124
•5-Aminoindole
5192-03-0Other information about EC50, 60 hr, 150mgII,rpd,Ietrahymena pyriformis fSchultz &Applehans 1985).
water organisms
125
•6-Aminonicotinamide
329-89-5Other information about ALD=94.0—320.0 mg/kg, act, on, Ueer mouse (Virtanen & Nuuja 1987).
mammais
126
•3-Aminoquinoline
580-17-6Other information about EC5O, 60 hr, 170 mg/I, rpd, Tetrahymena pyriformis (Schultz & Applehans 1985).
water organisms
127
•5-Aminoquinoline
611-34-7Other information about EC5O, 60hr,240 mg/I, rpd, Tetrahymena pyriformis (Schultz & Applehans 7985).
water organisms
86 Environment Guide 71
Am i no p
Synonyms Use
Molecular weight Water solubility, mg/I Melting point, °G
Log octanol/water coefficient, Iog Pow
Total degradation in soil Total degradation in water
Biodegradation: decomposition by a soil microflora:> 64 days (Verschueren 1983).
Biodegradation:
0% by B0D period: 28d substance: 3Omg/I sludge: 100 mg/I (MITI 1992).
Lag period for degradation of 16 mg/I by waste water and soil suspension at pH 7.3 and 30 0C:> 25 days (Haller 1978).
Impact on biodegradation processes: at 0.6 mg/I, inhibition ot Uegradation ot glucose by Pseudomonas fluorescens; at 9
mgIl,
inhibion of degradation of glu cose by E. coli (Bringmann & Kuhn 1960).<4 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 1 mg/l
<40 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.1 mg/I (MITI 1992)
Confirmed to be non-accumulative or Iow accumulative (Anon. 1987).
orl-Agelaius phoeniceus orl-Sturnus vulgaris orl-Coturnix coturnix orl-Passer domesticus (Schafer et al. 1983)
100 48hr, Oryzias latipes (MITI 1992)
Algae: Chlorella pyrenoidosa: toxic at 140 mg/I (Jones 1971).
129
•o-Aminophenol
95-55-6Synonyms Molecutar weight Water solubility, mg/I Melting point, °C
Log octanol/water coefficient, Iog Pow
Total degradation in soil
o-Hydroxyanihne 109.12
17000 atl°C 172
0.52—0.62
Decomposition period by a soil microflora: 4 days (Verschueren 1983).
128
•m-Aminophenol
3-Aminophenoi m-Hydroxyaniline Dye intermediate.
109.12 26000
120—122 (MITI 1992) 0.16
591-27-5
Other information about degradation
Bioconcentration factor, fishes
Other information about bioaccumulation
LD5O values to birds in oral exposure, mg/kg
LC5O values to fishes, mg/I Other information about water organisms
237
>1000 750
>1000
Environment Guide 71 87
Aminop
LD5O values to birds in oral exposure, mg/kq
Other information about water organisms
>1000 orlAgelaius phoeniceus 1000 ori-Sturnus vuigaris 316 orl-Coturnix coturnix 316 orl-Passer domesticus
(Schater et al. 1983)
Algae: Chlorella pyrenoidosa: 47 mg/I: toxic (Jones 1971).
130
•p-Aminophenol
123-30-8Synonyms
Use
Molecular weight Water solubility, mg/I Degradation point, °G Log octanol/water coetficient, Iog Pow
Carcinogenicity Mutagenicity
LD5O values to birds in oral exposure, mg/kg
Effects on microorganisms LC5O values to fishes, mg/l Other information about water organisms
Carcinogenicity: negative (McCann et aI. 1975).
Mutagenicity in the Salmonella test: neg; <0.01 revertant colonies/nmol;
<70 revertant colonies at 0.5 mg/plate (McCann et al. 1975).
56.2 orl-Agelaius phoeniceus
>1000 orl-Sturnus vulgaris
>1000 orl-Coturnix coturnix 178 ori-Passer domesticus
(Schafer et al. 1983)
Bacteria: Escherichia coli: toxic: 8—10 mg/l (Jones 1971).
24 96hr, Pimephales promelas (Vincent et al. 1976) Algae: Chlorella pyrenoidosa; toxic at 140 mg/I (Jones 1971) Scenedesmus: toxic at 6 mg/I (Meinck et al. 1970).
Arthropoda: Daphnia: toxic: 0.6 mg/I (Meinck et al. 1970).
Fish: goldtish: approx. fatal conc.: 2.0 mg/l; 48hr (McKee & Wolf 1963).
131
•(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid
98-50-0 Effects on the physiology ot Salmo gairdneri, 56 d, 1.6mgIl,growth effect (Cockell & Hilton 1988).water organisms
132
•2-Aminopyridine
504-29-0Synonyms Molecular weight Vapour density (air=1) Conversion tactor, 1 ppm in air=
a-Pyridylam jne 94.11
3.25
3.91 mg/m3
88 Environment Guide 71
Aminop
Conversion tactor, 0.26 ppm
1 mglm3in air=
Water solubility, mg/I >4000 (MIII 1992)
Melting point, C 56—61 (MIII 1992)
Boiling point, °C 204 (MITI 1992)
Log octanolfwater coefflcient, -0.22
Iog Pow 0.6 (MITI 1992)
Total degradation in water Biodegradation:
0% by BOD period: 28d substance: 100 mg/I sludge: 30 mg/I (MIII 1992).
Bioconcentration factor, 3.0—7.7 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.1 mg/I flshes <5.1—25 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.01 mg/I
(MIII 1992)
Other information about Confirmed to be non-accumulative or Iow accumulative (Anon. 1987).
bioaccumulation
LD5O values to mammais in 200 orl-rat
oral exposure,mglkg 50 orl-mus
(Patty1967)
Health effects Man: readily absorbed through the skin
transient symptoms: 5.2 ppm, 8 hours (Patty1967).
LD5O values to birds in oral 31.6 orl-Agelaius phoeniceus exposure, mg/kg 75.0—1 00 orl-Sturnus vulgaris
133 orl-Coturnix coturnix 75 orl-Passer domesticus
(Schafer et al. 1983) LC5O values to fishes,mgII 10 48 hr, Oryzias latipes (MIII 1992)
Other intormation about EC50, 60 hr, 390 mg/I, rpd,Ietrahymena pyriformis (Schultz &Applehans 1985).
water organisms EC50, 2.5 days, 393 mg/I, grw, letrahymena pyriformis (Schultz et aI. 1987).
133
•3-Aminopyridine
462-08-8Synonyms 3-Pyridinamine
rAminopyridine Amino-3 pyridine m-Aminopyridine 3-Pyridylamine Sumtormula of the chemical C5H6N2
Molecular weight 94.13
Water solubility,mgII >5000 (MIII 1992)
Melting point, °C 64 (MIII 1992)
Boiling point, °C 250—252 (MIII 1992)
Environment Guide 71 89
Aminop
Total degradation in water
Bioconcentration factor, fishes
Other information about bioaccumulation
LD5O values to mammais in non-oral exposure,mglkg
LD5O values 10 birds rn oral exposure, mg/kg
LC5O values to fishes, mg/I Other rnformation about water organisms
Biodegradation:
0%byBOD period: 28d substance: 100mgII sludge: 30 mg/I (MITI 1992).
<0.2 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.2 mg/I
<2.1 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.02 mg/I (MITI 1992)
Confirmed to be non-accumulative or low accumulative (Anon. 1987).
4 intracerebral-mus
13.3 orl-Agelaius phoeniceus 133 orl-Sturnus vuigaris 178 orl-Coturnix coturnix 133 orl-Passer domesticus
(Schafer et al. 1983)
8.1 48 hr, lryzias latipes (MITI 1992)
Tetrahymena pyriformis, EC50, grw, 2,5 d, 283.0 mg/I fSchultz et al. 1987).
134
•4-Aminopyridine
504-24-5Synonyms
Sumformula of the chemical Purity, %
Use
State and appearance Molecular weight Water solubility, mg/I
Melting point, °C Boiling point, °C Flashing point, °C
Log octanol!water coefficient, Iog Pow
Intermediate. Used as a bird repellent and poison. The Uistress calls of poisoned individuals warn other members ot the flock to leave the place. It is used in agri culture, in urban areas to control pigeons and sparrows, and in airports to keep out seagulls.
A solid with a tan to brown colour.
94.12 83000 25 °C 76600 25 °C
>10000 (MITI 1992) 155—1 58 (MIII 1992) 273.5
164 0.28
Environment Guide 71
Am
i
no p Adsorption/desorption Readily adsorbed by soil colloids (Sax 1986).Other physico—chemical Fiammability: Some of these materiais may burn but do not ignite readily.
properties 4-aminopyridine is a strong base.
Aerobic degradation in soil Degradation of 4-aminonopyridine-14C to 14C02:
under aerobic incubation, aifer 3 months at 30 °C and 50% moisture, evolution of 14C02 ranged from 0.4% for a highly acidic loam (pH 4.1) to more than 50%
for a lighter-textured, alkaline, loamy sand (pH 7.8) (Starr & Cunningham 1975).
Anaerobic degradation in soil Degradation of 4-aminonopyridine-14C to 14C02:
was neglible in soHs incubated up to 2 months under anaerobic conditions (Starr
& Cunningham 1975).
Total deyradation in water Biodegradation:
0% by 900 period: 28d substance: 100 mg/l sludge: 30 mg/I (MITI 1992).
Bioconcentration factor, <0.2—0.6 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.05 mg/l fishes <7.8—7.2 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.005 mg/l
(MITI 7992)
Other information about Confirmed to be non-accumulative or low accumulative (Anon. 1987).
bioaccumulation
I.D50 values to mammais in 20 orl-rat (Sax 1986) oral exposure,mglkg
LD5O values to mammais in 6.5 ipr-rat non-oral exposure, mg/kq 19 scu-rat
10 ipr-mus
7 ivn-mus
5.5 ivn-rbt 10.7 3 scu-rat 11.9 scu-mus
(Sax 1986) LDL0 values to mammais in 0.59 on-man
oral exposure,mglkg 28 orl-rat
4 orl-dog
18 orl-pig (Sax 1986) LDL0 values to mammais in 5 scu-mus non-oral exposure, mg/kg 327 skn-rbt
(Sax 1986)
Other information about ALD=42.0 mg/kg, act, on, deer mouse (Virtanen & Nuuja 1987).
mammais
Health effects Direct contact: Irritates eyes, skin, and mumem. Aminopyridines penetrate guinea pig skin readily. One employee died after spilling an analog of 4-ami-nopyridine on his clothes during its distillation and continuing to work in them for 1.5 hr. General sensation: Symptoms for aminopyridines; convulsions, dizzi ness, dyspnea, headache, hypertension, nausea and vomiting, weakness. Pyri dine compounds as a class cause anorexia, nausea, weakness, dizziness, and headache. Acute hazard level: Highly oral toxicity. Causes noticeable central nervous system depression (Sax 1986).
Environment Guide 71
________________________
91
Aminop
LD5O values to birds rn oral 7.65 ari- Coturnix quaii
exposure, mglkg 7.5 ari- Common pigeon
7.5 ari- [lause sparrow 4.9 on- Starling 2.37 ari- Common grackie 2.37 ari- Redwinged blackbird
fSax 1986)
1.78—8.50 ori-Agelaius phoeniceus 4.9 oni-Sturnus vuigaris 7.65—8.05 Coturnix coturnix 3.80—7.50 ori-Passer damesticus 2.37 ori-Quiscaius quiscuia 7.5 arl-Caiumba iivia 5.62 ani-Carpadacus mexicanus 4.22 ari-Anas piatyrhynchos 5.62—7.50 ari-Phasianus coichicus 5.62 ori-Falca sparverius 10 ari-Vaiatia jacanina 2.37 ori-Pica pica 4.22 ari-Maiathrus ater 3.16 ani-Tangavius aeneus 2.37—3.7 6 arl-Cassidix majar 10 ori-Aratinga pertinax 5.62 ori-Meiapsittacus unduiatus 2.37 ani-Garvus brachyrhynchos 10 ari-Spiza americana 5.62 oni-Zonotnichia atricapiiia 2.37—2.74 oni-Passer iuteus 8.10—8.50 ani-Zenaida macroura 12 ori-Myiapsilla manachus 4.22—4.87 arl-Pioceus taeniapterus 12 ari-Aratinga canicuiaris 1.78—2.37 ori-Eupiectes arix 5.62 ari-Queiea queiea
<7.2 ari-Sparaphlla minuta
<1.00 ari-Maiathrus bonariensis 4.22 ari-Ageiaius tricoior 2.37 ori-Pica nuttaiii
(Schafer et ai. 1983)
1C50 values to tishes, mg/I 2.82—7.56 srv, act, 96hr,Lepamis macrochirus (Schafer & Marking 1975) 2.43—5.80 srv, act, 96 hr, ictaiurus punctatus (Schafer & Marking 1975) 2.65 48 hr, Oryzias iatipes (MiTi 1992)
Other intormation about EC5O, 60 hr, 260 mg/i, rpd, Tetrahymena pyriformis (Schuitz & Mauitan 1985).
water organisms
92 Environment Gude 71
Amitro
135
•Amitrole
61-82-5Synonyms 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazole
Aminotriazole AlA Amerol 2-Aminotriazole 3-Aminotriazole 3-Amino-s-triazole 2-Amino-1 ,3,4-triazole Amitol
Amitril Amitrol Amitrole Fenamine Simazol Triazolamine Weedazin Weedazol Sumformula of the chemical C2H4N4
Purity,% 90
Known impurities Ammonium thiocyanateatrazinebromacillinuronsimazine 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic acid
Use Herbicide, plant growth regulator, phytocide. lnterferes with plant production of histidine; reagent in photography. Use on food croplands has been cancelled by EPA. Currently used for control of woody plants, annual grasses and broadleaf weeds; perennial broadleat weeds and grasses; cattails; po ison ivy; and certain aquatic weeds in marshes and drainage ditches (Sax 1986).
State and appearance Colourless crystals.
Molecular weight 84.08
Water solubility, mg/I 280000 25 °C
>100000( MIII 1992) Melting point, °C 151—154 (MITI 7992) Log octanol/water coefficient, -1.9 (MIII 1992) Iog Pow
Mobility Translocation of amitrole through the soi! occurs in sandy, Iow humus soil in cool, damp weather (or when the groundwater level is high). Mobiilty decreases with increasing clay and humus content ot the soil (Sax 1986).
Other physico—chemical When strongly heated emits highly toxic fumes.
properties Sublimes undecomposed under reduced pressure.
Soluble in water.
Total degradation in water Persists in water more than 200 days. Acts as a weak base and forms salts with acids (aqueous solutions are neutral) (Sax 1986).
Biodegradation:
0%byBOD period: 28d substance: 100mgII sludge: 30 mg/I (MIII 1992).
Other information about Impact on biodegradation processes: approx. 50% inhibition ot NH3 oxidation in degradation Nitrosomonas at 70mgII(Hooper & lerry 1973).
Environment Guide 71 93
Amitro
Other information about Freshwater algae remove amitrole from water at pH 7.5 or above. Uptake of ami metabolism trole by Scenedesmus quadricauda was directly related to herbicide concentra
tion and easily metabolized (Sax 1986).
Bioconcentration factor, <0.3 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 2 mg/l fishes <3.1 6w, Cyprinus carpio, conc 0.2 mg/l
(MITI 1992)
LD5O values to mammais in 1100 ori-rat (Lewis & Sweet 1984) oral exposure, mg/kg
1100—2500 ori-rat (Ames et al. 1973) 25000 ori-male aibino rat (Anon. 1976) 14700 ori-mus (Sweet 1987)
1050 values to mammais in >10000 skn-rat (Martin 1968) non-oral exposure, mg/kg
200 ipr-mus (Sweet 1987) TDL0 values to mammais in 2600 ori-mus, 6-18d preg.
oral exposure, mg/kg 1935 ori-mus, 6-14d preg.
eftects on embryo or fetus 113000 ori-mus, tumorigenic 366 ori-mus, tumorigenic 4595 ori-rat, tumorigenic 3670 ori-rat, tumorigenic 122000 orl-rat, tumorigenic 105 ori-rat, tumorigenic
(Sweet 1987)
0.7 ori-rat, 22d preg, teratogenic (Sax 1986) TDLo values to mammais in 4176 scu-mus, 6-14d preg.
non-oral exposure, mg/kg eff. on fertility, embryo or fetus (Sweet 1987)
Other information about In diet: rats fed 50 ppm for 68 weeks suffered no effect on growth or food intake mammais but the male rats developed an enlarged thyroid after thirteen weeks; rats fed
500 ppm for 17 weeks and returned to normal diet 2 weeks before sacrifice appeared to have normal thyroids (Verschueren 1983).
Carcinogenicity Carcinogenic (McCann et al. 1975).
Cancer-suspect agent (Verschueren 1983:
Amitrol induced thyroid and liver tumours in both mice and rats following oral and/or subcutaneous administration. An increased incidence of Iiver-ceIl tumours in the trout has also been reported following oral administration, but this cannot be conclusive. Limited skin-painting studies in mice gave no evi dence of skin carcinogenicity. A single, small, cohort study raised the suspicion that amitrole may be carcinogenic to man, but the findings cannot be regarded as conclusive (Sax 1986).
Mutagenicity Mutagenicity in the Salmonella test: none:<0.001 revertant colonies/nmol; <70 revertant colonies at 5 mg/plate (McCann et al. 1975).
Mutagen data:
dnd, esc, 0.010 mmol/I;
pic, esc, 15gII;
otr, rat, emb, 80 mg/I;
hma, mus, sat, 12mglkg;
otr, ham, emb, 10 mg!I fSax 1986).
Teratogenicity 20 to 40 mg injected into chick yolk sacs during 0 to 96 hours incubation periods produced abnormalities of the beak and occasionally bent tibias (Sax 1986).
LD5D values to birds in oral >100 orl-Agelaius phoeniceus exposure,mglkg >316 orl-Coturnix coturnix
(Schafer et al. 1983)
94
_____________________________________________________
Envwonment Guide 71
Am moni Effects on plants 3 or 4 day old corn seedlings (Zea mays) treated with nutrient solution which
contained 80 mg/l of amitrole produced chlorotic tissues (McWhorter 1963).
Incubation of segments of Sesbania exaltata hypocotyls in 1% sucrose contain ing 2 ppm amitrole inhibited protein synthesis by 19% fMann etal. 1965).
ATA caused inhibition of root elongation, when applied to the mature leaves ot rooted cuuings of Populus tremula in quantities of> 0.1 mg per plant fin a lano lin paste containing 0.5% ATA) or to the growth solution in concentrations trom 0.00003 M. In both cases the response was delayed about 24 hours (Eliasson 1962).
LC5O values to crustaceans, >23 Daphnia magna (Kenaga 1979)
mg/l 30 48hr, Daphnia magna
32 48hr, Cypridopsis vidua (Sanders 1970)
LC5O values to tishes, mg/I >50 Salmo gairdnerf (Kenaga 1979) 100 48 hr (Sanders 1970)
100 48 hr Lepomis macrochirus (Edwards 1977) 2100 96 hr, Gambusia aifinis (Johnson 1978) 325 48 hr, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Bond et al. 1960)
>500 48hr,Oryzias latipes (MITI 1992)
Other information about Crustacean: no effect level: Gammarus fasciatus; 100 mg/l, 48 hr water organisms no effect level:Asellus brevicaudus; 100 mg/l, 48 hr
no effect level: Palaemonetes kadiakensis;100 mg!l;
no effect level: Orconectes nais; 100 mg/l,48 hr 48hr Fish: no effect level: Lepomis macrochirus: 100mgIl,48hr
(Sanders 1970).
136
•Ammonia
7664-41-7Sumformula ot the chemical NH3
Use Chemical industry, tertilizer
State and appearance Colourless gas, liquified by compression.
Odour Hedonic tone: extremely pungent.
USSR:
human odour perception: non perception: 0.4 mg/m3
perception: 0.5mglm3
human reflex response: no response: 0.22 mg/m3 adverse response: 0.35 mg/m3 animal chronic exposure: no effect: 0.2 mg/m3
adverse effect: 2.0 mg/m3 fStern 1968).
Molecular weight 17.04
Specific gravity (water=1) 0.817 at79 °C Vapour density (air=1) 0.6
Conversion factor, 0.707 mg/m3
1 ppm in air=
Conversion factor, 1.414 ppm
1 mg/m in air=
Water solubility, mg/I 531000 at 20 °C
Melting point, °C -77.7
Environrneiit Guide71 95
Ammoni
Boiling point, °C -33.4
Other physicochemical In the neutral pH ammonia is in ionform and less toxic than ammonia (Nikunen
properties et al. 1986)
LD5O values to mammais in 350 ori-rat (Lewis & Sweet 1984)
oral exposure,
mglkgLCLo values to mammais in 20 ihl-hmn (Lewis & Sweet 1984) inhalation exposure, ppm
TCL0 values to mammais in 2000 4 hr, ihi-rat (Lewis & Sweet 1984)
inhalation exposure, ppm
Health effects Man: Iethal;>1700 ppm
severe toxic effect; 500 ppm, 1 min.
symptoms of itlness: 200 ppm unsatistactory:> 100 ppm (Verschueren 1983).
Effects on arthropods LC50, Baetis rhodani:
2.2mgII,0.42d 1.9mgII,ld 1.6 mg/I, 2d 1.4 mg/I, 4U 1.11 mgII,6.25d
LC50, Chironomus riparius:
3.2 mg/I, 0.42d 2.5 mg/I, ld 1.75 mgfl, 2d 1.36 mg/I, 4d 1.14 mg/I, 6.25d (NiIIiams et al. 1986).
Effects on plants Conifers were exposed to NH3 for 50 days (in winter, open-top chambers): 0.42 mg NH3/m3 (95 perc.)-0.25 mg NH3/m3 (mean) (0.61 ppm—0.36 ppm) caused heavy injury e.g. sharply bondered necrotic tip of the oider needies ot Taxus bac cata. No-adverse-effect level for some months exposures: 0.2 mg/m3 (0.3 ppm).
Eerden
LC5O values to crustaceans, 5.02 96hr, Asellus racovitzai
mg/I 18.3 96hr, Orconectes immunis
1.71 96hr, Simocephalus cetulus (Arthur et al. 1987) 3.33 ld,Asellus aquaticus 2.5 2d, Asellus aquaticus 1.9 4d, Asellus aquaticus 1.63 6.25d, Asellus aquaticus 3.4 0.42d, Gammarus pulex 2.6 ld, Gammarus pulex 2.08 2d, Gammarus pulex 1.69 4d, Gammarus pulex 1.44 6.25d, Gammarus pulex
(Williams et al. 1986)
70 96hr, 21 C, Nitocra spinipes (Linden et al. 1979)
96 Environment Guide 71
Am moni 0.056 72 hr, Saima gairdneri (Galamari et al. 1981)
0.16—1.1 96 hr, Saima gairdneri (Thurston & Russa 1983) 0.75—3.4 96 hr, Pimephaies promelas (Thurston et al. 1983) 0.5—0.8 96 hr, Saima ciarci (Rubin & Elmaraghy 1977)
>3.58 fertilized egg, 24 hr, S.gairdneri
>3.58 aievins, 24 hr, S.gairdneri 0.068 24hr, Saima gairdneri,
fry
0.097 24hr, Salmo gairdneri(Rice & Stokes 1975)
0.16—0.49 96hr, Salmo gairdneri (Caiamari et al. 1981) 2.17 96hr, Pimephaies promeias
0.53 96hr, Saimo gairdneri 0.66 96hr, Stizastedion vitreum 0.86 ictaiurus punctatus 1.53 Catostomus commersoni
(Arthur et aLi 987) 0.35 undissociated, as N, 16d
Rutilus rutilus (Soibe et al. 1985) 0.02 Saima gairdneri fthurston et ai. 1984) 0.64 phy, chr, Pimephaies promelas (Smith 1984)
Channa punctatus, 1—30 U, 30 mg/i, biochemicai effect (Bjattacharya et al.
1987).
impact on biodegradation processes: 2.0 mg/l affects the seifpurification ot water courses (Verschueren 1983).
Ammonium lan is iess toxic then ammonia appearing at high pH-vaiues.
LC5O values to fishes, mg/i
LOEC values to fishes, mg/I Other information about water organisms Other effects on aquatic ecosystems
Other information