• Ei tuloksia

178 • Arsenic trioxide

Synonyms

Sumformula of the chemical Use

Pigments, ceramic enameis, aniline colours, decolonizing agent in glass, insecti cide, rodenticide, herbicide, sheep and cattle dip, hide preservative, wood pre servative, preparation ot other arsenic compounds.

White powder.

ldourless, tasteless.

197.84

Slightly soluble in water, soluble in acids and alkalies, soluble in glycerol.

LDfr=100 mg/kg/day, subacute, deer mouse (Virtanen & Nuuja 1987).

Human carcinogen (Sax & Lewis 1987) 13 orl-ckn (Lewis & Sweet 1984 LDLo 13 mg/kg, idr-ckn (Lewis & Sweet 1984) LDLo 100 mg/kg, idr-pgn (Lewis & Sweet 1984)

LC50, 97.00 mg/I, 48hr, static,Tanytarsys dissimilis (Holcombe et al. 1983) 1 As, 7d, Daphnia magna (Spehar et al. 1980)

Envronment Guide 71

Aspart Effects on the physiology of Channa punctatus; 5 mg/I, 13 days: growth effect fmeasurable change in Iength water organisms and/or weight) (Burton et al. 1987).

Salmo gairdneri, 56 d, 200 jig/g,growtheffect (Gookeil & Fiilton 1988).

Other information about LC5O, 24.50 mg/I, 96hr, static, Aplexa hypnorum (Holcombe et al. 1983).

water organisms

Other information Use of As203, worldwide:

wood preservative 16000 Uyr;

dehydratant for cotton 12000 Uyr;

herbicide 8000 Uyr;

raw material in medicines 5000 Uyr;

glass manufacturing 4000 Uyr;

metal alloys, chemicals in industry 5000 Uyr 50000 tlyr (Chilvers & Peterson 1987).

179

Asparagine

70-47-3

Synonyms 1-Asparagine

2-Aminobutanedioic amide l--Amino-succinamc acd l-3-Asparagine

Sumformula of the chemical NH2COCH2CH(NH2)C00H

Use Biochemical research; preparation of culture media; medicine.

Molecular weight 132.13

Specitic gravity (water=1) 1.543 at 15/4 °C Water solubility, mg/I 24600 at 25 C

866000 atlOO°C Degradation point, °C 235—236 °C

Other information Natural sources; widely distributed in plants and animais, both free and com bined with proteins.

180

Aspartic acid

56-84-8

Synonyms dl-Aspartic acid

2-Aminobutanedioic acid dI-Aminosuccinic acid Asparacemic acid Sumformula ot the chemical COOHCH2CH(NH2)C0OH

Use Biochemical and clinical studies.

Molecular weight 133.1

Specific gravity (water=1) 1.663 at 12/12 °C Water solubilitymg/I 8200 at 25 °C

47900 at 75 °C Degradation point, °C 278—280

mher information Natural source: a naturally occurring nonessential amino acid in young sugar cane and sugarbeet molasses.

Environment Guide 71

________ ______ ______ ______

117

Asui a m

181

Asulam

3337 711acid

2302-17-2*Na

Synonyms Methyl suifaninyicarbamate

Methyi 4-aminobenzenesuifonyicarbamate (CAS 2302-17-2*Na-) Active ingredients Methyi((4-aminophenyl)suifonyi)carbamate*as Na salt;*40%wlv

Use Herbicide.

State and appearance Coiouriess crystais.

Melting point, °C 143—144

Other information about impact on biodegradation processes:

Uegradation Gellulose decomposition, measured as weight ioss of buried coflon cloth, was reduced by 8—38% in treated soil at 16 ppm, after incubation at 19 °C for 8 weeks and by 0—60% in treated sali at 160 ppm.

Experiments using pure cultures ot soil-inhabiting fungi and actinomycetes, some of which were cellulolytic, showed that asulam at 10 ppm had either no, or only a temporary, eftect on growth (Wingfieid 1980).

1D50 values 10 mammais in >5000 ori-rat, potassium salt oral exposure,mglkg 5000 ori-mus, potassium salt

>2000 orl-rbt, potassium salt

>1000 orl-ckn, potassium salt (Anon. 1976, Martin 1968)

Effects on plants The seedlings of celery (Apium graveolens L.), whether germinated directly in asulam or transferred to an asulam solution containing 6 jimol asulam/l —inhi bition ot growth (Waffs & Collin 1979).

LC5O values to fishes, mg/I >5000 96hr, Saima gairdneri lctalutus punctatus Carassius auratus

>3000 Lepomis macrochirus (lngham & Gallo 7975)

5200 24hr, Rasbora heteromorpha (Alabaster 1969)

182

Atrazine

7912-24-9

Synonyms 2-Ethylamino-6-isopropyiamino-4-chloro-1 ,3,5-triazine 2-Chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine Sumformula of the chemical C8H14CIN5

Use Active ingredient in herbicides. Most widely used chemical for pre-emergence weed control in corn. In Hawaii it is important to the culture of sugarcane, pine apple, and macadamia nut.

State and appearance Colourless crystals.

Molecular weight 215.72

Vapour pressure, mmHg 0.0000003 20 °C

Water soiubility, mg/l 70 25 °C

33—45 20 °C

Melting point, C 173—175

pKa 1.68

Log octanol/water coefficient, 2.6 (Anon. 1986)

log Pow 2.68 (Anon. 1988)

2.64 (Anon. 1989) 2.63 (Mackay 1982)

_______________________

Environment Guide 71

Atrazi

Henry’s Iaw constant, 0.00029 (Anon. 7988) Pa x m3/mol

Mobility Equilibrium dstribution:

mass

%

air 0.01

water 93.15 solid 6.84

(Anon. 7988).

Theoretical distribution:

sedim ent and soil 32%;

water 68%

(Nordic 1988).

Photochemical degradation rn Photochemical degradation in UV-Ught (254 nm): in water solution Cl is changed

water with OH group (Esser et al. 1975).

Hydrolysis in water Hydrolysis, pH 5, half-life: 64 d; pH 7—9, half-Iife>200 d (Burkhard & Guth 1981).

Other chemical degradation Hydrolysis: CI breaks away,hydroxy derivatives are formed in sterile soil fEsser

processes et al. 1975).

HaIf-Iife in soil, days 60 (Li et al. 1990) 96—204 (Dawson et al. 1980)

Total degradation in soil 75—700% disappearance from soils in 10 months erschueren 1983).

In submerged soils: in 90 days 0.005% 01 atrazine-1 4C was recovered as 1 4C02 (from ring labeled atnzine).

48% to 85% of atrazine was hydrolyzed in 30 days depending upon soil type.

Chemical hydrolysis of atrazine to hydroxyatrazine is the principal pathway of detoxication in soil. Biological dealkylation without dehalogination occurs simul taneously Ieading to 2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine (Goswami &

Green 1971).

Other information about Aerobic degradation: OECD screening, 28 d, 9%; closed bottle, 28 d, 13%

degradation (Rippen 1988).

In surface water, pH 3.8—8.1,30 d, no degradation (Wolte 1980).

HaIf-Iife ftotal degradation) in 70 years fDawson et al. 1980).

Phytotoxic persistency: 1—3 years (Torstensson 1988).

Anaerobic bacteria eliminates original chemical in<1 day (Jessee et al. 1983).

Hydroxyatrazine is the main product ot chemical hydrolysis in soil (Goswami & Green 1971).

Bioconcentration tactor, 3—10 1sh (Verschueren 1983) fishes

2.8 fish (Gunkel & Streit 1980) 3—40 fish (Rudoph & Boje 1988) Bioconcentration tactor, 3.7 mollusc (Gunkel & Streit 1980) mollusca

Bioconcentration factor, algae 10—83 algae (Verschueren 1983) Bioconcentration factor, other 2—15 snails (Verschueren 1983) organisms

Other information about No biomagnification in a model ecosystem (Klaasen & Kadoum 1979).

bioaccumulation

Environment Guide 71

Atrazi

Mutagenicity Teratogenicity Effects on plants

1500 ori-rat

750 orl-rbt

(Lewis & Sweet 1984) 3080 orl-rat

1750 orl-mus

(Martin 1968) ori-rat (Rippen 1988) skn-rbt (Lewis & Sweet 1984) skn-rbt (Martin 1968)

4 hr, ihi-rat (Lewis & Sweet 1984)

In diet: when fed for 2 years to rats at dietary leveis of 100 and 1000 ppm, no effect was observed (Martin 1968).

NOEL, 28 d,<30 mg/kg, on, rat (Rippen 1988).

No embryotoxic eftect,1000 mg/kg inbirth(Rippen 1988).

Negative Ames test and DNA reparation test (Rippen 1988).

Teratogenic effect in fish (Birge et al. 1981).

0.1 mg atrazine/kg soil decreased oat biomass weight by 27.5%. The phytotoxic limiting concentration of atrazine was established as 0.01 mg/kg (Ladonin &

Lunev 1983).

Lamb’s -quarters (Chenopodium aibum) were killed completely when atrazine was applied with a sprayer at 1.12kg/haas preplant incorporation or preemer genee or postemergence (Bandeen & McLaren 1976).

Avena sativa, EC50, 0.001 mg/kg,TS substrate (Rudoph & Boje 1988).

Bactenia: Pseudomonas putida: inhibition ot cell mutipIication starts at

>10 mgIl (Bningmann & Kuhn 1976).

0.11 0.1

96hr, grw, Scenedesmus subspicatus (Geyer et al. 1985) rpd, pho, schr, Chlorococcum sp.

Isochrysis gaibana (Bningmann & Kuhn 1976) 0.04d, oxygen production 0.04d, oxygen production 0.04d, oxygen production Cyclotella meneghiniana (MiIIie & Hersh 1987) Chlorella (Rippen 1988) Scenedesmus (Böhm 1977)

Microcystis aeruginosa (Bningmann & Köhn 1976) 48hr, Daphnia magna (Kenaga 1979)

act, Daphnia pulex (Nishiuchi & Hashimoto 1967) 36hr, Procambarus (Rippen 1988)

2d, Daphnia magna (Marchini et al. 1988) 0.22 rpd, schr, Daphnia magna (Macek et al. 1976b) LD50 values to mammais in

oral exposure, mglkg

LD5O values to mammais in non-oral exposure, mglkg LC5O values to mammais in inhalation exposure, mg/m3 Other information about mammais

840—880 7500 7500 5200

Effects on microorganisms EC5Ovalues to algae, mg/I

LOEC values to algae, mg/I

LC5O values to crustaceans,

mg/I

EC5O values to crustaceans, mg/I

NOEC values to crustaceans, mg/l

Environment Guide 71

Atrazi

LC5O values to tishes,mgR 0.87 96 hr, Saima gairdneri

0.92 23 days, Saima gairdneri (embryo) 0.22—0.34 Ictaiurus punctatus

(Birge et al. 1979) 5.4—8.4 2 yr, Lepomis macrachirus 71—20 1

yr,

Pimephaies promelas 4.5—8.8 Saima gairdneri

76—100 96hr,Cyprinus carpio 16 96 hr, Lepomis macrachirus 4.0—6.0 1 .5yr, Saimo trulla

(Macek et al. 1976b)

15 96hr, Lepomis macrochirus (Klaassen & Kadoum 1979)

>10 48hr, Cyprinus carpio (Nishiuchi & Hashimoto 1967) 26 act, Lepomis macrochirus

12.6 act, Saima gairdneri (Kenaga 1979)

LDEC values to fishes,mgIi 0.12 Saima trutta (Macek et ai. 1 976b) 0.16 28d, fish (Rudoph & Boje 1988) NOEC values to tishes, mg!I 0.065 grw, schr, Saima trutta

0.23 Pimephaies prameias (Macek et al. 1976b) 0.054—0.28 Careganus,

grw

(Gunkei 1981)

Effects on the physiology of Aigae; 0.018mgli,12 days; papuiatian growth effect (change in ceii number af water organisms aigae species inciuding pre-expanentiai iag rate eftects) (Hamiitan et ai. 1987).

Phaeodactyium tricarnutum: 0.015 mg/i, 7 days; grawth effect(measurabie change in iength and/or weight) (Mayasich et ai. 1987).

Effect on rate of caianization:

Aigae, 12 d, 0.024—0.134 mg/i fKrieger et ai. 1988);

aquatic cammunity, 3—21 d, 0.0032 mg/i fPratt et ai. 1988);

Pratazaa, 3—21 d, 0.0032 mg/i (Pratt et ai. 1988).

Chiamydomanas reinhardtii:

1—2 ii, 0.216 mg/I, iethai effect;

1—2 d, 0.0216 mg/i, change in ceii number (Hersh & Crumpton 1987).

Lepamis macrachirus, 136 d, 0.020 mg/i, effect on faad consumptian rate and reproduction (Keffie et ai. 1987).

Oflier intormation about Algae: Microcystis aeruginasa: inhibition af ceii muitipiicatian starts at 0.003 water organisms mg/i (Bringmann & Klhn 1976).

Aigae:

Chiaracaccum sp. (technicai acid): 100 ppb:

50% decrease in 02 evoiution

50% decrease in growth; measured as ABS (525 mu) after 10 days Dunalleiia tertiaiecta (technical acid): 300 ppb:

50% decrease in 02 evaiution

50% decrease in grawth; measured as ABS (525 mu) after 10 days Isochrysis gaibana (technicai acid): 100 ppb:

50% decrease in 02 evaiution

50% decrease in grawth; measured as ABS (525 mu) after 70 days Phaeadactyium tricornutum (technical acid): 100 ppb:

50% decrease in 02 evoiution

Environment Guide 71

Atrazi

345.4

1.284 at 20/4 °C 0.0000002 20 °C 53

111 atl.00l mmHg

7 ori-rat (Lewis & Sweet 1984) 17.5 ori-rat, male

12.5 ori-rat, female (Martin 1968)

250 skn-rat (Lewis & Sweet) 250 skn-rat, 2hr

>7.5 ipr-rat (Martin 1968)

34 orl-ckn (Lewis & Sweet 1984) 0.0032 48 hr, Daphnia pulex

0.004 48 hr, Simocephalus serrulatus (Frear et al. 1967)

0.019 96 hr, Salmo gairdneri (Verschueren 1983)

184

Azinphos-methyl

86-50-0

Synonyms

Sumformula of the chemical Products containing the chemical

Use

State and appearance Odour

Particle size, mm

Molecular weight Specificgravity(water=1)

0,0-Dimethyl-S-((4-oxo-1 ,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-yI)methyl) phosphorodithioate Cl OHi 2N303PS2

Gusation-ruiskutejauhe*azinphos-methyl 250 g/kg

Active ingredient in insecticides; acaricide; cholinesterase inhibitor.

Brown waxy solid.

Odour threshold: Uetection: 0.0002 mg/kg water (Sigworth 1964).

0.004 refuse to the sieve: 6%

0.1 refuse to the sieve: 0.1%

(Gusation,PESREG) 317.34

1.44 at2O/4°C Other information