air tor plants, mglm3 Maximum longterm immission concentration in air for plants,ppm Effects on microorganisms LOEC values to algae, mg/I LC5O values to crustaceans, mgII
LC5O values to fishes, mg/I
*EC50=concentration required to cause visible injury in 50%
of the leaves of the plant population exposed for a 2 hr fumigation period.
2 VDI 2306
Toxicity threshold (cell multiplication inhibition test):
bacteria (Pseudomonas putida): 2850 mg/l (Bringmann & KUhn 1980a).
90 rpd, act, Microcystis aeruginosa (Bringmann & Kuhn 1976) 4000 rpd, act, Scenedesmus quadricauda (Bringmann & Klhn 1980a) 47 24 hr, Daphnia magna (Elkins et al. 1956)
88 96 hr, Pimephales promelas (Vincent et al. 1976) 75 96hr,Lepomis macrochirus (Price et al. 1974)
Environment Guide 71 31
Acetic
Other information about Toxicity threshold (ceII multiplication inhibition test):
watet otganisms algae (Microcystis aeruginosa): 90 mg/l;
green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda): 4000 mg/l;
protozoa (Entosiphon sulcatum): 78 mg/l;
protozoa (Uronema parduczi): 1350 mg/I (Verschueren 1983).
1 1
•Acetic anhydride
108-24-7Synonyms Acetic oxide
Aeetyl oxide Ethanoic anhydride Acetic acid, anhydride Acetyl anhydride Acetyl ether Sumformula ot the chemioal C4K603 State and appearance Colourless Iiquid.
Odour Characteristic, sour acid, neutral to pleasant.
Ihreshold odour concentration:
50% recognition: 0.36 ppm 100% recognition: 0.36 ppm Odour index: 14 611 (Verschueren 1983) Guality: sour acid
Hedonic tone: neutral to unpleasant Threshold odour concentration:
absolute: <0.14 ppm 50% recognition: 0.36 ppm 100% recognition: 0.36 ppm Odour index 100% recognition: 14611 (Heliman & SmalI 1974).
Moleoular weight 102.09
Specific gravity (water=7) 1.083 at 20/20 °C
Gonversion tactor, 4.24 mg/m3
1 ppm in air=
Conversion factor, 0.236 ppm
1 mg/m3 in air=
Vapour pressure, mmHg 3.5 2000
5 25°C
7 30°C
Melting point, °C -68— -73
Boiling point, °C 139.9
LD5Ovalues to mammais in 1780 ori-rat (Patty1967) oral exposure, mglkg
LD5O values to mammais in 4000 skn-rbt (Sweet 1987) non-oral exposure, mg/kg
LC5O values to mammais in 1000 ihl-rat, 4 hr (Sweet 1987) inhalation exposure, ppm
32 Environment Guide 71
Aceton
Other information about Skin and eye irritation:
mammais skin, rabbit, 10 mg, 24 hr open, muU;
skin, rabbit, 540 mg open, muU;
eye, rabbit, 0.250 mg open, severe (Sweet 1987).
Health efiects Man: severe eye and skin irritant (Verschueren 1983) Effects on mucroorganisms Toxicity threshold (ceII multiplication inhibition test):
bacteria (Pseudomonas putida): 1150 mg/l (Bringmann & KUhn 1 980a) EC5O values 10 algae,mgII 360 srv, act, Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Jones 1971)
LOEC values to algae, mg/l 3400 rpd, act, Scenedesmus quadricauda (Bringmann & Kuhn 1980a) Other information about Toxicity threshold (celI multiplication inhibition test):
water organisms green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda): 3400 mg/I protozoa (Entosiphon sulcatum): 30 mg/l
(Bringmann & Kuhn 1980a)
12
•N-Acetoacetyl-2-methyl aniline
93-68-5 Ready biodegradability Confirmed to be biodegradable (Anon. 1987).13
•Acetone
67-64-1Synonyms 2-Propanone
Sumformula of the chemical CH3-C0-GH3
Use Manufacture of smokeless powder; paints, varnishes, Iacquers manufacturing;
organic chemicals manufacturing; pharmaceuticals manufacturing; sealants and adhesives manufacturing; solvents for celluloses acetate, nitrocellulose, acetylene.
Natural sources: normal micro component in blood and urine; minor constituent in pyroligneous acid; oxidation of alcohols and humic substances (EPA 1975).
State and appearance Clear colourless liquid.
Odour Gharacteristic, sweet, fruity, pleasant to neutral.
Odour index: 1740
Threshold for unadapted persons: 0.03% in diluent Threshold after adaption with pure odourant: 5.0% in diluent (Verschueren 1983).
USSR:
Human odour perception: non perceptuon: 0.8 mg/m3 perception: 1.1 mglm3 Animal chronic exposure: no effect: 0.5 mg/m3 Human retlex response: no response: 0.35 mglrn3
adverse response: 0.55 mg/m3 (Stern 1968)
Quality: sweet, fruity
Hedonic tone: pleasant to neutral Threshold odour concentration:
absolute: 20.0 ppm 50% recognition: 32.5 ppm 100% recognition: 140 ppm Odour index 100% recognition: 1 742 (Heliman & SmaII 1974).
Molecular weight 58.09
Environment Guide 71 33
Aceton
Specific gravity (water=1) 0.791 20 °C
Conversion factor, 2.411 mg/m3
1 ppm in air=
Conversion factor, 0.415 ppm
1mglm3in air=
Vapour pressure, mmHg 270 30 °C
231 25 °C (Buifery et aL 1969)
Melting point, °C 95
-95.35
Boiling point, °C 56.2 at 760 mmllg
Log octanol/water coefflcient, -0.24 (Hansch & Leo 1985)
log Pow -0.24 (Sangster 1989)
Henry’s Iaw constant, 3.72 (Snider & Dawson 1985) Pa x m3/mol 4.333 calc. (Yaws et al. 1991) Volatilization Relative volatility (nBuAc=1)=14.48
Acetone has a high vapour pressure and low adsorption to soil and should there fore readily evaporate from the soil surface. When a variety ot moist soils were treated with acetone and the head space analysed ovet the coutse of 3 days, acetone was found in the ait above ali sampies (Pavlica et al. 1978).
Adsorption/desorption Acetones miscibility in water would suggest that it does not adsorb appreciably to 5011 (Lyman et al. 1982). It dispIayed no adsorption to montmorillonite or kaolinite clay or stream sediment (Rathbun et al. 1982) (Wolte et al. 1986).
Photochemical degradation in No photo degradation occutred when acetone was exposed to sunhight for 23 hr water in distilled watet or 15 hr in stream watet (Rathbun et al. 1982).
Chemical oxygen demand, 1.92 5 days (Bridie eta!. 1979) g 02/g
BiDchemical oxygen demand, 1.85 5 days (Bridie et al. 1979) g 021g
lotal degradation in soil Acetone wiIl both volatilize and Ieach into the ground. Acetone readily biode grades and thete is evidence suggesting that it biodegrades tairly rapidiy in soils (Howard 111990).
Total degradation in water Acetone is readily biodegradable in screening tests, although data from natural water ate Iacking. It wiII also be Iost due to volatilization festimated half-Iife 20 hr from a model river). Adsorption to sediment should not be significant (Howard 111990).
Other information about Impact on biodegradation processes:
degradation
Digestion on sludge is inhibited from 4 g/I.
Nitrification ot activated sludge 15 decreased with 75% at 840mgII(Meinck et aI.1 970).
Slight inhibition of microbial gtowth aftet 24 ht exposute at 5 ppm (Verschueren 1983).
Approximately 50% inhibition of ammonia oxidation in Nitrosomonas at 8100 mg/I fHooper & Terry 1973).
Acetone readily biodegrades in screening tests. Typical results using sewage inocula are:
54% theoretical B0D aifer 5 days fBridie et al. 1979) 71% theoretical B0D in 7 days (Heffgoff et al. 1977) 38% theoretical BODiii5 days (Vaishnav et al. 1987)
56% and 38% theoretical BOD after 5 days and 84% and 76% theoretical BOD after 20 days in fresh and salt watet, respectively fPrice et al. 1974)
Acetone also degtades under anaerobic conditions, with one investigator report ing 100% degradation in 4 days aifer a 5 day lag (Chou et al. 1979)
34 Environrnen Gae 71
Aceton
Other information about Using the recommended Iog octanol/water partition coefficient, the potential for bioaccumulation acetone bioconcentration in fish is negligible. (Lyman et al. 1982)
One experimental study of bioconcentration in aduit haddock at 7—9 °C (static test) resulted in a BCF ot 0.69. (Howard 111990)
LD5O values to mammais in 7400 orl-rat oral exposure,mglkg 3000 orl-mus
(Lewis & Sweet 1984) 1D50 values to mammals in 20000 skn-rbt (Lewis & Sweet 1984) non-oral exposure,mglkg
LCLo values to mammais in 1600 4 hr, ihi-rat (Lewis & Sweet 1984) inhalation exposure, ppm
TCLo values to mammais in 0.44 6 min., ihl-man (Lewis & Sweet 1984) inhalation exposure,mglkg
Health effects Man: repeated exposure to 25—920 ppm: chronic conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, gastritis, gastroduodenitis.
Light irritation of the mucous membrane above 300 ppm.
Severe toxic effects: 4000 ppm=9659 mg/m, 60 min.
Symptoms of illness: 800 ppm=1930 mg/m3, 60 min.
Unsatisfactory:> 400 ppm=965mglm3,60 min.
Estimated minimum Iethal dose by ingestion: 50 ml.
(Verschueren 1983)
Carcinogenicity Carcinogenicity: none (Verschueren 1983).
Mutagenicity Mutagenicity in the salmonella test: none (Verschueren 1983).
Effects on amphibia Mexican axoloth (3—4) w after hatching): 48 hr, LC5O: 20000 mg/I Clawed toad (3—4) w after hatching): 48 hr L050: 24000 mg/I (5100ff & Baerselman 1980).
Maximum Iongterm 120 VDI 2306
immission concentration in air for plants,mq/m3
Maximum Iongterm 50 VDI 2306
immission concentration in air for plants,ppm
Effects on microorganisms Toxicity threshold (ceII multiplication inhibition test):
bacteria (Pseudomonas putida): 1700 mg/I (Bringmann & KOhn 1980a) EC5O values to 16000 Microtox (tarkpea et al. 1986)
microorganism, mg/I 594 6 hrGrowthP. putida (Slabbert 1986) 21000 15 min Microtox (Hermens et al. 1985) 35545 Biodegradation inhibition (Vaishnav 1986)
LOEC values to algae, mg/l 530 rpd, act, Microcystis aeruginosa (Bringmann & Köhn 1976) 7500 rpd, act, Seenedesmus quadricauda (Bringmann & Kuhn 1980a) LC5O values to crustaceans, 12700 48 hr, Daphnia magna
mgII 8800 48 hr, Daphnia pulex
7635 48hr,Daphnia cucullata (Canton &Adema 1978)
16700 96 hr, 10 °C Nitocra spinipes (Linden et al. 1979) 7550 48hr,Asellus aquaticus (3100ff 1983)
6000 48 hr, Gammarus pulex (3100ff 1983)
Environment Guide 71 35
Aceton
LC5O values to fishes, mg/I 5000 24 hr, Carassius auratus (Anon.1975) 6100 24 hr, Salmo trutta (Majewski et aI.1978) 7032 14 d, Poecilia reticulata (Klnemann 1979) 7280—8140 Pimephales promelas (Veith et aL1983)
11000 96 hr, 10 °C,Alburnus aiburnus (Linden et al. 1979) Other information about L0EC 28
mgIl,
rpd, act, Entosiphon sulcatum (Bringmann & Kuhn 1980a).water organlsms
EC50, growth, 10 days, 0.36%, Anabaena cylindrica EC5O, growth, 10 days, 2.75%,Anabaena inaequalis EC5O, growth, 10 days, 0.56%, Anabaena sp.
EC5O, growth, 10 days, 3.69%,Anabaenavariabilis EC5O, growth, 10 days, 4.38%, Nostoc sp.
(Straffon 1987).
LC5O, 48hr,15000 mg/I, Tubificidae
LC5O, 48 hr, 13000 mg/I, Chironomus gr. thummi LC5O, 48 hr, 7000 mg/I, Erpobdella octoculata LC50, 48 hr, 7000 mg!I, Lymnaea stagnalis LC50, 48 hr, 7500 mg/I, Dugesia cf. Iugubris LC5O, 48 hr, 13500 mg/I, Hydra oligactis LC5O, 48
hr,
5000 mg/I, Corixa punctata LC5O, 48hr,6400 mg/I, Ischura elegans LC50, 48hr,10300 mg/I, Nemoura cinerea LC5O, 48 hr, 7600 mg/I, Cloeon dipterum (5100ff 1983)Toxicity threshold (celI multiplication inhibition test):
green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda):7500mg/I protozoa (Entosiphon sulcatum): 28 mg/l
(Bringmann & Klhn 1980a)
14 • Acetonitrile
75-05-8Synonyms Methylcyanide
Ethanenitrile Sumformula of the chemical CH3CN
Use Solvent; manufacture of synthetic pharmaceuticals.
State and appearance Colourless liquid
Odour Threshold Odour Concentration: 68 mg/m3 (39.8 ppm);
detection: 1950 mg/m3 (Verschueren 1983).
Molecular weight 41.05
Specific gravity (water=1) 0.79 at 20/4 °C Vapour density (air=1) 1.42
Conversion factor, 1 .706 mg/m3
1 ppm in air=
Conversion factor, 0.586
1 mg/m3 in air=
Vapour pressure, mmHg 74 20 °C
Melting point, °C -44
Boiling point, C 82
Log octanol/water coefficient, -0.34 (Sangster 1989) log Pow
36
_____________________________________________
Environment Guide71
Acetop Henrys Iaw constant, 2.033 calc. (Yaws et al. 1991)
Pa x m3/mol
Volatilization Relative volatility (nBuAc=1)=4.55 Ready biodegradability Confirmed to be biodegradable (Anon. 1987).
Other information about Biodegradation by mutant microorganisms (Verschueren 1983) degradation -500 mg/l at 20 °C % disruption:
parent: 100% in 9 hr; mutant: 100% in 1.5 hr LD5O values to mammais in 1700—8500 ori-rat
oral exposure, mg!kg 180 orl-gpg
(Verschueren 1983)
3800 rat
177 gpg
(Lewis & Sweet 1984) 1D50 values to mammais in 1250 skn-rbt (Lewis & Sweet 1984) non-oral exposure,mglkg
LC5Ovalues to mammais in 7500 8 hr, ihi-rat Verschueren 1983) inhalation exposure, ppm
LCLo values to mammais in 8000 4 hr, ihi-rat (Lewis & Sweet 1984) inhalation exposure, ppm
TDL0 values to mammais in 570 orl-hmn (Lewis & Sweet 1984) oral exposure, mg/kg
Health effects Man: no specific response: 160 ppm, 4 hr (Verschueren 1983).
Effects on microorganisms Toxicity threshold fceIl multiplication inhibition test):
Bacteria (Pseudomonas putida): 680mgII Protozoa (Uronema parduczi): 5825mgII (Verschueren 1983).
IMEC values to algae, mg/I 520 rpd, act, Microcystis aeruginosa (Bringmann & Kuhn 1976) 7300 rpd, act, Scenedesmus quadricauda (Bringmann & Kuhn 1980a) LC5O values to fishes, mg/I 1000 96 hr, Pimephales promelas
1650 96 hr, Poecilia reticulata (Jones 1971)
Other information about Toxicity threshold fcell multiplication inhibition test):
water organisms green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda):7300mgII protozoa (Entosiphon sulcatum): 1810 mg/l (Bringmann & Kuhn 1980a)
15
•Acetophenone
98-86-2Synonyms Methylphenylketone
Hypnone Acetylbenzene Phenylmethylketone Sumformula ofthechemlcal C$H80
Use Manufacturing source: organic chemical industry: coal processing industry.
Uses and formulation: perfume manufacturing; solvent for synthesis of pharma ceuticals, rubber, chemicals, dyestuffs and corrosion inhibitors; plasticizer man ufacturing; tobacco flavourant; intermediate in synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
Natural sources (water and air): oils of castoreum and Iabdanum resin; buds ot balsam poplar heavyodfraction of coal tar
Manmade sources in gasoline exhaust <01 to 04 ppm
Environment Guide 71 37
Acetop
Colourless Iiquid.
Sweet almond, pleasant.
Ihreshold Odour Concentration: 0.01 mg/m3=2 ppb;
average: 0.17 ppm, range: 0.0039 to 2.02,17 panellists;
absolute perception limit: 0.30 ppm;
50% recognition: 0.60 ppm;
100% recognition: 0.60 ppm;
Odour index: 2183
USSR: human odour perception: 0.01 mg/m3
human reflex response: no response: 0.003 mg/m3 adverse response: 0.007 mg/m3
animal chronic exposure: adverse effect: 0.07 mg/m3 (Verschueren 1983).
Quality: sweet, almond Hedonic tone: pleasant
Threshold odour concentration absolute: 0.30 ppm 50% recognition: 0.60 ppm
100% recognition: 0.60 ppm Odour index 100% recognition: 2183 (Heliman & SmaII 1974).
120.1
(Schwarzenbach & Westall 1981) (Sangster 1989)
exptl (Schwarzenbach &Westall 1981) calcd (Schwarzenbach &Westall 1981) (Sabljic 1987)
Biodegradation:
64.7% by B0D period: 14d substance: 100 mg/l sludge: 30 mg/I (MITI 1992)
Contirmed to be biodegradable (Anon. 1987).
1922 Biodegradation inhibition (Vaishnav 1986) 155 96 hr, Pimephales promelas (Verschueren 1983) 236 96hr,Pimephales promelas (Broderius & KahI 1985) State and appearance
Odour
Molecular weight Specific gravity (water=f) Vapour density (air=1) Conversion tactor, 1 ppm in aw=