3 Fibre and yarn fabrication
3.2 Other means of fibre spinning
dissolved in a solvent, but it is extruded into a neutralized and
2000, p. 9
(Cuprammonium rayon 2006, p. 13
crystallinity, orientation (
fibre strength. (Wulfhorst et al. 2006, p. 13
The orientation of et al. 2006, p. 13-73, see [44]
much the fibre is drawn, is determined by adjusting the speed ratios of the heated godets. The drawing causes also inner tensions to the fibre as increasing the crystallinity, which further causes instability of the fibre. That is why the fibre needs to
handled with heat, i.e.
material is once again heated to open cooled down to achieve
lfhorst et al. 2006, p. 13
Other means of fibre spinning other main methods of
and wet spinning.
appropriate solvent, extruded through a spi is evaporated in the warm air
al. 2006, p. 13-73) The dry spinning method can be used Wulfhorst et al. 2006, p. 13
dissolved in a solvent, but it is extruded into a neutralized and extracted
9-17; Wulfhorst et al. 2006, p. 13 Cuprammonium rayon
2006, p. 13-73).
crystallinity, orientation (Figure
Wulfhorst et al. 2006, p. 13
The orientation of polymer chains in fibre drawing (m 73, see [44])
much the fibre is drawn, is determined by adjusting the speed ratios of the heated godets. The drawing causes also inner tensions to the fibre as increasing the crystallinity, which further causes instability of the fibre. That is why the fibre needs to
handled with heat, i.e. thermoset ce again heated to open cooled down to achieve new perma
lfhorst et al. 2006, p. 13-73)
Other means of fibre spinning main methods of
and wet spinning. In dry spinning extruded through a spi in the warm air and fibres
The dry spinning method can be used al. 2006, p. 13-73)
dissolved in a solvent, but it is extruded into a extracted from the fibre surface
; Wulfhorst et al. 2006, p. 13
Cuprammonium rayon) fibres are spun according to this principle (Wu Figure 6) and size of crystalline/amorphous parts af Wulfhorst et al. 2006, p.
13-polymer chains in fibre drawing (m
much the fibre is drawn, is determined by adjusting the speed ratios of the heated godets. The drawing causes also inner tensions to the fibre as increasing the crystallinity, which further causes instability of the fibre. That is why the fibre needs to
thermoset, after the drawing process.
ce again heated to open chemical bonds permanent bonds
Other means of fibre spinning
main methods of fibre spinning in addition to melt spinning dry spinning
extruded through a spinneret to an evaporating cabinet and fibres are
The dry spinning method can be used 73). Also in
dissolved in a solvent, but it is extruded into a from the fibre surface
; Wulfhorst et al. 2006, p. 13
fibres are spun according to this principle (Wu size of crystalline/amorphous parts af
-73)
polymer chains in fibre drawing (m
much the fibre is drawn, is determined by adjusting the speed ratios of the heated godets. The drawing causes also inner tensions to the fibre as increasing the crystallinity, which further causes instability of the fibre. That is why the fibre needs to
after the drawing process.
chemical bonds
nent bonds and to prevent deformation of the fibre.
Other means of fibre spinning
fibre spinning in addition to melt spinning dry spinning (Figure 7
nneret to an evaporating cabinet are formed. (Adanur 2000, p.
The dry spinning method can be used Also in wet spinning
dissolved in a solvent, but it is extruded into a coagulation bath where the solvent is from the fibre surface and the fibres are coagulated. (Adanur
-73) E.g. polyacrylnitrile, viscose and cupro fibres are spun according to this principle (Wu
size of crystalline/amorphous parts af
polymer chains in fibre drawing (modified from
much the fibre is drawn, is determined by adjusting the speed ratios of the heated godets. The drawing causes also inner tensions to the fibre as increasing the crystallinity, which further causes instability of the fibre. That is why the fibre needs to
after the drawing process.
chemical bonds between the polymer chains and to prevent deformation of the fibre.
fibre spinning in addition to melt spinning
7a) the polymer is dissolved in a nneret to an evaporating cabinet
(Adanur 2000, p.
The dry spinning method can be used, e.g. for polyvinyl chloride wet spinning (Figure 7b
coagulation bath where the solvent is and the fibres are coagulated. (Adanur E.g. polyacrylnitrile, viscose and cupro fibres are spun according to this principle (Wu
size of crystalline/amorphous parts af
odified from
much the fibre is drawn, is determined by adjusting the speed ratios of the heated godets. The drawing causes also inner tensions to the fibre as increasing the crystallinity, which further causes instability of the fibre. That is why the fibre needs to after the drawing process. In thermosetting the
between the polymer chains and to prevent deformation of the fibre.
fibre spinning in addition to melt spinning
the polymer is dissolved in a nneret to an evaporating cabinet. The solvent
(Adanur 2000, p. 9-17; Wulfhorst et e.g. for polyvinyl chloride Figure 7b) the polymer is coagulation bath where the solvent is and the fibres are coagulated. (Adanur E.g. polyacrylnitrile, viscose and cupro fibres are spun according to this principle (Wulfhorst et al.
12 size of crystalline/amorphous parts affect the
odified from Wulfhorst much the fibre is drawn, is determined by adjusting the speed ratios of the heated godets. The drawing causes also inner tensions to the fibre as increasing the crystallinity, which further causes instability of the fibre. That is why the fibre needs to In thermosetting the between the polymer chains and and to prevent deformation of the fibre.
fibre spinning in addition to melt spinning are dry the polymer is dissolved in an
. The solvent 17; Wulfhorst et e.g. for polyvinyl chloride the polymer is coagulation bath where the solvent is and the fibres are coagulated. (Adanur E.g. polyacrylnitrile, viscose and cupro lfhorst et al.
12 fect the
Wulfhorst much the fibre is drawn, is determined by adjusting the speed ratios of the heated godets. The drawing causes also inner tensions to the fibre as increasing the crystallinity, which further causes instability of the fibre. That is why the fibre needs to In thermosetting the and and to prevent deformation of the fibre.
dry n . The solvent 17; Wulfhorst et e.g. for polyvinyl chloride the polymer is coagulation bath where the solvent is and the fibres are coagulated. (Adanur E.g. polyacrylnitrile, viscose and cupro lfhorst et al.
Figure 7
(courtesy of Hoechst Celanese according to A process called
but since the fibre itself cannot be used alone, the whole process via electrospinning
Sometimes fibres can be produced also by other more unusual methods, especially when ultrathin fibres are wanted. They all have
used very seldom.
scale fibres by pressing molten polymer through an orifice Drawing the fibres with hot air jets results in
fibres are
technique is not time and de Clerck, 2011)
Template synthesis
membrane. The fibre is formed
strong fibres cannot be synthesized due to the manufacturing method, because the fibres are not drawn.
is a slow process. (
according to van der Schueren and de Clerck, 2011 3.3 Production of filament yarn
Formation
but considering this work continuous fibre
monofilament yarn and multifilament yarn consists of several fibres 276-285;
vary greatly
Schematic pictures of
courtesy of Hoechst Celanese according to A process called
but since the fibre itself cannot be used alone, the whole process via electrospinning is described in
Sometimes fibres can be produced also by other more unusual methods, especially when ultrathin fibres are wanted. They all have
d very seldom. (van der Schueren and de Clerck, 2011) scale fibres by pressing molten polymer through an orifice Drawing the fibres with hot air jets results in
fibres are not nearly as strong as via meltspinning.
technique is not time and de Clerck, 2011)
Template synthesis
mbrane. The fibre is formed
strong fibres cannot be synthesized due to the manufacturing method, because the fibres are not drawn. In addition,
is a slow process. (Martin, 1996; Li et al., 2005b; Ikegame et al., 2003; Feng et al., according to van der Schueren and de Clerck, 2011
Production of filament yarn
Formation of spun yarns from staple fibres and filament yarns differ but considering this work
continuous fibre and usually
monofilament yarn and multifilament yarn consists of several fibres 285; Adolf 1999, p. 33
vary greatly from a few to ten filaments or even hundreds Schematic pictures of
courtesy of Hoechst Celanese according to A process called electrospinning
but since the fibre itself cannot be used alone, the whole process is described in
Sometimes fibres can be produced also by other more unusual methods, especially when ultrathin fibres are wanted. They all have
(van der Schueren and de Clerck, 2011) scale fibres by pressing molten polymer through an orifice Drawing the fibres with hot air jets results in
not nearly as strong as via meltspinning.
technique is not time consuming
Template synthesis system generates nano mbrane. The fibre is formed
strong fibres cannot be synthesized due to the manufacturing method, because the fibres In addition, continuous fibres
Martin, 1996; Li et al., 2005b; Ikegame et al., 2003; Feng et al., according to van der Schueren and de Clerck, 2011
Production of filament yarn
of spun yarns from staple fibres and filament yarns differ but considering this work the filament yarns are more important.
and usually
monofilament yarn and multifilament yarn consists of several fibres Adolf 1999, p. 33-54)
from a few to ten filaments or even hundreds Schematic pictures of a) dry
courtesy of Hoechst Celanese according to
electrospinning is also one way of producing but since the fibre itself cannot be used alone, the whole process
is described in more detail in
Sometimes fibres can be produced also by other more unusual methods, especially when ultrathin fibres are wanted. They all have
(van der Schueren and de Clerck, 2011) scale fibres by pressing molten polymer through an orifice Drawing the fibres with hot air jets results in
not nearly as strong as via meltspinning.
consuming. (Ellison et al., 2007 according to van der Schueren system generates nano
mbrane. The fibre is formed by inside the pores of the
strong fibres cannot be synthesized due to the manufacturing method, because the fibres continuous fibres
Martin, 1996; Li et al., 2005b; Ikegame et al., 2003; Feng et al., according to van der Schueren and de Clerck, 2011
Production of filament yarn
of spun yarns from staple fibres and filament yarns differ the filament yarns are more important.
manmade.
monofilament yarn and multifilament yarn consists of several fibres
). In multifilament yarns the number of filaments can from a few to ten filaments or even hundreds
dry spinning a courtesy of Hoechst Celanese according to Adanur 2000, p.
is also one way of producing but since the fibre itself cannot be used alone, the whole process
detail in chapter
Sometimes fibres can be produced also by other more unusual methods, especially when ultrathin fibres are wanted. They all have their disadvantages,
(van der Schueren and de Clerck, 2011) scale fibres by pressing molten polymer through an orifice
Drawing the fibres with hot air jets results in relatively strong fibres not nearly as strong as via meltspinning.
. (Ellison et al., 2007 according to van der Schueren system generates nano-scale fibres by usi
inside the pores of the
strong fibres cannot be synthesized due to the manufacturing method, because the fibres continuous fibres cannot be produced via thi
Martin, 1996; Li et al., 2005b; Ikegame et al., 2003; Feng et al., according to van der Schueren and de Clerck, 2011).
Production of filament yarn
of spun yarns from staple fibres and filament yarns differ the filament yarns are more important.
manmade. Yarn formed of just one fibre is called monofilament yarn and multifilament yarn consists of several fibres
In multifilament yarns the number of filaments can from a few to ten filaments or even hundreds
spinning and b) wet spinning techniques Adanur 2000, p. 9-17).
is also one way of producing but since the fibre itself cannot be used alone, the whole process
chapter 4.3.3.
Sometimes fibres can be produced also by other more unusual methods, especially their disadvantages,
(van der Schueren and de Clerck, 2011) Meltblowing
scale fibres by pressing molten polymer through an orifice die by using high pressure.
relatively strong fibres
not nearly as strong as via meltspinning. On the other hand, meltblowing . (Ellison et al., 2007 according to van der Schueren
scale fibres by usi inside the pores of the membrane.
strong fibres cannot be synthesized due to the manufacturing method, because the fibres cannot be produced via thi
Martin, 1996; Li et al., 2005b; Ikegame et al., 2003; Feng et al.,
of spun yarns from staple fibres and filament yarns differ the filament yarns are more important.
Yarn formed of just one fibre is called monofilament yarn and multifilament yarn consists of several fibres
In multifilament yarns the number of filaments can from a few to ten filaments or even hundreds. Generally multifilament wet spinning techniques
).
is also one way of producing very fine
but since the fibre itself cannot be used alone, the whole process of making nonwovens Sometimes fibres can be produced also by other more unusual methods, especially
their disadvantages, and thus they are Meltblowing produces nano
die by using high pressure.
relatively strong fibres. However, On the other hand, meltblowing . (Ellison et al., 2007 according to van der Schueren scale fibres by using a nanoporous membrane. Mechanically strong fibres cannot be synthesized due to the manufacturing method, because the fibres
cannot be produced via this method Martin, 1996; Li et al., 2005b; Ikegame et al., 2003; Feng et al.,
of spun yarns from staple fibres and filament yarns differ from each o the filament yarns are more important. A filament is a
Yarn formed of just one fibre is called monofilament yarn and multifilament yarn consists of several fibres (Hatch 2006, p.
In multifilament yarns the number of filaments can Generally multifilament 13
wet spinning techniques very fine filaments, of making nonwovens Sometimes fibres can be produced also by other more unusual methods, especially
and thus they are produces nano-die by using high pressure.
owever, these On the other hand, meltblowing . (Ellison et al., 2007 according to van der Schueren ng a nanoporous Mechanically strong fibres cannot be synthesized due to the manufacturing method, because the fibres s method and it Martin, 1996; Li et al., 2005b; Ikegame et al., 2003; Feng et al., 2006
from each other, A filament is a Yarn formed of just one fibre is called Hatch 2006, p.
In multifilament yarns the number of filaments can Generally multifilament 13
wet spinning techniques , of making nonwovens Sometimes fibres can be produced also by other more unusual methods, especially and thus they are -die by using high pressure.
these On the other hand, meltblowing . (Ellison et al., 2007 according to van der Schueren ng a nanoporous Mechanically strong fibres cannot be synthesized due to the manufacturing method, because the fibres and it 2006
ther, A filament is a Yarn formed of just one fibre is called Hatch 2006, p.
In multifilament yarns the number of filaments can Generally multifilament
yarns are preferred because of their better mechanical properties. They are
less stiff than monofilament yarns of same size. In multifilament yarn the damage of one fibre filament is not crucial for the mechanical strength, unlike with monofilaments.
(Hatch 2006, p.
So-called producer’s yarns can be done by together. These yarns have only the minimum twist and they are rarely used
Multifilament yarns can be classified fur discussed next
3.3.1 Flat filament yarn Flat filament yarns
twisted more than required
smooth and even. Because the fibres are parallel to each other packed. This type of yarn can be
low water vapo This type of ya filament yarn is
filaments are drawn and oriented toget filament can be t
where no twist is given to the yarn bobbin, for example one turn per 285)
3.3.2 Bulk filament ya
Bulk multifilament yarns, on the other hand,
fibres. The fibres are not as tightly packed than in flat filament yarns, and thus, they have greater covering power and they stretch more
Hatch 2006, p.
other the fabric is also not as dense.
more vulnerable for pilling and snagging because of the irregular abrasion resistance is also weaker.
Figure 8 a) Flat filament yarn, b) textured filament yarn.
The fully drawn fibres can be elasticity are curled
heat setting
re preferred because of their better mechanical properties. They are
less stiff than monofilament yarns of same size. In multifilament yarn the damage of one fibre filament is not crucial for the mechanical strength, unlike with monofilaments.
(Hatch 2006, p. 276-285)
called producer’s yarns can be done by together. These yarns have only the minimum twist and they are rarely used
Multifilament yarns can be classified fur discussed next.
Flat filament yarn Flat filament yarns (Figure
more than required
smooth and even. Because the fibres are parallel to each other . This type of yarn can be
low water vapour permeability.
This type of yarn is filament yarn is usually
filaments are drawn and oriented toget filament can be twisted on a draw where no twist is given to the yarn bobbin, for example one turn per
Bulk filament ya
Bulk multifilament yarns, on the other hand,
fibres. The fibres are not as tightly packed than in flat filament yarns, and thus, they have greater covering power and they stretch more
Hatch 2006, p. 276-285
other the fabric is also not as dense.
more vulnerable for pilling and snagging because of the irregular abrasion resistance is also weaker.
a) Flat filament yarn, b) textured filament yarn.
The fully drawn fibres can be elasticity are curled or looped
setting: the yarn is tw
re preferred because of their better mechanical properties. They are
less stiff than monofilament yarns of same size. In multifilament yarn the damage of one fibre filament is not crucial for the mechanical strength, unlike with monofilaments.
285)
called producer’s yarns can be done by together. These yarns have only the minimum twist
and they are rarely used, since they are hard to handle Multifilament yarns can be classified fur
Flat filament yarn Figure 8a)
more than required. With round
smooth and even. Because the fibres are parallel to each other . This type of yarn can be
permeability. (Hatch 2006, p.
rn is commonly used in applications such as seat belt fabrics.
usually formed straight after fibre spinning process when all the filaments are drawn and oriented toget
wisted on a draw where no twist is given to the yarn bobbin, for example one turn per
Bulk filament yarn
Bulk multifilament yarns, on the other hand,
fibres. The fibres are not as tightly packed than in flat filament yarns, and thus, they have greater covering power and they stretch more
285) However, due to th other the fabric is also not as dense.
more vulnerable for pilling and snagging because of the irregular abrasion resistance is also weaker.
a) Flat filament yarn, b) textured filament yarn.
The fully drawn fibres can be
or looped to attain elastic behavio
: the yarn is twisted or curled as wanted, heated to break chemical re preferred because of their better mechanical properties. They are
less stiff than monofilament yarns of same size. In multifilament yarn the damage of
less stiff than monofilament yarns of same size. In multifilament yarn the damage of