9 Results and discussion
9.6 Tensile properties
The PET multifilament yarn was drawn wet with the same crosshead speed than with woven PET samples and with the gauge length of 50 mm. The mean strength was 4 0.16 GPa and m
Considering the problems with the yarn breakage
weaving it is very likely that the stresses and the wear caused by the weaving process had an effect on the
Maximum load, strength and strain all PET samples.
The only differing sample of the others was weft rib, with stress at maximum load of ~ 110 MPa, while the othe
the strength was ~ plain weave with strength was
has the strength very close had the strength of
To summarize, both of the chosen weave patterns resulted in very dense structures with extremely high warp densities, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent. Thro
were clustering near random interlacing points penings were slit-like in shape and in
Tensile properties
The PET multifilament yarn was drawn wet with the same crosshead speed than with woven PET samples and with the gauge length of 50 mm. The mean strength was 4
Pa and mean maximum load 3.5 ± 0.1 N. The mean strain was 31.7 ± 2.7 %.
Considering the problems with the yarn breakage
it is very likely that the stresses and the wear caused by the weaving process had an effect on the tensile properties of the woven fabrics.
Maximum load, strength and strain samples. Young’s m
part of the load-displacement curve (
Figure 48 A load-displacement curve.
tensile testing. The rectangular indicates the area where the Young’s modulus was calculated. (Plain weave derivative, 12 yarns/reed dent)
strength (Figure
The only differing sample of the others was weft rib, with stress at maximum load of ~ 110 MPa, while the othe
the strength was ~ 70 MPa
plain weave with 4 yarns/reed dent
strength was 70 – 80 MPa, except for plain weave with the higher weft density, which has the strength very close
had the strength of 80
To summarize, both of the chosen weave patterns resulted in very dense structures with extremely high warp densities, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent. Thro
were clustering near random interlacing points like in shape and in
properties
The PET multifilament yarn was drawn wet with the same crosshead speed than with woven PET samples and with the gauge length of 50 mm. The mean strength was 4
ean maximum load 3.5 ± 0.1 N. The mean strain was 31.7 ± 2.7 %.
Considering the problems with the yarn breakage
it is very likely that the stresses and the wear caused by the weaving process tensile properties of the woven fabrics.
Maximum load, strength and strain
Young’s modulus was determined from the slope of the second linear displacement curve (
displacement curve.
The rectangular indicates the area where the Young’s modulus was (Plain weave derivative, 12 yarns/reed dent)
Figure 49) was higher with higher warp densities of the same sample.
The only differing sample of the others was weft rib, with stress at maximum load of ~ 110 MPa, while the others were 50
70 MPa, except for plain weave derivative, which was ~80 MPa 4 yarns/reed dent
80 MPa, except for plain weave with the higher weft density, which has the strength very close to 90 MPa. The samples with
80 – 90 MPa.
To summarize, both of the chosen weave patterns resulted in very dense structures with extremely high warp densities, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent. Thro
were clustering near random interlacing points
like in shape and in the warp direction.
The PET multifilament yarn was drawn wet with the same crosshead speed than with woven PET samples and with the gauge length of 50 mm. The mean strength was 4
ean maximum load 3.5 ± 0.1 N. The mean strain was 31.7 ± 2.7 %.
Considering the problems with the yarn breakage
it is very likely that the stresses and the wear caused by the weaving process tensile properties of the woven fabrics.
Maximum load, strength and strain were calculated from the tensile testing results of odulus was determined from the slope of the second linear displacement curve (Figure 4
displacement curve. The typical behaviour of a woven PET sample in The rectangular indicates the area where the Young’s modulus was (Plain weave derivative, 12 yarns/reed dent)
was higher with higher warp densities of the same sample.
The only differing sample of the others was weft rib, with stress at maximum load of ~ rs were 50 – 95 MPa. For the samples with 6 yarns/reed dent
, except for plain weave derivative, which was ~80 MPa 4 yarns/reed dent ~ 60 MPa
80 MPa, except for plain weave with the higher weft density, which to 90 MPa. The samples with
90 MPa.
To summarize, both of the chosen weave patterns resulted in very dense structures with extremely high warp densities, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent. Thro
were clustering near random interlacing points and they were few in number. All of the warp direction.
The PET multifilament yarn was drawn wet with the same crosshead speed than with woven PET samples and with the gauge length of 50 mm. The mean strength was 4
ean maximum load 3.5 ± 0.1 N. The mean strain was 31.7 ± 2.7 %.
Considering the problems with the yarn breakage and increasing hairiness during the it is very likely that the stresses and the wear caused by the weaving process
tensile properties of the woven fabrics.
were calculated from the tensile testing results of odulus was determined from the slope of the second linear
Figure 48).
The typical behaviour of a woven PET sample in The rectangular indicates the area where the Young’s modulus was (Plain weave derivative, 12 yarns/reed dent)
was higher with higher warp densities of the same sample.
The only differing sample of the others was weft rib, with stress at maximum load of ~ 95 MPa. For the samples with 6 yarns/reed dent , except for plain weave derivative, which was ~80 MPa
60 MPa. For samples with 8 yarns/r
80 MPa, except for plain weave with the higher weft density, which to 90 MPa. The samples with
To summarize, both of the chosen weave patterns resulted in very dense structures with extremely high warp densities, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent. Thro
and they were few in number. All of the warp direction.
The PET multifilament yarn was drawn wet with the same crosshead speed than with woven PET samples and with the gauge length of 50 mm. The mean strength was 4
ean maximum load 3.5 ± 0.1 N. The mean strain was 31.7 ± 2.7 %.
and increasing hairiness during the it is very likely that the stresses and the wear caused by the weaving process
tensile properties of the woven fabrics.
were calculated from the tensile testing results of odulus was determined from the slope of the second linear
The typical behaviour of a woven PET sample in The rectangular indicates the area where the Young’s modulus was (Plain weave derivative, 12 yarns/reed dent)
was higher with higher warp densities of the same sample.
The only differing sample of the others was weft rib, with stress at maximum load of ~ 95 MPa. For the samples with 6 yarns/reed dent , except for plain weave derivative, which was ~80 MPa
For samples with 8 yarns/r
80 MPa, except for plain weave with the higher weft density, which to 90 MPa. The samples with extremely high warp densities To summarize, both of the chosen weave patterns resulted in very dense structures with extremely high warp densities, 10 and 12 yarns/reed dent. Through-going openings and they were few in number. All of the
The PET multifilament yarn was drawn wet with the same crosshead speed than with woven PET samples and with the gauge length of 50 mm. The mean strength was 4
ean maximum load 3.5 ± 0.1 N. The mean strain was 31.7 ± 2.7 %.
and increasing hairiness during the it is very likely that the stresses and the wear caused by the weaving process were calculated from the tensile testing results of odulus was determined from the slope of the second linear
The typical behaviour of a woven PET sample in The rectangular indicates the area where the Young’s modulus was
was higher with higher warp densities of the same sample.
The only differing sample of the others was weft rib, with stress at maximum load of ~ 95 MPa. For the samples with 6 yarns/reed dent , except for plain weave derivative, which was ~80 MPa
For samples with 8 yarns/reed dent the 80 MPa, except for plain weave with the higher weft density, which extremely high warp densities 74 To summarize, both of the chosen weave patterns resulted in very dense structures
going openings and they were few in number. All of the
The PET multifilament yarn was drawn wet with the same crosshead speed than with woven PET samples and with the gauge length of 50 mm. The mean strength was 4.04 ± ean maximum load 3.5 ± 0.1 N. The mean strain was 31.7 ± 2.7 %.
and increasing hairiness during the it is very likely that the stresses and the wear caused by the weaving process were calculated from the tensile testing results of odulus was determined from the slope of the second linear
The typical behaviour of a woven PET sample in The rectangular indicates the area where the Young’s modulus was
was higher with higher warp densities of the same sample.
The only differing sample of the others was weft rib, with stress at maximum load of ~ 95 MPa. For the samples with 6 yarns/reed dent , except for plain weave derivative, which was ~80 MPa, and eed dent the 80 MPa, except for plain weave with the higher weft density, which extremely high warp densities 74 To summarize, both of the chosen weave patterns resulted in very dense structures going openings and they were few in number. All of the
The PET multifilament yarn was drawn wet with the same crosshead speed than with
± ean maximum load 3.5 ± 0.1 N. The mean strain was 31.7 ± 2.7 %.
and increasing hairiness during the it is very likely that the stresses and the wear caused by the weaving process were calculated from the tensile testing results of odulus was determined from the slope of the second linear
The typical behaviour of a woven PET sample in The rectangular indicates the area where the Young’s modulus was
was higher with higher warp densities of the same sample.
The only differing sample of the others was weft rib, with stress at maximum load of ~ 95 MPa. For the samples with 6 yarns/reed dent , and eed dent the 80 MPa, except for plain weave with the higher weft density, which extremely high warp densities
Figure 49
The accurate values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
The strain values were all around
curve reflected the straightening of the sample, since they were mounted on the
machine without pretension. The second part with different slope resembled the straightening of the yarns in the structure, i.e. the decreasing of the crimp of the warp yarns. The third part resembled the actual strain, which is targeted to the yar
the curve drops, the yarns break.
Figure 50
values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
Young’s modulus slope of the second modulus is rising as modulus decrease
49 Mean values of
The accurate values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
strain values were all around 25 %. A
curve reflected the straightening of the sample, since they were mounted on the
machine without pretension. The second part with different slope resembled the straightening of the yarns in the structure, i.e. the decreasing of the crimp of the warp yarns. The third part resembled the actual strain, which is targeted to the yar
the curve drops, the yarns break.
50 Mean values of strain
values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
Young’s modulus
slope of the second linear part of the graphs. T modulus is rising as
decreases with the extremely high warp den
Mean values of tensile strength of all the woven PET samples The accurate values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
(Figure 50
25 %. All the curves followed the same pattern. The first part of the curve reflected the straightening of the sample, since they were mounted on the
machine without pretension. The second part with different slope resembled the straightening of the yarns in the structure, i.e. the decreasing of the crimp of the warp yarns. The third part resembled the actual strain, which is targeted to the yar
the curve drops, the yarns break.
Mean values of strain
values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
Young’s modulus (Figure 51
linear part of the graphs. T modulus is rising as the warp density raised
with the extremely high warp den
ensile strength of all the woven PET samples The accurate values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
50) did not differ si
ll the curves followed the same pattern. The first part of the curve reflected the straightening of the sample, since they were mounted on the
machine without pretension. The second part with different slope resembled the straightening of the yarns in the structure, i.e. the decreasing of the crimp of the warp yarns. The third part resembled the actual strain, which is targeted to the yar
the curve drops, the yarns break.
Mean values of strain of the woven PET samples values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
1) of each of the PET samples was linear part of the graphs. T
the warp density raised with the extremely high warp den
ensile strength of all the woven PET samples The accurate values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
did not differ significantly from each other, since ll the curves followed the same pattern. The first part of the curve reflected the straightening of the sample, since they were mounted on the
machine without pretension. The second part with different slope resembled the straightening of the yarns in the structure, i.e. the decreasing of the crimp of the warp yarns. The third part resembled the actual strain, which is targeted to the yar
of the woven PET samples values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
of each of the PET samples was linear part of the graphs. The specific values
the warp density raised. However, the incre
with the extremely high warp densities and the moduli of the 10 and ensile strength of all the woven PET samples
The accurate values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
gnificantly from each other, since ll the curves followed the same pattern. The first part of the curve reflected the straightening of the sample, since they were mounted on the
machine without pretension. The second part with different slope resembled the straightening of the yarns in the structure, i.e. the decreasing of the crimp of the warp yarns. The third part resembled the actual strain, which is targeted to the yar
of the woven PET samples (n = 5 values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
of each of the PET samples was he specific values are in . However, the incre
sities and the moduli of the 10 and ensile strength of all the woven PET samples (n
The accurate values are presented in Appendix 5 with standard deviations.
gnificantly from each other, since ll the curves followed the same pattern. The first part of the curve reflected the straightening of the sample, since they were mounted on the
machine without pretension. The second part with different slope resembled the straightening of the yarns in the structure, i.e. the decreasing of the crimp of the warp yarns. The third part resembled the actual strain, which is targeted to the yar
(n = 5 – 6). The accurate of each of the PET samples was determined from the
are in Appendix 6.
. However, the increase of the Young’s sities and the moduli of the 10 and 75
(n = 5 – 6).
gnificantly from each other, since they ll the curves followed the same pattern. The first part of the curve reflected the straightening of the sample, since they were mounted on the testing machine without pretension. The second part with different slope resembled the straightening of the yarns in the structure, i.e. the decreasing of the crimp of the warp yarns. The third part resembled the actual strain, which is targeted to the yarns and as
The accurate ined from the Appendix 6. The ase of the Young’s sities and the moduli of the 10 and 75
. they ll the curves followed the same pattern. The first part of the testing machine without pretension. The second part with different slope resembled the straightening of the yarns in the structure, i.e. the decreasing of the crimp of the warp
ns and as
The accurate ined from the he ase of the Young’s sities and the moduli of the 10 and
12 yarns/reed dent samples are very close to each other. There are no great d between the
21 MPa for samples with 6 yarns/reed dent, 17 MPa for 10 yarns/reed dent and 22
Figure 51
yarns/reed dent samples are very close to each other. There are no great d
between the weave patterns with the same warp densities. The moduli are around 17 21 MPa for samples with 6 yarns/reed dent, 17
MPa for 10 yarns/reed dent and 22
51 Young's Moduli of the woven PET samples
yarns/reed dent samples are very close to each other. There are no great d
weave patterns with the same warp densities. The moduli are around 17 21 MPa for samples with 6 yarns/reed dent, 17
MPa for 10 yarns/reed dent and 22
Young's Moduli of the woven PET samples
yarns/reed dent samples are very close to each other. There are no great d
weave patterns with the same warp densities. The moduli are around 17 21 MPa for samples with 6 yarns/reed dent, 17
MPa for 10 yarns/reed dent and 22 – 26 MPa for 12 yarns/reed dent.
Young's Moduli of the woven PET samples
yarns/reed dent samples are very close to each other. There are no great d
weave patterns with the same warp densities. The moduli are around 17 21 MPa for samples with 6 yarns/reed dent, 17 – 23 MPa for 8 yarns/reed dent, 23
26 MPa for 12 yarns/reed dent.
Young's Moduli of the woven PET samples (n = 5
yarns/reed dent samples are very close to each other. There are no great d
weave patterns with the same warp densities. The moduli are around 17 23 MPa for 8 yarns/reed dent, 23 26 MPa for 12 yarns/reed dent.
(n = 5 – 6).
yarns/reed dent samples are very close to each other. There are no great d
weave patterns with the same warp densities. The moduli are around 17 23 MPa for 8 yarns/reed dent, 23 26 MPa for 12 yarns/reed dent.
76 yarns/reed dent samples are very close to each other. There are no great differences
weave patterns with the same warp densities. The moduli are around 17 – 23 MPa for 8 yarns/reed dent, 23 – 26
76 ifferences – 26
77
10 CONCLUSION
Nine different weave patterns were used to weave extremely dense fabric. The best weave patterns were those of which had numerous regularly distributed interlacing points, i.e. no long yarn floatings. Since fabric with large weft and warp density was desired, the fabric up-take was decreased as low as possible to get maximum weft density. This resulted in several problems such as warp breakage caused by wear and
Nine different weave patterns were used to weave extremely dense fabric. The best weave patterns were those of which had numerous regularly distributed interlacing points, i.e. no long yarn floatings. Since fabric with large weft and warp density was desired, the fabric up-take was decreased as low as possible to get maximum weft density. This resulted in several problems such as warp breakage caused by wear and