification of 10 like openings, size 20 m x 0.1 mm, and otherwise smaller openings a few micrometres in size. With 12 yarns/reed dent there ere , but there was always another fibre to be seen underneath. Both of