Textiles for soft-tissue applications - Textile structures for biomedical applications

6 Textiles for biomedical applications

6.2 Textile structures for biomedical applications

6.2.1 Textiles for soft-tissue applications

Textiles are usually strong and flexible, and those features make them suitable for soft tissue replacements. The chosen fabrication technique depends on the mechanical properties of the target tissue.

Textiles can be used in wound care applications due to their porousness. Many large damages of skin are treated with autografts, which have a problem of creating a new damaged site in the skin. Allo- and xenografts are always temporary and they are later replaced with autografts. (Sell et al. 2007) In some cases in deeper skin damages, when there are no more cells available for proper wound healing process, there is a need for new wound care products. The material should prevent excessive evaporation of moisture, and act as a substrate for regenerating tissue, and possibly deliver active agents during the healing process. (van der Schueren and de Clerck, 2011)

Nonwovens

interconnected pores and promote cell adhesion and

synthetic and natural, are favoured polymers, such as collagen or fibrino

polymers, such as PLA, PGA and PCL. Since natural polymers often have lower mechanical properties, combining synthetic polymers with

both, good mechanical properties and natural interactions. The biodegradability is an advantage since the repetitive removal of regular bandages is usually a setback for the healing process. (van der Schueren and de Clerck, 2011)

There

et al. have noted that

attachment, and their PLGA smaller with a spong

use of electrospun applications. In gen did not allow the c et al. 2007)

Textiles are used frequently as form of meshes. One type of typical Figure 21

polypropylene monofilaments. Also expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride were used, because they naturally inhibit adhesion, but they are not as elastic

the market, made of PGA (Vypro II, Ethicon) meshes, e.g. Parietex

incorporated with PLA micro hooks.

Figure 21

Nonwovens are considered interconnected pores and

promote cell adhesion and

synthetic and natural, are favoured polymers, such as collagen or fibrino

polymers, such as PLA, PGA and PCL. Since natural polymers often have lower mechanical properties, combining synthetic polymers with

There is a need for et al. have noted that

attachment, and their PLGA smaller with a spong

electrospun

applications. In general the structure was better for

did not allow the cells to go through the structure like they did in knitte et al. 2007)

Textiles are used frequently as form of meshes. One type of typical

e 21. The first warp knitted meshes were made of PET multifilaments or polypropylene monofilaments. Also expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride were used, because they naturally inhibit adhesion, but they are not as elastic as PET. There are also biodegradable or partly biodegradable meshes on the market, made of PGA

Vypro II, Ethicon).

meshes, e.g. Parietex

incorporated with PLA micro hooks.

21 A typical warp knitted hernia repair mesh (Doser and Planck, 2011).

are considered

interconnected pores and large surface area. They promote cell adhesion and cell

synthetic and natural, are favoured polymers, such as collagen or fibrino

polymers, such as PLA, PGA and PCL. Since natural polymers often have lower mechanical properties, combining synthetic polymers with

or designing et al. have noted that warp knitted

attachment, and their PLGA-scaffolds worked better when the openings were made y collagen structure (Chen et al. 2008).

nonwoven

eral the structure was better for

ells to go through the structure like they did in knitte Textiles are used frequently as

form of meshes. One type of typical

The first warp knitted meshes were made of PET multifilaments or polypropylene monofilaments. Also expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride were used, because they naturally inhibit adhesion, but they are

PET. There are also biodegradable or partly biodegradable meshes on the market, made of PGA (DEXON mesh

. In addition to more conventional meshes, there are self meshes, e.g. Parietex^TM ProGrip mesh (

incorporated with PLA micro hooks.

A typical warp knitted hernia repair mesh (Doser and Planck, 2011).

are considered useful in

large surface area. They

cell spreading. Especially biod

synthetic and natural, are favoured in nanofibrous wound care products. Natural polymers, such as collagen or fibrinogen, have better interactions than synthetic polymers, such as PLA, PGA and PCL. Since natural polymers often have lower mechanical properties, combining synthetic polymers with

ing a suitable t

warp knitted scaffold alone had too large openings for the cell scaffolds worked better when the openings were made y collagen structure (Chen et al. 2008).

nonwoven scaffolds of several different materials for skin eral the structure was better for

ells to go through the structure like they did in knitte Textiles are used frequently as supportive structures

form of meshes. One type of typical warp knitted

PET. There are also biodegradable or partly biodegradable meshes on (DEXON mesh^®, Covidien)

In addition to more conventional meshes, there are self ProGrip mesh (

incorporated with PLA micro hooks. (Doser and Planck, 2011)

A typical warp knitted hernia repair mesh (Doser and Planck, 2011).

useful in wound care for their high porosity, large surface area. They absorb

spreading. Especially biod

in nanofibrous wound care products. Natural gen, have better interactions than synthetic polymers, such as PLA, PGA and PCL. Since natural polymers often have lower mechanical properties, combining synthetic polymers with

a suitable textile scaffold for skin damage repair

scaffold alone had too large openings for the cell scaffolds worked better when the openings were made y collagen structure (Chen et al. 2008).

scaffolds of several different materials for skin eral the structure was better for cell seeding since the small pores ells to go through the structure like they did in knitte

upportive structures warp knitted

PET. There are also biodegradable or partly biodegradable meshes on , Covidien), PLA or

In addition to more conventional meshes, there are self

ProGrip mesh (SOFRADIM, France) knitted of PP and (Doser and Planck, 2011)

A typical warp knitted hernia repair mesh (Doser and Planck, 2011).

wound care for their high porosity, absorb and prevent dehydration, spreading. Especially biodegradable polymers, both in nanofibrous wound care products. Natural

gen, have better interactions than synthetic polymers, such as PLA, PGA and PCL. Since natural polymers often have lower mechanical properties, combining synthetic polymers with natural polymers

extile scaffold for skin damage repair

scaffold alone had too large openings for the cell scaffolds worked better when the openings were made y collagen structure (Chen et al. 2008). Sell et al. have

scaffolds of several different materials for skin cell seeding since the small pores ells to go through the structure like they did in knitte

upportive structures such as

hernia repair mesh is shown in The first warp knitted meshes were made of PET multifilaments or polypropylene monofilaments. Also expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride were used, because they naturally inhibit adhesion, but they are

PET. There are also biodegradable or partly biodegradable meshes on , PLA or 50 % PGA and 50 % PP In addition to more conventional meshes, there are self

SOFRADIM, France) knitted of PP and (Doser and Planck, 2011)

A typical warp knitted hernia repair mesh (Doser and Planck, 2011).

wound care for their high porosity, and prevent dehydration, egradable polymers, both in nanofibrous wound care products. Natural gen, have better interactions than synthetic polymers, such as PLA, PGA and PCL. Since natural polymers often have lower

natural polymers

both, good mechanical properties and natural interactions. The biodegradability is an advantage since the repetitive removal of regular bandages is usually a setback for the

extile scaffold for skin damage repair

scaffold alone had too large openings for the cell scaffolds worked better when the openings were made

Sell et al. have

scaffolds of several different materials for skin cell seeding since the small pores ells to go through the structure like they did in knitted structure. (Sell such as hernia repair in the ia repair mesh is shown in The first warp knitted meshes were made of PET multifilaments or polypropylene monofilaments. Also expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride were used, because they naturally inhibit adhesion, but they are

PET. There are also biodegradable or partly biodegradable meshes on 50 % PGA and 50 % PP In addition to more conventional meshes, there are self

SOFRADIM, France) knitted of PP and

A typical warp knitted hernia repair mesh (Doser and Planck, 2011).

36 wound care for their high porosity,

and prevent dehydration, egradable polymers, both in nanofibrous wound care products. Natural gen, have better interactions than synthetic polymers, such as PLA, PGA and PCL. Since natural polymers often have lower natural polymers enables both, good mechanical properties and natural interactions. The biodegradability is an advantage since the repetitive removal of regular bandages is usually a setback for the extile scaffold for skin damage repair. Chen scaffold alone had too large openings for the cell scaffolds worked better when the openings were made Sell et al. have studied the scaffolds of several different materials for skin

cell seeding since the small pores d structure. (Sell hernia repair in the ia repair mesh is shown in The first warp knitted meshes were made of PET multifilaments or polypropylene monofilaments. Also expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride were used, because they naturally inhibit adhesion, but they are

PET. There are also biodegradable or partly biodegradable meshes on 50 % PGA and 50 % PP In addition to more conventional meshes, there are self-fixating SOFRADIM, France) knitted of PP and

A typical warp knitted hernia repair mesh (Doser and Planck, 2011).

36 wound care for their high porosity,

and prevent dehydration, egradable polymers, both in nanofibrous wound care products. Natural gen, have better interactions than synthetic polymers, such as PLA, PGA and PCL. Since natural polymers often have lower enables both, good mechanical properties and natural interactions. The biodegradability is an advantage since the repetitive removal of regular bandages is usually a setback for the . Chen scaffold alone had too large openings for the cell scaffolds worked better when the openings were made the scaffolds of several different materials for skin

PET. There are also biodegradable or partly biodegradable meshes on 50 % PGA and 50 % PP fixating SOFRADIM, France) knitted of PP and

Isotalo et al. manufactured two types of PLLA (Figure 22a

metallic stents

months of implantation

stents there was increasing epithelial hyperplasia as time was passing, which indicated that the braided biodegradable structure did not prevent it.

found in the urethra

thinner fibers and smaller mass the braided stents had a shorter degradation time than more traditionally used

Also Kotsar

acute urinary retention caused by manufactured of poly(lactic

there were no migration or biodegradable

be used together cases (two out of ten)

insufficient compressive stiffness of the stents.

Figure 22 al. 2005)

Textiles can non-degradable

made of PLGA on the other side for hepatocytes. T

The composite structure of non

structure as the PLGA degraded. As growing on the scaffold (the film side) the hepatocytes started forming

of the woven fabric did not affect the degradation rate of the PLGA film, but the cell aggregates formed faster with bigger mesh size. With bigger mesh size the cells spread through the woven fabri

(Mayer et al. 2000)

Isotalo et al. manufactured two types of

Figure 22a). They were compared with stainless steel braided stents.

metallic stents there were of implantation

stents there was increasing epithelial hyperplasia as time was passing, which indicated that the braided biodegradable structure did not prevent it.

in the urethra

thinner fibers and smaller mass the braided stents had a shorter degradation time than more traditionally used

Kotsar, Isotalo

acute urinary retention caused by manufactured of poly(lactic

were no migration or

biodegradable stents. They were degraded in 2

be used together with a treatment to reduce the prostatic volume cases (two out of ten)

insufficient compressive stiffness of the stents.

22 A biodegradable braided stent (a) compared to a spiral stent (b) (Isotalo et

Textiles can be used as degradable woven

made of PLGA on the other side for hepatocytes. The wo

The composite structure of non

structure as the PLGA degraded. As growing on the scaffold (the film side) the hepatocytes started forming

of the woven fabric did not affect the degradation rate of the PLGA film, but the cell aggregates formed faster with bigger mesh size. With bigger mesh size the cells spread through the woven fabri

(Mayer et al. 2000)

Isotalo et al. manufactured two types of

. They were compared with stainless steel braided stents.

here were chronic inflammatory changes and fibrosis seen of implantation, unlike there was not with

stents there was increasing epithelial hyperplasia as time was passing, which indicated that the braided biodegradable structure did not prevent it.

when the material wa

thinner fibers and smaller mass the braided stents had a shorter degradation time than more traditionally used spiral stents

, Isotalo et al. fabricated a biodegradable acute urinary retention caused by

manufactured of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA).

were no migration or release of large particles as there were with the former spiral . They were degraded in 2

with a treatment to reduce the prostatic volume

cases (two out of ten), in which the lumen of the stent was compressed, due to the insufficient compressive stiffness of the stents.

A biodegradable braided stent (a) compared to a spiral stent (b) (Isotalo et be used as scaffolds

woven (plain weave) made of PLGA on the other side

he woven structures were manufactured The composite structure of non

structure as the PLGA degraded. As growing on the scaffold (the film side) the hepatocytes started forming aggregates such as in native hepatic tissue. The mesh size of the woven fabric did not affect the degradation rate of the PLGA film, but the cell aggregates formed faster with bigger mesh size. With bigger mesh size the cells spread through the woven fabric and with smaller mesh size the cells covered also the fibres.

Isotalo et al. manufactured two types of

. They were compared with stainless steel braided stents.

chronic inflammatory changes and fibrosis seen , unlike there was not with

stents there was increasing epithelial hyperplasia as time was passing, which indicated that the braided biodegradable structure did not prevent it.

when the material wa

thinner fibers and smaller mass the braided stents had a shorter degradation time than spiral stents (Figure 22b

et al. fabricated a biodegradable

acute urinary retention caused by benign prostatic enlargement glycolic) acid (PLGA).

release of large particles as there were with the former spiral . They were degraded in 2

with a treatment to reduce the prostatic volume

, in which the lumen of the stent was compressed, due to the insufficient compressive stiffness of the stents.

A biodegradable braided stent (a) compared to a spiral stent (b) (Isotalo et scaffolds in cell studies.

(plain weave) PET

made of PLGA on the other side. The purpose was

ven structures were manufactured

The composite structure of non-degradable and biodegradable material ensured stable structure as the PLGA degraded. As growing on the scaffold (the film side) the

aggregates such as in native hepatic tissue. The mesh size of the woven fabric did not affect the degradation rate of the PLGA film, but the cell aggregates formed faster with bigger mesh size. With bigger mesh size the cells spread c and with smaller mesh size the cells covered also the fibres.

Isotalo et al. manufactured two types of braided

. They were compared with stainless steel braided stents.

chronic inflammatory changes and fibrosis seen , unlike there was not with the biodegradable stents

stents there was increasing epithelial hyperplasia as time was passing, which indicated that the braided biodegradable structure did not prevent it.

when the material was degrading.

thinner fibers and smaller mass the braided stents had a shorter degradation time than Figure 22b) made of PLLA.

et al. fabricated a biodegradable

benign prostatic enlargement glycolic) acid (PLGA).

release of large particles as there were with the former spiral . They were degraded in 2 – 3 months,

with a treatment to reduce the prostatic volume

, in which the lumen of the stent was compressed, due to the insufficient compressive stiffness of the stents. (Kotsar and Isotalo et al. 2009)

A biodegradable braided stent (a) compared to a spiral stent (b) (Isotalo et in cell studies. Mayer and his colleagues used a

PET-scaffold coated with a biodegradable film . The purpose was to create a polarized scaffold system ven structures were manufactured

degradable and biodegradable material ensured stable structure as the PLGA degraded. As growing on the scaffold (the film side) the

braided biodegradable urethral stents of . They were compared with stainless steel braided stents.

chronic inflammatory changes and fibrosis seen the biodegradable stents

stents there was increasing epithelial hyperplasia as time was passing, which indicated that the braided biodegradable structure did not prevent it. No obstructing

s degrading. It was noticed that due to the thinner fibers and smaller mass the braided stents had a shorter degradation time than

made of PLLA.

et al. fabricated a biodegradable braided benign prostatic enlargement

glycolic) acid (PLGA). When the stents were in place release of large particles as there were with the former spiral

3 months, which would be enough to with a treatment to reduce the prostatic volume. However, there were , in which the lumen of the stent was compressed, due to the

(Kotsar and Isotalo et al. 2009)

A biodegradable braided stent (a) compared to a spiral stent (b) (Isotalo et Mayer and his colleagues used a scaffold coated with a biodegradable film to create a polarized scaffold system ven structures were manufactured with different mesh sizes.

degradable and biodegradable material ensured stable structure as the PLGA degraded. As growing on the scaffold (the film side) the

biodegradable urethral stents of . They were compared with stainless steel braided stents.

In document Fabrication and properties of woven structures for biomedical applications (sivua 42-0)