8.3 Työn heikkoudet ja jatkotutkimus
8.3.2 Tarve jatkotutkimukselle
Jatkotutkimustarpeet liittyvät työssä tunnistettuihin akkujen käyttöönottoon liit-tyviin haasteisiin ja eri alueiden energiamarkkinoiden eroavaisuuksiin. Lisää tietoa tarvitaan siitä, miten akkuja voidaan käyttää mahdollisimman tehokkaasti useissa sovelluksissa ilman, että yksittäinen käyttökohde kärsii. Lisäksi akkujen käyttö pitäisi voida optimoida niin, että sitä käytetään kullakin ajanhetkellä siihen tarkoitukseen, mistä sillä saadaan suurin hyöty.
Lisää tutkimustietoa tarvitaan myös siitä, miten 2nd life akut soveltuvat suuriin käyttökohteisiin. Epävarmuudet 2nd life akkujen suorituskyvystä tai jäljellä olevas-ta elinkaaresolevas-ta eivät kannusolevas-ta käyttämään niitä suurissa teollisuusakuissa, mutolevas-ta jos näitä epävarmuuksia saataisiin vähennettyä, olisivat nämä akut houkutteleva vaihtoehto edullisemman hintansa puolesta.
Tämän työn kirjallisuuskatsaus tarkasteli akuista saatavia hyötyjä ja niiden hait-toja hyvin erilaisissa ympäristöissä ja energiamarkkinoissa. Jotta saadaan parempaa tietoa akkujen hyödyistä ja haitoista juuri Suomen energiamarkkinoilla, tarvitaan lisää tutkimusta siitä, miten akkuja voisi parhaiten hyödyntää Suomessa, ja toisaalta millaisia rajoitteita paikallinen energiamarkkina ja lainsäädäntö akkujen käytölle asettaa.
Viitteet
Akkurate (2021). Viitattu: 27.4.2021.
URL: https://www.akkurate.fi/
Akkuser (2021), ‘Korkeakobolttisen Li-ion akun kierrätys’. Viitattu: 27.4.2021.
URL: https://www.akkuser.fi/kasittelynkuvaus/korkeakobolttinen-li-ion-akku/
Albertus, P., Manser, J. S. & Litzelman, S. (2020), ‘Long-duration electricity storage applications, economics, and technologies’, Joule 4(1), 21–32.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435119305392 Battke, B., Schmidt, T. S., Grosspietsch, D. & Hoffmann, V. H. (2013), ‘A review
and probabilistic model of lifecycle costs of stationary batteries in multiple applications’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 25, 240–250.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211300275X Baumgarte, F., Glenk, G. & Rieger, A. (2020), ‘Business models and profitability of
energy storage’, iScience23(10), 101554.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S258900422030746X Berckmans, G., Messagie, M., Smekens, J., Omar, N., Vanhaverbeke, L. &
Van Mierlo, J. (2017), ‘Cost projection of state of the art lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles up to 2030’, Energies 10(9).
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/9/1314
Bernhart, W. (2019), Future Lithium-ion Batteries, the Royal Society of Chemistry.
Berrada, A., Loudiyi, K. & Zorkani, I. (2017), ‘Profitability, risk, and financial modeling of energy storage in residential and large scale applications’, Energy 119, 94–109.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544216318722 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2019). Viitattu: 12.4.2021.
URL: https://about.bnef.com/blog/battery-pack-prices-fall-as-market-ramps-up-with-market-average-at-156-kwh-in-2019/
Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2020). Viitattu: 24.6.2021.
URL: https://about.bnef.com/blog/battery-pack-prices-cited-below-100-kwh-for-the-first-time-in-2020-while-market-average-sits-at-137-kwh/
Borlaug, B., Salisbury, S., Gerdes, M. & Muratori, M. (2020), ‘Levelized cost of charging electric vehicles in the united states’, Joule 4(7), 1470–1485.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2542435120302312 Bradbury, K., Pratson, L. & Patiño-Echeverri, D. (2014), ‘Economic viability of
energy storage systems based on price arbitrage potential in real-time u.s.
electricity markets’, Applied Energy 114, 512–519.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261913008301
66
Brulhart, F., Gherra, S. & Quelin, B. V. (2019), ‘Do stakeholder orientation and environmental proactivity impact firm profitability?’, Journal of Business Ethics 158, 25–46.
Business Finland (2019), ‘Batteries From Finland Final report’.
URL: https://www.businessfinland.fi/49cbd0/globalassets/finnish-customers/02- build-your-network/bioeconomy--cleantech/batteries-from-finland/batteries-from-finland-report_final_62019.pdf
Campana, P. E., Cioccolanti, L., François, B., Jurasz, J., Zhang, Y., Varini, M., Stridh, B. & Yan, J. (2021), ‘Li-ion batteries for peak shaving, price arbitrage, and photovoltaic self-consumption in commercial buildings: A monte carlo analysis’, Energy Conversion and Management234, 113889.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890421000662 CarAdvice (2020). Viitattu: 26.4.2021.
URL: https://www.caradvice.com.au/859099/electric-car-battery-warranty/
Casals, L. C., Amante García, B. & Canal, C. (2019), ‘Second life batteries lifespan:
Rest of useful life and environmental analysis’, Journal of Environmental Management 232, 354–363.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479718313124 Cerdas, F., Andrew, S., Thiede, S. & Herrmann, C. (2018),Recycling of lithium-ion
batteries, Springer.
Chagnes, A. & Światowska, J. (2015),Lithium Process Chemistry: Resources, Extraction, Batteries and Recycling, Elsevier, ProQuest Ebook Central.
Christophe Pillot (2017), ‘Lithium ion battery raw material Supply & demand 2016-2025’.
URL: http://cii-resource.com/cet/AABE-03-17/Presentations/BRMT/Pillot_Christophe.pdf
Coignard, J., MacDougall, P., Stadtmueller, F. & Vrettos, E. (2019), ‘Will electric vehicles drive distribution grid upgrades?: The case of california’, IEEE
Electrification Magazine 7(2), 46–56.
Council directive 2018/410 (2018), ‘Council directive 2018/410 amending directive 2003/87/ec to enhance cost-effective emission reductions and low-carbon
investments, and decision (eu) 2015/1814’, Official Journal of the European Union L76, 3–27.
URL:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L0410from=EN Daily Finland (2021). Viitattu: 19.4.2021.
URL: http://www.dailyfinland.fi/business/21177/Nornickel-expands-nickel-production-to-meet-European-demand
Datta, U., Kalam, A. & Shi, J. (2019), ‘The relevance of large-scale battery energy storage (bes) application in providing primary frequency control with increased wind energy penetration’, Journal of Energy Storage 23, 9–18.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X1830759X Dehaine, Q., Michaux, S. P., Pokki, J., Kivinen, M. & Butcher, A. R. (2020),
‘Battery minerals from Finland: Improving the supply chain for the EU battery industry using a geometallurgical approach’, European Geologist49, 5–11.
Dirks, J. A., Gorrissen, W. J., Hathaway, J. H., Skorski, D. C., Scott, M. J., Pulsipher, T. C., Huang, M., Liu, Y. & Rice, J. S. (2015), ‘Impacts of climate change on energy consumption and peak demand in buildings: A detailed regional approach’,Energy 79, 20–32.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544214010469 Ember (2021), ‘EU ETS carbon market price’. Viitattu: 19.5.2021.
URL: https://ember-climate.org/data/carbon-price-viewer/
Emilsson, E. & Dahllöf, L. (2019), ‘Lithium-Ion Vehicle Battery Production’. Report number C 444.
Energiateollisuus (2021), ‘Energy Year 2020 Elecricity’. Viitattu: 22.6.2021.
URL: https://energia.fi/files/4381/Electricity_Year_2020.pdf
Energiavirasto (2021), ‘Sähkön hinta pähkinänkuoressa’. Viitattu: 9.7.2021.
URL: https://energia.fi/files/624/Sahkon_hinta_-esite.pdf EU (2006), ‘Direktiivi 2006/66/EY’.
URL:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/FI/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006L0066from=fi
European Committee (2020), ‘Proposal for a Regulation on batteries and waste batteries’.
URL:
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/pdf/waste/batteries/Proposal_for_a_Regulation _on_batteries_and_waste_batteries.pdf
Fingrid Oyj (2020a). Viitattu: 27.4.2021.
URL: https://www.fingridlehti.fi/en/biggest-battery-storage-in-nordics/d26f9b58 Fingrid Oyj (2020b), ‘Nordic TSOs: 15 minutes balancing period from 22 May 2023’.
Viitattu: 15.6.2021.
URL: https://www.fingrid.fi/en/pages/news/news/2020/nordic-tsos-15-minutes-balancing-period-from-22-may-2023/
Fingrid Oyj (2021a), ‘Aurinkovoima’. Viitattu: 7.7.2021.
URL:
https://www.fingrid.fi/sahkomarkkinat/sahkomarkkinainformaatio/aurinkovoima/
68
Fingrid Oyj (2021b), ‘Reserves and balancing power’. Viitattu: 21.6.2021.
URL:
https://www.fingrid.fi/en/electricity-market/reserves_and_balancing/#reserve-products
Finnish Wind Power Association (2020), ‘About wind power in Finland’. Viitattu:
22.6.2021.
URL: https://tuulivoimayhdistys.fi/en/wind-power-in-finland-2/wind-power-in-finland/about-wind-power-in-finland
Fleer, J. & Stenzel, P. (2016), ‘Impact analysis of different operation strategies for battery energy storage systems providing primary control reserve’, Journal of Energy Storage 8, 320–338.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X16300123 Fleer, J., Zurmühlen, S., Meyer, J., Badeda, J., Stenzel, P., Hake, J.-F. & Sauer,
D. U. (2018), ‘Techno-economic evaluation of battery energy storage systems on the primary control reserve market under consideration of price trends and bidding strategies’, Journal of Energy Storage17, 345–356.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X17304218 Fong, G., Moreira, R. & Strbac, G. (2017), Economic analysis of energy storage
business models, in ‘2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech’, pp. 1–6.
Fortum Oyj (2020), ‘Sustainability and demand for electric cars to improve with Fortum’s new recycling technology for lithium recovery’. Viitattu: 27.4.2021.
URL: https://www.fortum.com/media/2020/11/sustainability-and-demand-electric-cars-improve-fortums-new-recycling-technology-lithium-recovery
Fortum Oyj (2021), ‘Fortum expands its EV battery recycling operations with a new mechanical processing plant in Finland’. Viitattu: 27.4.2021.
URL: https://www.fortum.com/media/2021/01/fortum-expands-its-ev-battery-recycling-operations-new-mechanical-processing-plant-finland
Gomes, C. M., Kneipp, J. M., Kruglianskas, I., da Rosa, L. A. B. & Bichueti, R. S.
(2014), ‘Management for sustainability in companies of the mining sector:
an analysis of the main factors related with the business performance’, Journal of Cleaner Production 84, 84–93. Special Volume: The sustainability agenda of the
minerals and energy supply and demand network: an integrative analysis of ecological, ethical, economic, and technological dimensions.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652613005702 Google (2021), ‘Four consecutive years of 100% renewable energy—and what’s next’.
Viitattu: 30.7.2021.
URL: https://cloud.google.com/blog/topics/sustainability/google-achieves-four-consecutive-years-of-100-percent-renewable-energy
Grosu, V., Cosmulese, C. G. & Prindii, S. I. (2019), ‘Impact on brand investments and the success of the company’, Ecoforum 8.
Grünewald, P. H., Cockerill, T. T., Contestabile, M. & Pearson, P. J. (2012), ‘The socio-technical transition of distributed electricity storage into future
networks—system value and stakeholder views’, Energy Policy 50, 449–457.
Special Section: Past and Prospective Energy Transitions - Insights from History.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512006337 Hans Eric Mellin (2018), ‘The lithium-ion battery end-of-life market – A baseline
study’. Circular Energy Storage.
Helen Sähköverkko (2021), ‘Sähkön verkkopalveluhinnasto’. Viitattu: 19.5.2021.
URL: https://www.helensahkoverkko.fi/globalassets/hinnastot-ja-sopimusehdot/hsv/verkkopalvelumaksu.pdf
Hesse, H. C., Schimpe, M., Kucevic, D. & Jossen, A. (2017), ‘Lithium-ion battery storage for the grid—a review of stationary battery storage system design tailored for applications in modern power grids’, Energies 10(12).
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/12/2107
Horiba, T. (2014), ‘Lithium-Ion Battery Systems’,Proceedings of the IEEE 102(6), 939–950.
IEA (2021), ‘Global ev outlook 2021’. Viitattu: 3.9.2021.
URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2021/trends-and-developments-in-electric-vehicle-markets
Jankowiak, C., Zacharopoulos, A., Brandoni, C., Keatley, P., MacArtain, P. &
Hewitt, N. (2020), ‘Assessing the benefits of decentralised residential batteries for load peak shaving’, Journal of Energy Storage 32, 101779.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X20316169 Jülch, V. (2016), ‘Comparison of electricity storage options using levelized cost of
storage (lcos) method’, Applied Energy 183, 1594–1606.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261916312740 Kamath, D., Arsenault, R., Kim, H. C. & Anctil, A. (2020), ‘Economic and
Environmental Feasibility of Second-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries as Fast-Charging Energy Storage’, Environmental Science & Technology 54(11), 6878–6887. PMID:
32343124.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b05883 Keliber (2021). Viitattu: 19.4.2021.
URL: https://www.keliber.fi/en/news/news-releases-and-publications/3F3EF8D0A1C49F32/
Kempower (2021), ‘Winter Car Test 2021 in Lapland – Mobile “Mr. T” boasts 40 kW power output for fast-charging test cars’. Viitattu: 13.8.2021.
URL: https://kempower.com/information-center/news/winter-car-test-2021-in-lapland-mobile-mr-t-boasts-40-kw-power-output-for-fast-charging-test-cars/
70
Kirby, B. J., Dyer, J., Martinez, C., Guttromson, R., Dagle, J. & Shoureshi, R. A.
(2002), ‘Frequency Control Concerns In The North American Electric Power System’. Viitattu: 6.7.2021.
URL: https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub57419.pdf
Kushnir, D. (2015), ‘Lithium Ion Battery Recycling Technology 2015: Current State and Future Prospects’, Environmental Systems Analysis. Chalmers University, Göteborg, Sweden . ESA REPORT # 2015:18.
Lai, C. S. & Locatelli, G. (2021), ‘Economic and financial appraisal of novel large-scale energy storage technologies’, Energy214, 118954.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544220320612 Lombardi, P. & Schwabe, F. (2017), ‘Sharing economy as a new business model for
energy storage systems’, Applied Energy 188, 485–496.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261916317809 Luo, X., Wang, J., Dooner, M. & Clarke, J. (2015), ‘Overview of current
development in electrical energy storage technologies and the application potential in power system operation’, Applied Energy 137, 511–536.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914010290 Maeyaert, L., Vandevelde, L. & Döring, T. (2020), ‘Battery storage for ancillary
services in smart distribution grids’, Journal of Energy Storage 30, 101524.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X19310898 Mair, J., Suomalainen, K., Eyers, D. M. & Jack, M. W. (2021), ‘Sizing domestic
batteries for load smoothing and peak shaving based on real-world demand data’, Energy and Buildings 247, 111109.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778821003935 Malhotra, A., Battke, B., Beuse, M., Stephan, A. & Schmidt, T. (2016), ‘Use cases
for stationary battery technologies: A review of the literature and existing projects’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 56, 705–721.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115013520 Mike Valente (2018), ‘5 Business Strategies for Sustainability’.
URL: https://www.organizingforsustainability.com/resources
Müller, S. C. & Welpe, I. M. (2018), ‘Sharing electricity storage at the community level: An empirical analysis of potential business models and barriers’, Energy Policy 118, 492–503.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518301952 Naidoo, M. & Gasparatos, A. (2018), ‘Corporate environmental sustainability in the
retail sector: Drivers, strategies and performance measurement’, Journal of Cleaner Production 203, 125–142.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652618326040
Naumann, M., Karl, R. C., Truong, C. N., Jossen, A. & Hesse, H. C. (2015),
‘Lithium-ion battery cost analysis in pv-household application’, Energy Procedia 73, 37–47. 9th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, IRES 2015.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610215013235 Nelson, P. A., Gallagher, K. G., Bloom, I. D. & Dees, D. W. (2012), ‘Modeling the
performance and cost of lithium-ion batteries for electric-drive vehicles - second edition’.
URL: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1209682
Neubauer, J. & Pesaran, A. (2011), ‘The ability of battery second use strategies to impact plug-in electric vehicle prices and serve utility energy storage applications’, Journal of Power Sources196(23), 10351–10358.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775311012377 Pagliaro, M. & Meneguzzo, F. (2019), ‘Lithium battery reusing and recycling: A
circular economy insight’, Heliyon 5(6), e01866.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844019347012 Pellow, M. A., Ambrose, H., Mulvaney, D., Betita, R. & Shaw, S. (2020), ‘Research
gaps in environmental life cycle assessments of lithium ion batteries for grid-scale stationary energy storage systems: End-of-life options and other issues’,
Sustainable Materials and Technologies 23, e00120.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214993718302318 Penz, E. & Polsa, P. (2018), ‘How do companies reduce their carbon footprint and
how do they communicate these measures to stakeholders?’, Journal of Cleaner Production 195, 1125–1138.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652618316160 Peters, J. F., Baumann, M., Zimmermann, B., Braun, J. & Weil, M. (2017), ‘The
environmental impact of li-ion batteries and the role of key parameters – a review’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67, 491–506.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116304713 Petkov, I., Gabrielli, P. & Spokaite, M. (2021), ‘The impact of urban district
composition on storage technology reliance: trade-offs between thermal storage, batteries, and power-to-hydrogen’, Energy 224, 120102.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544221003510 Pinegar, H. & Smith, Y. R. (2019a), ‘Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium Ion Batteries,
Part I: Commercial Processes’, Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 5, 402–416.
URL: https://doi-org.libproxy.aalto.fi/10.1007/s40831-019-00235-9
Pinegar, H. & Smith, Y. R. (2019b), ‘Recycling of End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries, Part II: Laboratory-Scale Research Developments in Mechanical, Thermal, and Leaching Treatments’, Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy6, 142–160.
URL: https://doi-org.libproxy.aalto.fi/10.1007/s40831-020-00265-8
72
Popular Mechanics (2020), ‘It’s Official: Solar Is the Cheapest Electricity in History’.
URL: https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a34372005/solar-cheapest-energy-ever/
Rahmann, C., Mac-Clure, B., Vittal, V. & Valencia, F. (2017), ‘Break-even points of battery energy storage systems for peak shaving applications’, Energies10(7).
URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/7/833
Richa, K., Babbitt, C. W., Gaustad, G. & Wang, X. (2014), ‘A future perspective on lithium-ion battery waste flows from electric vehicles’, Resources, Conservation and Recycling83, 63–76.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092134491300253X Robert, F. C., Sisodia, G. S. & Gopalan, S. (2018), ‘A critical review on the
utilization of storage and demand response for the implementation of renewable energy microgrids’, Sustainable Cities and Society 40, 735–745.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670717307084 Romare, M. & Dahllöf, L. (2017), ‘The Life Cycle Energy Consumption and
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Lithium-Ion Batteries’. Report number C 243.
Roulston, K. (2017), ‘Qualitative interviewing and epistemics’,Qualitative Research 18, 322–341.
Rowley, J. (2012), ‘Conducting research interviews’,Management Research Review 35(3/4), 260–271.
Ruiz, V. (2018), ‘Standards for the performance and durability assessment of electric vehicle batteries - Possible performance criteria for an Ecodesign Regulation’, Publications Office of the European Union .
Römer, B., Reichhart, P., Kranz, J. & Picot, A. (2012), ‘The role of smart metering and decentralized electricity storage for smart grids: The importance of positive externalities’, Energy Policy50, 486–495. Special Section: Past and Prospective Energy Transitions - Insights from History.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512006416 Sandvik (2021), ‘Sandvik partners with pretivm for brucejack mine battery-electric
trucks’. Viitattu: 13.8.2021.
URL: https://www.rocktechnology.sandvik/en/news-and-media/news- archive/2021/06/sandvik-partners-with-pretivm-for-brucejack-mine-battery-electric-trucks/
Schneider, S. F., Novák, P. & Kober, T. (2021), ‘Rechargeable batteries for simultaneous demand peak shaving and price arbitrage business’,IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 12(1), 148–157.
Secchi, M. & Barchi, G. (2019), Peer-to-peer electricity sharing: maximising pv self-consumption through bess control strategies, in ‘2019 IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and 2019 IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I CPS Europe)’, pp. 1–6.
Shevyreva, N. Y., Shevyrev, Y. V. & Pichuyev, A. V. (2020), Electricity quality assurance in open-pit mining: Considerations of today, in ‘2020 International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM)’, pp. 1–5.
Sinebrychoff (2021). Viitattu: 26.4.2021.
URL: https://www.sinebrychoff.fi/newsroom/suomeen-lisaa-uusiutuvaa-energiaa-ja-vahemman-hiilipohjaista-varavoimaa/
Sony Corporation (1991). Viitattu: 21.4.2021.
URL: https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive /200412/04-060E/
Stubbs, W., Higgins, C. & Milne, M. (2013), ‘Why do companies not produce sustainability reports?’, Business Strategy and the Environment22(7), 456–470.
URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bse.1756
Sun, X., Hao, H., Hartmann, P., Liu, Z. & Zhao, F. (2019), ‘Supply risks of
lithium-ion battery materials: An entire supply chain estimation’, Materials Today Energy 14, 100347.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468606919302035 Sun, Y., Gu, W., Lu, J. & Yang, Z. (2015), Fuzzy clustering algorithm-based
classification of daily electrical load patterns, in ‘2015 12th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD)’, pp. 50–54.
Suomen Malmijalostus Oy (2020), ‘Vuosiraportti’.
URL: file:///C:/Users/ertsi/Downloads/suomen-malmijalostus-oy_vuosiraportti-2020-eng-final.pdf
Tekniikka & Talous (2021), ‘Akkukonsortio sai lähes Business Finlandilta lähes 11 miljoonan euron rahoituksen – tavoitteena jopa miljardin euron akkutoimiala Suomeen’. Viitattu: 10.6.2021.
URL: https://www.tekniikkatalous.fi/uutiset/akkukonsortio-sai-lahes-business- finlandilta-lahes-11-miljoonan-euron-rahoituksen-tavoitteena-jopa-miljardin-euron-akkutoimiala-suomeen/91a342b7-b161-4daa-b14e-cf94a2174476 Terrafame (2020). Viitattu: 19.4.2021.
URL: https://www.terrafame.com/news-from-the-mine/news/2020/08/terrafame-
is-preparing-for-the-commissioning-of-the-battery-chemicals-plant-by-strengthening-its-commercial-organisation.html
74
Terrafame (2021), ‘Terrafamen akkukemikaalitehtaan tuotannon ylösajo on käynnistynyt’. Viitattu: 28.6.2021.
URL: https://www.terrafame.fi/ajankohtaista/uutiset/2021/06/terrafamen-akkukemikaalitehtaan-tuotannon-ylosajo-on-kaynnistynyt.html
The Business Research Company (2018), ‘Batteries Manufacturing Market Global Briefing’. Viitattu: 12.4.2021.
URL: https://www.marketresearch.com/Business-Research-Company-v4006/Batteries-Manufacturing-Global-Briefing-Primary-11369553/
The European Battery Alliance (2017). Viitattu: 31.3.2021.
URL: https://www.eba250.com/about-eba250/
Tilastokeskus (2019), ‘Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT): Kasvihuonekaasut’. Viitattu:
15.3.2021.
URL: http://www.stat.fi/til/khki/2019/khki_2019_2020-05-28_kat_001_fi.html Tronchin, L., Manfren, M. & Nastasi, B. (2018), ‘Energy efficiency, demand side
management and energy storage technologies – a critical analysis of possible paths of integration in the built environment’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 95, 341–353.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211830501X Turvallisuus- ja kemikaalivirasto (2021). Viitattu: 20.4.2021.
URL: https://tukes.fi/litiumioniakkujen-elinkaariakkukemikaalien-valmistus-ja-varastointi
Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriö (2016), ‘Vastuullisuusraportointi’. Viitattu: 3.6.2021.
URL: https://tem.fi/vastuullisuusraportointi
Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriö (2021), ‘Kansallinen akkustrategia 2025’.
URL:
https://julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/162684/TEM_2021_2.
pdf?sequence=1isAllowed=y
Valmet Automotive (2020), ‘Valmet Automotive expands production capacity of battery packs in Salo’. Viitattu: 21.4.2021.
URL: https://www.valmet-automotive.com/media/news/valmet-automotive-expands-production-capacity-of-battery-packs-in-salo/
Vinois, J. (2012),DG ENER Working Paper: the future role and challenges of Energy Storage, European Commission, Director-General for Energy, European Commission Directorate-General For Energy.
Väyrynen, A. & Salminen, J. (2012), ‘Lithium ion battery production’, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics46, 80–85. Thermodynamics of Sustainable
Processes.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021961411003090
Zakeri, B. & Syri, S. (2014), Economy of electricity storage in the nordic electricity market: The case for finland, in ‘11th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM14)’, pp. 1–6.
Zhu, W. H., Zhu, Y., Davis, Z. & Tatarchuk, B. J. (2013), ‘Energy efficiency and capacity retention of ni–mh batteries for storage applications’, Applied Energy 106, 307–313.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261912009075 Zubi, G., Dufo-López, R., Carvalho, M. & Pasaoglu, G. (2018), ‘The lithium-ion
battery: State of the art and future perspectives’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 89, 292–308.
URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032118300728
76
A Haastattelurunko
Haastattelussa kysyttiin seuraavat kysymykset:
• Mitä ajatuksia teillä herää sähkövarastoista tai litiumioniakuista?
• Onko teillä toiminnassanne käytössä sähkövarastoja?
Jos asiakkaalla oli käytössä sähkövarastoja, kysyttiin seuraavat lisäkysymykset:
• Millaisia sähkövarastoja teillä on käytössänne?
• Millaisiin toiminteisiin käytätte sähkövarastoja?
• Millaisia hyötyjä saavutatte akuilla, mittaatteko näitä jotenkin?
Jos asiakkaalla oli käytössään litiumioniakkuja, kysyttiin lisäksi seuraava kysymys:
• Koituuko teille haittaa vanhojen akkujen käytöstäpoistamisesta? Oletteko miettineet akkujen exit-strategia?
• Koituuko teille haittaa vanhojen akkujen käytöstäpoistamisesta? Oletteko miettineet akkujen exit-strategia?