Nekka - keraaminen esinesarja nenähuuhteluun, esteettisyyden huomioiminen käyttöesineen suunnittelussa

Nekka -Keraaminen esinesarja nenähuuhteluun

Jenni Ritola Taiteen maisterin opinnäyte Taideteollisen muotoilun maisteriohjelma Muotoilun laitos ĂůƚŽͲLJůŝŽƉŝƐƚŽŶƚĂŝƚĞŝĚĞŶũĂƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵŶŬŽƌŬĞĂŬŽƵůƵ 2015

ƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJĚĞŶŚƵŽŵŝŽŝŵŝŶĞŶŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƐƐĂ

Aalto-yliopisto, PL 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Taiteen maisterin opinnäytteen tiivistelmä

Tekijä Jenni Ritola

Työn nimi Nekka –keraaminen esinesarja nenähuuhteluun, esteettisyyden huomioiminen käyt- töesineen suunnittelussa

Laitos Muotoilu

Koulutusohjelma Taideteollisen muotoilun maisteriohjelma

Vuosi 2015 Sivumäärä 62 Kieli suomi

Tiivistelmä

Opinnäytteeni on produktiivinen muotoiluluprojekti, jossa suunnittelen ja valmistan keraamisen esinesarjan nenähuuhteluun. Esinesuunnittelun kautta tutkin muotoillun käyttöesineen esteetti- syyttä ja sen osallisuutta esineen arvon muodostumiseen. Kirjallisessa työssäni tutkimusosuus limittyy produktion kuvauksen kanssa tukien esineiden muotoiluprosessia.

Suunnitteluprosessin ohessa pohdin lähdekirjallisuutta apuna käyttäen, mistä käyttöesineen ar- vo ja merkityksellisyys muodostuvat. Tutkin millainen on ominaisuuksiltaan esteettinen käyttö- esine ja miten esteettisyys vaikuttaa esineiden ja ympäristön kokemiseen ja tätä kautta arkiseen elämäämme. Tekstissä esitän myös omia näkemyksiäni esineiden esteettisyyden merkityksestä ja esineiden arvostamisesta, sekä motivaationi keraamisen nenähuuhtelukannun suunnitteluprojek- tille. Esittelen nenähuuhtelun henkilökohtaisen hygienian käytäntönä sekä hoitokeinona ja eritte- len joidenkin nenäkannun erityisominaisuuksien merkitystä esteettiselle käyttökokemukselle.

Tutkivan suunnitteluprojektin kautta toivon parantavani omaa tietoisuuttani esineiden arvon ja merkityksellisyyden muodostumisesta käyttäjälle, sekä käyttöesineiden esteettisestä kokemisesta.

Työn yhtenä tavoitteena on oppia huomioimaan esteettisyyteen vaikuttavia piirteitä entistä pa- remmin käyttöesineiden suunnittelutyössä.

Opinnäytteessäni suunnittelen ja valmistan oman muotoiluideologiani mukaisesti sekä funktio- naalisen että esteettisesti miellyttävän sarjan käyttöesineitä. Lähtökohtana esineiden muotoilulle ovat omat subjektiiviset muotomieltymykseni ja esteettinen muotokieleni. Tekstissä pyrin esitte- lemään itselleni luonteenomaisen muotokielen taustalla vaikuttavia omia esteettisiä mieltymyk- siäni ja avaamaan esinesarjan muotoiluprosessissa vaikuttaneita inspiraation lähteitä. Suunnitte- lemaani Nekka-esinesarjaan kuuluu kaksi eri kokoista keraamista nenähuuhtelukannua, suola- astia sekä kaksi erilaista suolalusikkaa. Suunnitteluprosessin taustalla vaikuttaa työn käyttöesi- neen esteettisyyteen liittyvien ominaisuuksien peilaaminen ja huomioiminen esineiden muotoilus- sa. Suunnitteluprosessissa pyrin huomioimaan myös nenähuuhtelukannun erityisiä ominaisuuk- sia, kuten käyttöympäristöön ja käyttömukavuuteen, sekä hygieniaan liittyviä piirteitä.

Työssäni esittelen keraamisen Nekka -esinesarjan suunnittelu- ja valmistusprosessin eri vaiheet luonnostelusta prototyypin lasituspolttoon asti. Suunnitteluprosessiin liittyen arvioin keramiikkaa käyttöesineen materiaalina ja siihen liittyviä esteettiseen kokemiseen vaikuttavia ominaisuuksia.

Lopuksi arvioin projektin kulkua ja lopputuloksia tutkimieni käyttöesineen esteettisyyteen vaikut- tavien ilmiöiden kannalta.

Avainsanat Muotoilu, käyttöesine, esinesuunnittelu, esteettisyys, esteettinen kokeminen, nenä-

huuhtelu, keramiikka

Aalto-yliopisto, PL 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Taiteen maisterin opinnäytteen tiivistelmä

Tekijä Jenni Ritola

Työn nimi Nekka –keraaminen esinesarja nenähuuhteluun, esteettisyyden huomioiminen käyt- töesineen suunnittelussa

Laitos Department of Design

Koulutusohjelma Master's Degree Programme in Applied Art and Design

Vuosi 2015 Sivumäärä 62 Kieli finnish

Tiivistelmä

My Master´s thesis is a productive design project, in which I design and produce a series of ce- ramic objects for nasal irrigation. Through the object design, I study the aesthetics of an utility object and the effects that aesthetics have in the formation of the value of an object. In the written part of my thesis, the research of aesthetics of an utility object overlaps with the depiction of the productive part, supporting the design process of the objects.

Along the design process, I study the formation of the value and significance of a utility object through literature. I study, what features make a utility object aesthetic, and how aesthetics effect the experiencing of objects and environments and through this, our everyday life. I present my own views on the importance of aesthetics of an object and on appreciation of objects, and my mo- tivation behind the design project of the ceramic pot for nasal irrigation. I present nasal irrigation as a practise of personal hygiene and a treatment and analyze the importance of certain special features of a nasal irrigation pot in an aesthetic user experience. Through the investigative design project I wish to improve my own awareness of how the value and importance of an object con- structs for the user, and of experiencing utility objects aesthetically. One of the goals of the work is to learn to notice the features that effect the aesthetics of an object better in the design work.

In my thesis I design and produce a series of utility objects according to my own design ideology, aiming to both functional and aesthetically pleasing object designs. As a starting point for the de- sign work are my personal and subjective preferences concerning forms and my own natural aes- thetic form language as a designer. In the written part I aim to present the subjective aesthetic preferences behind the personal form language and to unfold the sources of inspiration behind the design of the object series. The designed Nekka-series consists of two different sized ceramic nasal irrigation pots, a vessel for storing salt and two different styles of spoons for dosing the salt used in nasal irrigation. The design process is influenced by reflecting and involving the features related to the utility objects aesthetics in the design of the objects. In the design process I aim to pay atten- tion to the specific features of a nasal irrigation pot such as features related to the use environ- ment, comfort in use and hygiene.

In my thesis work I represent the different phases of the design and production process of the Nekka-series, from early sketching to the last glaze firing of the prototypes. Related to the design process, I evaluate ceramics as a material for a utility object and its qualities affecting the aesthetic experience of a ceramic object. To conclude, I evaluate the progress and the results of the design project, while taking into consideration the researched elements of the aesthetics of a utility object.

Avainsanat design, utility object, object design, aesthetics, aesthetic experience, nasal irrigation,

ceramics

Jenni Ritola Taiteen maisterin opinnäyte Taideteollisen muotoilun maisteriohjelma Muotoilun laitos ĂůƚŽͲLJůŝŽƉŝƐƚŽŶƚĂŝƚĞŝĚĞŶũĂƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵŶŬŽƌŬĞĂŬŽƵůƵ 2015

Ohjaaja: Heidi Paavilainen

Sisältö

•Johdanto 1

ͻdLJƂŶƚĂǀŽŝƩĞĞƚũĂƚƵƚŬŝŵƵƐŬLJƐLJŵLJŬƐĞƚ 3

Muotoiluproduktion taustaa ja lähtökohtia

ͻDŽƟǀĂĂƟŽƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵůůĞ 6

DŽŶŝƉƵŽůŝƐƵƵƩĂƚĂƌũŽŶƚĂĂŶ͍ ϲ

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵũĂĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞŵƉŝŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵƐ ϳ

<ĂƵŶŝƐĂƌŬŝ͕ƉĂƌĞŵƉŝŵŝĞůŝ ϳ

•Nenähuuhtelu 8

EĞŶćũĂŚĂũƵĂŝƐƟ ϴ

Nenähuuhtelun historia 9

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶŬćLJƩƂƚĂƌŬŽŝƚƵŬƐĞƚ ϭϬ

ͻEĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶćͲŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐ13

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵũĂƐĞŶŬćLJƩƂ ϭϯ

<ćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞũĂĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐ ϭϰ

<ćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶŬŽŬĞŵŝŶĞŶ ϭϳ

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐũĂŬĞƌĂĂŵŝŶĞŶŬĂŶŶƵ ϭϵ

Nekka - keraaminen esinesarja nenähuuhteluun

ͻ<ćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞƐĂƌũĂŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵƵŶ 25

ƐƚĞĞƫƐĞŶŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵ Ϯϱ

DƵŽƚŽŝůƚƵŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞ Ϯϱ

ƐƚĞƟŝŬĂŶŚƵŽŵŝŽŝŵŝŶĞŶƚƵŽƚĞŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵƐƐĂ Ϯϳ

ͻDƵŽƚŽŝůƵŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĂũĂŝŶƐƉŝƌĂĂƟŽ 30

KŵĂŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĂũĂŵƵŽƚŽŬŝĞůŝ ϯϬ

<ĞŶĞůůĞƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůĞŶ͍ ϯϰ

<ćLJƩƂLJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂ͕ĂƌũĞŶĞƐƚĞƟŝŬŬĂ ϯϰ

DĂƚĞƌŝĂĂůŝ͗ŬĞƌĂŵŝŝŬŬĂ ϯϳ

sĂůŵŝƐƚƵƐŵĞŶĞƚĞůŵćƚ͗ƉŝĞŶƚƵŽƚĂŶƚŽ͕ŬćƐŝƚLJƂ ϯϵ

ͻEĞŬŬĂͲĞƐŝŶĞƐĂƌũĂ ϰϬ

DƵŽĚŽŶĂŶƚŽ ϰϬ

WƌŽƚŽƚLJLJƉƉŝĞŶǀĂůŵŝƐƚĂŵŝŶĞŶ ϰϭ

•Loppupäätelmät ϰϵ

•Lähteet 52

ͻ>ŝŝƩĞĞƚ 55

Johdanto

KƉŝŶŶćLJƩĞĞŶŝ ŽŶ ƉƌŽĚƵŬƟŝǀŝŶĞŶ ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵƉƌŽũĞŬƟ͕ ũŽƐƐĂ ƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůĞŶ ũĂ ǀĂůŵŝƐƚĂŶ ŬĞƌĂĂŵŝƐĞŶĞƐŝŶĞƐĂƌũĂŶŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵƵŶ͘ƐŝŶĞƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵŶŬĂƵƩĂƚƵƚŬŝŶŵƵŽƚŽŝůůƵŶ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƩć ũĂ ƐĞŶ ŽƐĂůůŝƐƵƵƩĂ ĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ĂƌǀŽŶ ŵƵŽĚŽƐƚƵŵŝƐĞĞŶ͘

<ŝƌũĂůůŝƐĞƐƐĂ ƚLJƂƐƐćŶŝ ƚƵƚŬŝŵƵƐŽƐƵƵƐ ůŝŵŝƩLJLJ ƉƌŽĚƵŬƟŽŶ ŬƵǀĂƵŬƐĞŶ ŬĂŶƐƐĂ ƚƵŬŝĞŶ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵƉƌŽƐĞƐƐŝĂ͘

^ƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƉƌŽƐĞƐƐŝŶ ŽŚĞƐƐĂ ƉŽŚĚŝŶ ůćŚĚĞŬŝƌũĂůůŝƐƵƵƩĂ ĂƉƵŶĂ ŬćLJƩćĞŶ͕ ŵŝƐƚć ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ĂƌǀŽ ũĂ ŵĞƌŬŝƚLJŬƐĞůůŝƐLJLJƐ ŵƵŽĚŽƐƚƵǀĂƚ͍ dƵƚŬŝŶ ŵLJƂƐ͕ ŵŝůůĂŝŶĞŶ ŽŶ ŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝůƚĂĂŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞ ũĂ ŵŝƚĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂĂ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ũĂLJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂŶŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞĞŶũĂƚćƚćŬĂƵƩĂĂƌŬŝƐĞĞŶĞůćŵććŵŵĞ͍dĞŬƐƟƐƐćĞƐŝƚćŶŽŵŝĂ ŶćŬĞŵLJŬƐŝćŶŝ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJĚĞŶ ŵĞƌŬŝƚLJŬƐĞƐƚć ũĂ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ĂƌǀŽƐƚĂŵŝƐĞƐƚĂ͕

ƐĞŬć ŵŽƟǀĂĂƟŽŶŝ ŬĞƌĂĂŵŝƐĞŶ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵŶ ƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƉƌŽũĞŬƟůůĞ͘ >ŝƐćŬƐŝ ŬĞƌƌŽŶ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵƐƚĂ ŚĞŶŬŝůƂŬŽŚƚĂŝƐĞŶ ŚLJŐŝĞŶŝĂŶ ŬćLJƚćŶƚƂŶć ƐĞŬć ŚŽŝƚŽŬĞŝŶŽŶĂ ũĂ ĞƌŝƩĞůĞŶ ũŽŝĚĞŶŬŝŶ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ĞƌŝƚLJŝƐŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝĞŶ ŵĞƌŬŝƚLJƐƚć ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞůůĞ ŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞůůĞ͘ dƵƚŬŝǀĂŶ ƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƉƌŽũĞŬƟŶ ŬĂƵƩĂ ƚŽŝǀŽŶ ƉĂƌĂŶƚĂǀĂŶŝ ŽŵĂĂ ƟĞƚŽŝƐƵƵƩĂŶŝ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ĂƌǀŽŶ ũĂ ŵĞƌŬŝƚLJŬƐĞůůŝƐLJLJĚĞŶ ŵƵŽĚŽƐƚƵŵŝƐĞƐƚĂ ŬćLJƩćũćůůĞ͕ ƐĞŬć ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞƐƚć ŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞƐƚĂ͘ ,ĂůƵĂŶ ŵLJƂƐ ŽƉƉŝĂ ŚƵŽŵŝŽŝŵĂĂŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƚĞĞŶǀĂŝŬƵƩĂǀŝĂƉŝŝƌƚĞŝƚćĞŶƟƐƚćƉĂƌĞŵŵŝŶŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƚLJƂƐƐć͘

KƉŝŶŶćLJƩĞĞƐƐćŶŝƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůĞŶũĂǀĂůŵŝƐƚĂŶŽŵĂŶŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵŝĚĞŽůŽŐŝĂŶŝŵƵŬĂŝƐĞƐƟƐĞŬć ĨƵŶŬƟŽŶĂĂůŝƐĞŶ ĞƩć ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞƐƟ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀćŶ ƐĂƌũĂŶ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝƚć͘ >ćŚƚƂŬŽŚƚĂŶĂ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵůůĞ ŽǀĂƚ ŽŵĂƚ ƐƵďũĞŬƟŝǀŝƐĞƚ ŵƵŽƚŽŵŝĞůƚLJŵLJŬƐĞŶŝ ũĂ ĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶ ŵƵŽƚŽŬŝĞůĞŶŝ͘ dĞŬƐƟƐƐć ƉLJƌŝŶ ĞƐŝƩĞůĞŵććŶ ŝƚƐĞůůĞŶŝ ůƵŽŶƚĞĞŶŽŵĂŝƐĞŶ ŵƵŽƚŽŬŝĞůĞŶ ƚĂƵƐƚĂůůĂ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂǀŝĂ ŽŵŝĂ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐŝć ŵŝĞůƚLJŵLJŬƐŝćŶŝ ũĂ ĂǀĂĂŵĂĂŶ ĞƐŝŶĞƐĂƌũĂŶ ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵƉƌŽƐĞƐƐŝƐƐĂ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂŶĞŝƚĂ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂĂƟŽŶ ůćŚƚĞŝƚć͘ ^ƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůĞŵĂĂŶŝ EĞŬŬĂͲ ĞƐŝŶĞƐĂƌũĂĂŶ ŬƵƵůƵƵ ŬĂŬƐŝ Ğƌŝ ŬŽŬŽŝƐƚĂ ŬĞƌĂĂŵŝƐƚĂ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵĂ͕ ƐƵŽůĂͲ ĂƐƟĂ ƐĞŬć ŬĂŬƐŝ ĞƌŝůĂŝƐƚĂ ƐƵŽůĂůƵƐŝŬŬĂĂ͘ ^ƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƉƌŽƐĞƐƐŝŶ ƚĂƵƐƚĂůůĂ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂĂ ƚLJƂŶ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƚĞĞŶ ůŝŝƩLJǀŝĞŶ ŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝĞŶ ƉĞŝůĂĂŵŝŶĞŶ ũĂ ŚƵŽŵŝŽŝŵŝŶĞŶ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵƐƐĂ͘ ^ƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƉƌŽƐĞƐƐŝƐƐĂ ƉLJƌŝŶ ŚƵŽŵŝŽŝŵĂĂŶ ŵLJƂƐ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵŶ ĞƌŝƚLJŝƐŝć ŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝĂ͕ ŬƵƚĞŶ ŬćLJƩƂLJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂƂŶ ũĂ ŬćLJƩƂŵƵŬĂǀƵƵƚĞĞŶ͕ƐĞŬćŚLJŐŝĞŶŝĂĂŶůŝŝƩLJǀŝćƉŝŝƌƚĞŝƚć͘

dLJƂƐƐćŶŝ ĞƐŝƩĞůĞŶ EĞŬŬĂͲĞƐŝŶĞƐĂƌũĂŶ ƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵͲ ũĂ ǀĂůŵŝƐƚƵƐƉƌŽƐĞƐƐŝŶ Ğƌŝ ǀĂŝŚĞĞƚ ůƵŽŶŶŽƐƚĞůƵƐƚĂƉƌŽƚŽƚLJLJƉŝŶůĂƐŝƚƵƐƉŽůƩŽŽŶĂƐƟ͘^ƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƉƌŽƐĞƐƐŝŝŶůŝŝƩLJĞŶĂƌǀŝŽŝŶ ŬĞƌĂŵŝŝŬŬĂĂ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂĂůŝŶĂ ũĂ ƐŝŝŚĞŶ ůŝŝƩLJǀŝć ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞĞŶ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂǀŝĂ ŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝĂ͘ >ŽƉƵŬƐŝ ĂƌǀŝŽŝŶ ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵƉƌŽũĞŬƟŶ ŬƵůŬƵĂ ũĂ ůŽƉƉƵƚƵůŽƐƚĂ ƚƵƚŬŝŵŝĞŶŝŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƚĞĞŶǀĂŝŬƵƩĂǀŝĞŶŝůŵŝƂŝĚĞŶŬĂŶŶĂůƚĂ͘

2

DŽŶĞƚŬćLJƩćŵćŵŵĞĂƌŬŝƐĞƚĞƐŝŶĞĞƚŽǀĂƚĨƵŶŬƟŽŶĂĂůŝƐƵƵĚĞƐƐĂĂŶŚLJǀŝćũĂĂƌǀŽŬŬĂŝƚĂ͕

ŵƵƩĂ ũćƩćǀćƚ ƚŽŝǀŽŵŝƐĞŶ ǀĂƌĂĂ ŵƵŽĚŽŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJĚĞŶ ƐƵŚƚĞĞŶ͘ hƐŬŽŶ ĞƩć ŬĂƵŶŝŝƚ ĞƐŝŶĞĞƚ ƉĂƌĂŶƚĂǀĂƚ ĞůćŵćŶůĂĂƚƵĂ͘ ƐƚĞĞƫƐĞƐƟ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀćƐƐć LJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂƐƐć ǀŝŝŚĚLJŵŵĞũĂŽůĞŵŵĞŽŶŶĞůůŝƐĞŵƉŝĂŬƵŝŶƌƵŵĂƐƐĂũĂĞƉćŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀćƐƐćLJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂƐƐć͘

DŝĞůĞƐƚćŶŝ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞƐƟ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀć ŵƵŽƚŽ ĂŶƚĂĂ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞůůĞ ůŝƐćĂƌǀŽŶ͕ ũŽŬĂ ƚĞŬĞĞ ŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞƐƚĂ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀćŵŵćŶ͘ ^Ğ͕ ŵŝůƚć ĞƐŝŶĞ ŶćLJƩćć ũĂ ƚƵŶƚƵƵ ŬŽƐŬĞƚĞƩĂĞƐƐĂ͕ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂĂŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞĞŶƐŝŝŶćŵŝƐƐćƚŽŝŵŝǀƵƵƐŬŝŶ͘DƵŽƚŽŝůŝũĂŶĂ ŚĂůƵĂŶŽůůĂůƵŽŵĂƐƐĂĞŶƟƐƚćĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞŵƉććĂƌŬĞĂ͘

<ćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞŶ ƚƵƚŬŝŵƵƐ ŽŶ ǀŝĞůć ƚŽŝƐƚĂŝƐĞŬƐŝ ŽůůƵƚ ǀćŚćŝƐƚć͘

ƐƚĞƟŝŬĂŶ ƚƵƚŬŝŵƵƐ ŽŶ ƉĞƌŝŶƚĞŝƐĞƐƟ ŬĞƐŬŝƩLJŶLJƚ ĞŶŝŵŵćŬƐĞĞŶ ƚĂŝƚĞĞŶ ũĂ ƚŽŝƐĂĂůƚĂ LJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJĚĞŶ ĂƌǀŝŽŝŵŝƐĞĞŶ͕ ĞƐŝŶĞŵĂĂŝůŵĂŶ ũććĚĞƐƐć ŚŝĞŵĂŶ ĂƌǀŝŽŝŶŶŝŶ ƵůŬŽƉƵŽůĞůůĞ͘ sŝŝŵĞ ǀƵŽƐŝŶĂ ŚƵŽŵŝŽƚĂ ŽŶ ĂůĞƩƵ ŬƵŝƚĞŶŬŝŶ ŬŝŝŶŶŝƩćć ŵLJƂƐ ĂƌŬŝLJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂŶ ĞƐƚĞƟŝŬĂŶ ƚƵƚŬŝŵŝƐĞĞŶ͘ DŝĞůĞƐƚćŶŝ ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵ ǀŽŝĚĂĂŶ ŶćŚĚć ĞƐŝŵĞƌŬŬŝŶćƚĂŝƚĞĞŶũĂĂƌũĞŶŬŽŚƚĂĂŵŝƐĞƐƚĂ͕ũŽŶŬĂƚĂƌŬĂƐƚĞůƵƐƐĂŽŶŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƚĂŽƐŝƩĂŝŶ ƐŽǀĞůƚĂĂƐĞŬćƉĞƌŝŶƚĞŝƐĞŶĞƐƚĞƟŝŬĂŶ͕ĞƩćLJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂĞƐƚĞƟŝŬĂŶƚĞŽƌŝŽŝƚĂ͘

ƌŬŝƐĞŵƉĂĂ ĞƐƚĞƟŝŬŬĂĂ ƚƵƚŬŝŶĞĞŶ zƵƌŝŬŽ ^ĂŝƚŽŶ ŵƵŬĂĂŶ ĂƌŬĞŵŵĞ ŽŶ ĞŶŝŵćŬƐĞĞŶ ĂŝǀĂŶ ŵƵƵƚĂ ŬƵŝŶ ŬĞƐŬŝƩLJŶLJƩć ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐƚć ŬŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂĂƟŽƚĂ͕ ŵƵƩĂ ƐĞ Ğŝ ƚĂƌŬŽŝƚĂ ĞƩĞŝŬƂ ĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵŝŶĞŶ ŽůŝƐŝ ƐŝůƟ ŽůĞŶŶĂŝŶĞŶ ŽƐĂ ĂƌŬŝĞůćŵććŵŵĞ ;^ĂŝƚŽ ϮϬϬϳͿ͘ ^ƵŽŵĞƐƐĂ KƐƐŝ EĂƵŬŬĂƌŝŶĞŶ ŽŶ ƉŽŚƟŶƵƚ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƩć ũĂ ƐĞŶ ǀĂŝŬƵƚƵƐƚĂ ũŽŬĂƉćŝǀćŝƐĞƐƐć ĞůćŵćƐƐćŵŵĞ ;EĂƵŬŬĂƌŝŶĞŶ ϮϬϭϭͿ͘ ^ƵƐĂŶŶ sŝŚŵĂ ŽŶ ŬŝƌũŽŝƩĂŶƵƚ ŵƵƵŶ ŵƵĂƐƐĂ ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵƚƵŽƩĞŝĚĞŶ ƐĞŵŝŽƟŝŬĂƐƚĂ ũĂ ĞƐƚĞƟŝŬĂƐƚĂ ;sŝŚŵĂ ϭϵϵϱ͕ ϮϬϬϬͿ͘

,ĞŝĚŝ WĂĂǀŝůĂŝŶĞŶ ƚĂĂƐ ŽŶ ƚƵƚŬŝŶƵƚ ĞƌŝƚLJŝƐĞƐƟ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝƚć ũĂ ŶŝŝĚĞŶ ŵĞƌŬŝƚLJŬƐŝć ŬćLJƩćũćůůĞ;WĂĂǀŝůĂŝŶĞŶϮϬϭϯͿ͘

DƵŽƚŽŝůƵŶ ŬĞŚŝƩćŵŝƐĞŶ ŬĂŶŶĂůƚĂ ŬŽĞŶ ƐĞŬć ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ĂƌǀŽũĞŶ ũĂ ŵĞƌŬŝƚLJƐƚĞŶ ĞƩć ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJĚĞŶƚƵƚŬŝŵŝƐĞŶũĂƐŝŝŚĞŶǀĂŝŬƵƩĂǀŝĞŶŝůŵŝƂŝĚĞŶĂŶĂůLJƐŽŝŶŶŝŶƚćƌŬĞćŬƐŝŽƐĂŬƐŝ ĞƐŝŶĞƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵĂ͘ DƵŽƚŽŝůŝũĂŶ ƚĞŚƚćǀćŶć ŽŶ ŬŝŝŶŶŝƩćć ĨƵŶŬƟŽŶĂĂůŝƐƵƵĚĞŶ ůŝƐćŬƐŝ LJŚƚćůĂŝůůĂ ŚƵŽŵŝŽƚĂ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐŝŝŶ ŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝŝŶ͕ Ɛŝůůć ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞƚ ĞƐŝŶĞĞƚ ůƵŽǀĂƚĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞƐƟŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀćŵƉććLJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂć͕ũŽƐƐĂŝŚŵŝƐĞŶŽŶƉĂƌĞŵƉŝĞůćć͘

dLJƂŶƚĂǀŽŝƩĞĞƚũĂƚƵƚŬŝŵƵƐŬLJƐLJŵLJŬƐĞƚ

ϭ͘ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞƐƟŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀćŶŬĞƌĂĂŵŝƐĞŶŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞƐĂƌũĂŶ͕ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶ ŶƵŶ͕ƐƵŽůĂͲĂƐƟĂŶũĂůƵƐŝŬĂŶ͕ƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵũĂƉƌŽƚŽƚLJLJƉƉŝĞŶǀĂůŵŝƐƚĂŵŝŶĞŶ͕

ůćŚƚƂŬŽŚƚĂŶĂŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐƚĞŶŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝĞŶŚƵŽŵŝŽŝŵŝŶĞŶ ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵƉƌŽƐĞƐƐŝƐƐĂ͘

Ϯ͘ ^ƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƚLJƂŶŽŚĞůůĂƐĞƵƌĂĂǀŝŝŶƚƵƚŬŝŵƵƐŬLJƐLJŵLJŬƐŝŝŶǀĂƐƚĂĂŵŝŶĞŶ͗

ͲŵŝƐƚćŵƵŽĚŽƐƚƵƵĞƐŝŶĞĞŶĂƌǀŽũĂŵĞƌŬŝƚLJŬƐĞůůŝƐLJLJƐ͍

ͲŵŝůůĂŝŶĞŶŽŶĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞũĂŵŝƚĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐǀĂŝŬƵƩĂĂ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶũĂLJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂŶŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞĞŶũĂƚćƚćŬĂƵƩĂĂƌŬŝƐĞĞŶĞůćŵććŵŵĞ͍

ŬƵǀĂϭ͘,ƵŝƉƉƵ͕ŚĂƌũŽŝƚƵƐƚLJƂϮϬϬϴ

ϰ

Muotoiluproduktion taustaa ja lähtökohtia

6

DŽƟǀĂĂƟŽƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵůůĞ

DŽŶŝƉƵŽůŝƐƵƵƩĂƚĂƌũŽŶƚĂĂŶ͍

DĂƌŬŬŝŶŽŝůůĂŽŶƚćůůćŚĞƚŬĞůůćǀĂŝŶŵƵƵƚĂŵŝĂǀĂŝŚƚŽĞŚƚŽũĂŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶŬćLJƩćũŝůůĞ͘zůĞŝƐŝŶ ǀĂŝŚƚŽĞŚƚŽ ŽŶ ĂƉƚĞĞŬŝƐƐĂ ŵLJLJƚćǀć ŵƵŽǀŝŶĞŶ ƐĂƌǀŝŬƵŽŶŽͲŶĞŶćŶŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵ͕ ũŽƚĂ ŽŶ ƐĂĂƚĂǀŝƐƐĂ ƵƐĞŝŵŵŝƚĞŶ ƚƵŵŵĂŶƐŝŶŝƐĞŶć ƚĂŝ ƚƵŵŵĂŶƉƵŶĂŝƐĞŶĂ ǀćƌŝǀĂŝŚƚŽĞŚƚŽŶĂ͕

ũŽƐŬƵƐ ŵLJƂƐ ŽƌĂŶƐƐŝŶĂ ũĂ ǀŝŚƌĞćŶć͘ DƵŽǀŝŶĞŶ ũĂ ƐĂƌǀĞŶŵƵŽƚŽŝŶĞŶ ŬĂŶŶƵ ŽŶ ŬćLJƚćŶŶƂůůŝŶĞŶ͕ŬĞǀLJƚũĂŬĞƐƚćǀć͕ŵƵƩĂƐĞŶƵůŬŽĂƐƵũĂƚƵŶƚƵŬćƚĞĞŶŽƚĞƩĂĞƐƐĂŽŶŚLJǀŝŶ ĂƉƵǀćůŝŶĞŵŝŶĞŶ͘<ĂŶŶƵŶǀŽŝƉĞƐƚćĂƐƟĂŶƉĞƐƵŬŽŶĞĞƐƐĂ͕ũŽŬĂŽŶŚLJǀćŚLJŐŝĞŶŝĂŬćLJƩƂƂŶ ƚĂƌŬŽŝƚĞƚƵŶĞƐŝŶĞĞŶŽůůĞƐƐĂŬLJƐĞĞƐƐć͘

:ŽŽŐĂŬĂƵƉŽŝƐƐĂ ŽŶ ŵLJLJŶŶŝƐƐć ũŽŝƚĂŬŝŶ ŬĞƌĂĂŵŝƐŝĂ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵũĂ͘ <ĂŶŶƵƚ ŽǀĂƚ ŵƵŽĚŽůƚĂĂŶ ŵĂƚĂůŝĂ ũĂ ŬŽƌǀĂůůŝƐŝĂ ũĂ Ŷŝŝƚć ŽŶ ƐĂĂƚĂǀŝƐƐĂ Ğƌŝ ǀćƌĞŝƐƐć͘ :ŽŽŐĂŬĂƵƉŽŝƐƐĂ ŵLJLJƚćǀŝƐƐćŬĂŶŶƵŝƐƐĂŽŶƵƐĞŝŶŬŽƌŝƐƚĞĞŶĂũŽŽŐĂĂŶǀŝŝƩĂĂǀŝĂƐLJŵďŽůĞũĂ͘<ĞƌĂĂŵŝƐŝƐƐĂ ŬĂŶŶƵŝƐƐĂŽŶƵƐĞŝŶŵĞůŬŽŵĂƩĂŝŶĞŶůĂƐŝƚƵƐƉŝŶƚĂ͕ŶĞŽǀĂƚŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀŝćƉŝƚććŬćĚĞƐƐć͕

ũŽƐŬŝŶƉĂŝŶĂǀĂŵƉŝĂŬƵŝŶŵƵŽǀŝƐĞƚŬĂŶŶƵƚũĂƚŽŬŝƉƵĚŽƚĞƐƐĂĂŶŚĞůƉŽŵŵŝŶƐćƌŬLJǀŝć͘

EĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŬćLJƩćũćŶć ŽůĞŶ ƚŽŝǀŽŶƵƚ ŵĂƌŬŬŝŶŽŝůůĞ ŽŵŝĂ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐŝć ŵŝĞůƚLJŵLJŬƐŝćŶŝ ƉĂƌĞŵŵŝŶ ǀĂƐƚĂĂǀĂĂ ǀĂŝŚƚŽĞŚƚŽĂ͘ hƐŬŽŶ ĞƩć ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶ LJůĞŝƐƚLJĞƐƐć ŚĞŶŬŝůƂŬŽŚƚĂŝƐĞŶ ŚLJŐŝĞŶŝĂŶ ŬćLJƚćŶƚƂŶć͕ ŵĂƌŬŬŝŶŽŝůůĂ ŽůŝƐŝ ƟůĂĂ ƵƐĞĂŵŵŝůůĞ͕ ĞƌŝůĂŝƐŝĂ ŬćLJƚćŶŶƂůůŝƐŝćũĂĞƐƚĞĞƫƐŝćŵŝĞůƚLJŵLJŬƐŝćĞĚƵƐƚĂǀŝůůĞǀĂŝŚƚŽĞŚĚŽŝůůĞ͘

ŬƵǀĂϮ͘^ĂƌǀŝŬƵŽŶŽͲŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵ ŬƵǀĂϯ͘<ĞƌĂĂŵŝŶĞŶŬĂŶŶƵ

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵ͕ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞŵƉŝŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵƐ

,ĂůƵĂŶ ƐƵƵŶŶŝƚĞůůĂ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ũŽŬĂ ŽŶ ǀŝƐƵĂĂůŝƐĞůƚĂ ŝůŵĞĞůƚććŶ ĞŶĞŵŵćŶ ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵĞƐŝŶĞ ŬƵŝŶ ĂƉƵǀćůŝŶĞ͘ <ŽƐŬĂ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵ ŽŶ ŚLJǀŝŶ ƌƵƵŵŝŝůůŝŶĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵƵƐ͕ ŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŬćLJƚćŶŶƂůůŝƐLJLJƐ ũĂ ƚŽŝŵŝǀƵƵƐ ŽŶ ŚLJǀŝŶ ƚćƌŬĞćć ŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀLJLJĚĞŶ ŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƚĂŵŝƐĞŬƐŝ͘ ,ĂůƵĂŶ LJƌŝƩćć ůŝƐćƚć ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƩć ŚƵŽŵŝŽŝŵĂůůĂ ƐŝŝŶć ŬćLJƚĞƚLJŶ ǀćůŝŶĞĞŶ͕ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ͕ ŽůĞŵƵŬƐĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƩćƚŽŝŵŝǀƵƵĚĞŶůŝƐćŬƐŝŵLJƂƐǀŝƐƵĂĂůŝƐĞŶŵƵŽĚŽŶŽƐĂůƚĂ͘

hƐŬŽŶ ĞƩć ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐ ũĂ ŬĂƵŶĞƵƐ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂĂ ŶŝŝĚĞŶ ŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞĞŶ ƉŽƐŝƟŝǀŝƐĞƐƟ͘sŝƐƵĂĂůŝƐĞƐƟŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀŝćĞƐŝŶĞŝƚćŽŶŵƵŬĂǀĂŵƉŝŬćLJƩćć͘sŝƐƵĂĂůŝƐƵƵƐĞŝ ƐĂĂŚĂŝƚĂƚĂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶĨƵŶŬƟŽŶĂĂůŝƐƵƵƩĂ͕ǀĂĂŶƐĞŶƚƵůĞĞĂŶƚĂĂůŝƐćĂƌǀŽĂŬćLJƚćŶŶƂůůŝƐLJLJĚĞŶ ŽŚĞůůĂ͘

<ĂƵŶŝƐĂƌŬŝʹƉĂƌĞŵƉŝŵŝĞůŝ

<LJůƉLJŚƵŽŶĞŝƐƐĂ Ğŝ ƵƐĞŝŶŬĂĂŶ ŶćŚĚć ĞƐŝůůć ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵĞƐŝŶĞŝƚć͘ hƐŬŽŶ ŬĂƵŶŝŝŶ ĂƌŬŝLJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂŶŽŶŶĞůůŝƐƵƵƩĂůŝƐććǀććŶǀĂŝŬƵƚƵŬƐĞĞŶũĂŚĂůƵĂŶůƵŽĚĂƚŽŝŵŝǀŝĂ͕ŵƵƩĂ ƐĂŵĂůůĂ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞƐƟ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀŝć ǀĂŝŚƚŽĞŚƚŽũĂ ĂƌũĞŶ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝůůĞ͕ ŬĂŝŬŬŝŝŶ ĂƌŬŝƐŝŝŶ LJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂŝŚŝŶ͘ dŽŝǀŽŶ ĞƩć ůĂĂĚƵŬĂƐ͕ ŚLJǀŝŶ ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƚƵ ũĂ ƚŽŝŵŝǀĂ ĞƐŝŶĞ ŵƵŽĚŽƐƚƵƵ ŬćLJƩćũćůůĞĞŶĂƌǀŽŬŬĂĂŬƐŝŽƐĂŬƐŝĂƌŬŝƐŝĂƌƵƟŝŶĞũĂũĂƐćŝůLJLJŬćLJƚƂƐƐćƉŝƚŬććŶ͘

hƐĞŝŶƚLJƂŚƂŶ͕ŬƵŶƚŽŝůƵƵŶƚĂŝŚLJŐŝĞŶŝĂĂŶůŝŝƩLJǀŝĞŶĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶŵƵŽĚŽŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƚĞĞŶ Ğŝ ũƵƵƌŝ ŬŝŝŶŶŝƚĞƚć ŚƵŽŵŝŽƚĂ͕ ǀĂĂŶ ŶŝŝĚĞŶ ĂƌǀŽ ũĂ ŵĞƌŬŝƚLJƐ ƐLJŶƚLJLJ ůćŚŝŶŶć ŶŝŝĚĞŶ ƚŽŝŵŝǀƵƵĚĞƐƚĂŬćLJƩƂƚĂƌŬŽŝƚƵŬƐĞƐƐĂĂŶ͘zŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƩćĂƌǀŽƐƚĂǀĂŶĂŝŚŵŝƐĞŶć ƚŽŝǀŽŝƐŝŶ ŬƵŝƚĞŶŬŝŶ ĞƩć ŵLJƂƐ ŶćŝƐƐć ĞƐŝŶĞƌLJŚŵŝƐƐć ŽůŝƐŝ ƚĂƌũŽůůĂ ǀĂŝŚƚŽĞŚƚŽũĂ͕ ũŽŝƐƐĂ ŽůŝƐŝ ĨƵŶŬƟŽŶĂĂůŝƐƵƵĚĞŶ ůŝƐćŬƐŝ ŬćLJƚĞƩLJ ŚƵŽŵŝŽƚĂ ŵLJƂƐ ƵůŬŽŵƵŽĚŽŶ ǀŝƐƵĂĂůŝƐĞĞŶ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀLJLJƚĞĞŶ͘

^ƵƵŶŶŝƚĞůůĞƐƐĂŶŝ EĞŬŬĂ ʹĞƐŝŶĞƐĂƌũĂŶ ŶĞŶćŶŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵĂ ǀĂƌƚĞŶ ƵƐŬŽŶ ĞƩć ŚLJŐŝĞŶŝĂǀćůŝŶĞ ǀŽŝ ŽůůĂ ŬĂƵŶŝƐ ũĂ ƐĂŵĂůůĂ ƚŽŝŵŝǀĂ͘ <ĂƵŶŝŝŶ ũĂ ĂƌǀŽƐƚĞƚƵŶ ĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ŬćLJƩƂũŽŬĂƉćŝǀćŝƐĞƐƐćĞůćŵćƐƐćǀĞƌƌĂƩƵŶĂǀŝƐƵĂĂůŝƐĞƐƟǀćŚĞŵŵŝŶŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀććŶƚĂŝ LJŚĚĞŶƚĞŬĞǀććŶďƵůŬŬŝƚƵŽƩĞĞƐĞĞŶƚƵŽĂƌŬĞĞŶůƵŬƐƵƐƚĂũĂƐŝƚćŬĂƵƩĂŽŶŶĞůůŝƐƵƵƩĂ͕ŝůŽĂ ũĂŚLJǀćŶƚƵƵůŝƐƵƵƩĂ͊

8

Nenähuuhtelu

ŵĞƌŝŬŬĂůĂŝŶĞŶ tĂƌƌĞŶ :ĞīĞƌƐŽŶ ŽŶ ŬŝƌũŽŝƩĂŶƵƚ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵƐƚĂ ƚĞŽŬƐĞƐƐĂĂŶ dŚĞ EĞƟ WŽƚ &Žƌ ĞƩĞƌ ,ĞĂůƚŚ ;:ĞīĞƌƐŽŶ ϮϬϬϱͿ͘ WŽŚũĂĂŶ ƚLJƂŶŝ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵĂ ŬŽƐŬĞǀĂƚ ƟĞĚŽƚƚćŚćŶůćŚƚĞĞƐĞĞŶ͘

ŬƵǀĂϰ͘/ŚŵŝƐĞŶŚĞŶŐŝƚLJƐͲũĂĂŝƐƟŶĞůŝŶ

EĞŶćũĂŚĂũƵĂŝƐƟ

EĞŶćŶ ŽŝŬĞĂŶůĂŝŶĞŶ ƚŽŝŵŝŶƚĂ ŽŶ ŽůĞŶŶĂŝƐƚĂ ƚĞƌǀĞLJĚĞůůĞ ũĂ ŚLJǀŝŶǀŽŝŶŶŝůůĞ͘ EĞŶć ŽŶ ƉŽƌƫŚĞŶŐŝƚLJƐĞůŝŵŝŝŶ͕ũŽƐƐĂŝůŵĂůćŵŵŝƚĞƚććŶ͕ŬŽƐƚĞƵƚĞƚĂĂŶũĂƐƵŽĚĂƚĞƚĂĂŶĞŶŶĞŶŬƵŝŶ ƐĞƉććƚLJLJŬĞƵŚŬŽŝŚŝŶ͘

EĞŶć ŽŶ ŚĂũƵĂŝƐƟŶ ĞŶƐŝƐŝũĂŝŶĞŶ ĞůŝŶ ũĂ LJŬƐŝ ƚćƌŬĞŝŵŵŝƐƚć ĂŝƐƟĞůŝŵŝƐƚć͕ ũŽŶŬĂ ŬĂƵƩĂ ƐĂĂĚĂĂŶ ƟĞƚŽĂ LJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂƐƚć͘ ,ĂũƵƌĞƐĞƉƚŽƌŝĞŶ ŬĂƵƩĂ ǀŽŝĚĂĂŶ ĂŝƐƟĂ ũĂ ƐĂĂĚĂ ƟĞƚŽĂ ŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐŝƐƚĂ ǀĂĂƌŽŝƐƚĂ LJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂƐƐć͘ ,ĂũƵĂŝƐƟ ƚŽŝŵŝŝ ŵŝůƚĞŝ ĂƵƚŽŵĂĂƫƐĞƐƟ ŚĞŶŐŝƚĞƩćĞƐƐćũĂŽŶũĂƚŬƵǀĂƐƟŵƵŬĂŶĂLJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂŶĂŝƐƟŵŝƐĞƐƐĂũĂŚĂŚŵŽƩĂŵŝƐĞƐƐĂ͘

,ĂũƵĂŝƐƟŽŶŵLJƂƐƚćƌŬĞćƐƐćŽƐĂƐƐĂĞƌŝůĂŝƐƚĞŶŵĂŬƵũĞŶŵĂŝƐƚĂŵŝƐĞƐƐĂ͘^Ğ͕ŵŝůƚćũŽŬŝŶ ƌƵŽŬĂŵĂŝƐƚƵƵ͕ƌŝŝƉƉƵƵƉĂůũŽůƟƐŝŝƚć͕ŵŝůƚćƐĞƚƵŽŬƐƵƵ͘dƵƚŬŝŵƵƐƚĞŶŵƵŬĂĂŶŝŚŵŝƐĞŶŽŶ ŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƚĂƚƵŶŶŝƐƚĂĂƐĞŝƚƐĞŵćŶƐĞůǀćƐƟƚŽŝƐŝƐƚĂĂŶĞƌŽƩƵǀĂĂŵĂŬƵĂ͕ŬƵŶƚĂĂƐŚĂũƵũĂ ǀŽŝĚĂĂŶĂŝƐƟĂŬĞƐŬŝŵććƌŝŶŶŽŝŶŬLJŵŵĞŶĞŶƚƵŚĂƩĂĞƌŝůĂŝƐƚĂ͘

,ĂũƵƌĞƐĞƉƚŽƌŝĞŶ ůŝƐćŬƐŝ ŶĞŶćƐƐć ƐŝũĂŝƚƐĞĞ ŵLJƂƐ ĨĞƌŽŵŽŶŝƌĞƐĞƉƚŽƌĞŝƚĂ͕ ũŽŝĚĞŶ ŬĂƵƩĂ ǀŽŝŵŵĞĂŝƐƟĂŵĞƌŬŬĞũćƐŝŝƚć͕ŵŝůůĂŝƐĞƐƐĂŵŝĞůĞŶƟůĂƐƐĂLJŵƉćƌŝůůćŵŵĞŽůĞǀĂƚŝŚŵŝƐĞƚ ŽǀĂƚ͘&ĞƌŽŵŽŶŝƚŽǀĂƚŬĞŵŝŬĂĂůĞũĂ͕ũŽŝƚĂũŽŬŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵŝůƵŽǀƵƩĂĂŬŽŵŵƵŶŝŬŽŝĚĂŬƐĞĞŶ LJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂŶƐć ŬĂŶƐƐĂ͘ ƐŝŵĞƌŬŝŬƐŝ ĞůćŝŶŵĂĂŝůŵĂƐƐĂ ůŝƐććŶƚLJŵŝƐŬLJŬLJŝŶĞŶ ŶĂĂƌĂƐ ǀŽŝ ĨĞƌŽŵŽŶĞũĂ ĞƌŝƩćŵćůůć ŚŽƵŬƵƚĞůůĂ ƵƌŽƐƉƵŽůŝƐŝĂ ůĂũŝŶ ĞĚƵƐƚĂũŝĂ ůƵŽŬƐĞĞŶ ƉŝƚŬćŶŬŝŶ ŵĂƚŬĂŶƚĂŬĂĂ͘

dŝĞƚLJƚ ŚĂũƵƚ ǀŽŝǀĂƚ ŚĞƌćƩćć ǀŽŝŵĂŬŬĂŝƚĂŬŝŶ ŵƵŝƐƚŽũĂ͘ ŝǀŽŝƐƐĂ ŚĂũƵŬĞƐŬƵƐ ŽŶ ŽƐĂ ůŝŵďŝƐƚćũćƌũĞƐƚĞůŵćć͕ũŽŚŽŶŬƵƵůƵƵŵLJƂƐĂŝǀŽũĞŶƚƵŶƚĞŝƚĂƐććƚĞůĞǀćŽƐĂ͘dćƐƚćƐLJLJƐƚć ŚĂũƵƚũĂƚƵŶƚĞĞƚŽǀĂƚƐŝĚŽŬƐŝƐƐĂƚŽŝƐŝŝŶƐĂ͘<ƵŶŝŚŵŝŶĞŶƚƵŶƚĞĞƟĞƚLJŶŚĂũƵŶ͕ƐĞůĂƵŬĂŝƐĞĞ ƚƵŶŶĞŵƵŝƐƟŶ͘dćƐƚćƐLJLJƐƚćŚĂũƵũĞŶůĂƵŬĂŝƐĞŵĂƚŵƵŝƐƚŽƚǀŽŝǀĂƚŽůůĂŚLJǀŝŶŬŝŶĞůćǀŝćũĂ ƚƵŶŶĞůĂƚĂƵƚƵŶĞŝƚĂ͘

,ĂũƵĂŝƐƟ ŚĞŝŬĞŶƚLJLJ ŝćŶ ŵLJƂƚć͕ ũĂ ǀĂŶŚƵŬƐŝůůĂ ƐĞ ǀŽŝ ŽůůĂ ǀćŚĞŶƚLJŶLJƚ ũŽƉĂ ƉƵŽůĞĞŶ ĞŶƟƐĞƐƚććŶ͘EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵǀŽŝŽůůĂŬĞŝŶŽƉĂƌĂŶƚĂĂŶĞŶćŶũĂŚĞŶŐŝƚLJƐƚĞŝĚĞŶŚLJǀŝŶǀŽŝŶƟĂ͕

ũŽƩĂŽŶŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƚĂŶĂƵƫĂĞƌŝůĂŝƐŝƐƚĂƚƵŽŬƐƵŝƐƚĂũĂŵĂƵŝƐƚĂŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐŝŵŵĂŶƉŝƚŬććŶ͘

Nenähuuhtelun historia

/ĚćƐƐć ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵĂ ŽŶ ŬćLJƚĞƩLJ LJůĞŝƐĞƐƟ ũŽ ƚƵŚĂŶƐŝĞŶ ǀƵŽƐŝĞŶ ĂũĂŶ͘ /ŶƟĂƐƐĂ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵĂǀĞƐŝͲƐƵŽůĂůŝƵŽŬƐĞůůĂŬƵƚƐƵƚĂĂŶŶŝŵĞůůć:ĂůĂEĞƟ;ǀĞƐŝͲŶĞŶćŶƉƵŚĚŝƐƚƵƐͿ ũĂƐĞŽŶǀĂŶŚĂũĂŬƵŶŶŝĂŶĂƌǀŽŝƐĂŚĞŶŬŝůƂŬŽŚƚĂŝƐĞĞŶŚLJŐŝĞŶŝĂĂŶŬƵƵůƵǀĂƚĞŬŶŝŝŬŬĂ͕ũŽƚĂ ŽŶ ŬćLJƚĞƩLJ LJƵƌǀĞĚĂ ůććŬĞƟĞƚĞĞƐƐć ũĂ ,ĂƚŚĂ ũŽŽŐĂŶ ŚĂƌƌĂƐƚĂũŝĞŶ ƉĂƌŝƐƐĂ ƚƵŚĂŶƐŝĞŶ ǀƵŽƐŝĞŶĂũĂŶ͘^ƵŽůĂůŝƵŽŬƐĞŶƐĂĂƩĂŵŝƐĞĞŶŶĞŶćŬćLJƚćǀŝŝŶŬćLJƚĞƚććŶŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵĂ͕ũŽŬĂ /ŶƟĂƐƐĂ ŽŶ ŶŝŵĞůƚććŶ ŶĞƟ ƉŽƚ͘ ƌććŶ ũŽŽŐĂŶ ƐƵƵŶƚĂƵŬƐĞŶ ŵƵŬĂĂŶ ŚĞŶŐŝƚLJŬƐĞĞŶ ŬĞƐŬŝƩLJŵŝƐĞŶŬĂƵƩĂǀŽŝĚĂĂŶƐĂĂǀƵƩĂĂLJŚƚĞLJƐŬĞŚŽŶũĂŵŝĞůĞŶǀćůŝůůć͘ũĂƚƵƐƐƵƵŶŶĂŶ ŵƵŬĂĂŶƉLJƐƚLJƚŬŽŶƚƌŽůůŽŝŵĂĂŶŵLJƂƐŵŝĞůƚćƐŝũŽƐƉLJƐƚLJƚŬŽŶƚƌŽůůŽŝŵĂĂŶŚĞŶŐŝƚLJƐƚćƐŝ͘

dćŵćŶ ƐƵƵŶƚĂƵŬƐĞŶ ŚĂƌũŽŝƩĂũĂƚ ƉLJƌŬŝǀćƚ ƟĞƚŽŝƐĞƐƟ ŬŽŶƚƌŽůůŽŝŵĂĂŶ ũĂ ŽŚũĂŝůĞŵĂĂŶ ŚĞŶŐŝƚLJƐƚćƐĂĂǀƵƩĂĂŬƐĞĞŶŬŽƌŬĞĂŵŵĂŶŝƚƐĞƟĞƚŽŝƐƵƵĚĞŶũĂŚĞŶŬŝƐLJLJĚĞŶ͘

>ćŶƐŝŵĂŝŚŝŶ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŬćLJƩƂ ĞƐŝƚĞůƟŝŶ ŶŽŝŶ ϰϬ ǀƵŽƩĂ ƐŝƩĞŶ ũĂ ƐĞŶ ƐƵŽƐŝŽ ŽŶ ůŝƐććŶƚLJŶLJƚƐĂŵĂůůĂŬƵŶũŽŽŐĂŶŚĂƌũŽŝƩĂŵŝŶĞŶŽŶLJůĞŝƐƚLJŶLJƚůćŶƐŝŵĂĂůĂŝƐƚĞŶŝŚŵŝƐƚĞŶ ƉĂƌŝƐƐĂ͘ DLJƂƐ ůćŶƐŝŵĂŝŶĞŶ ůććŬĞƟĞĚĞ ŽŶ ĂůŬĂŶƵƚ ƚƵŶŶƵƐƚĂĂ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶ ĞĚƵƚ ƉŽƐŬŝŽŶƚĞůŽͲŽŝƌĞŝĚĞŶ ŚŽŝĚŽƐƐĂ͕ ũŽŬĂ ŽŶ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂŶƵƚ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶ LJůĞŝƐƚLJŵŝƐĞĞŶ ŵLJƂƐ ŵƵŝĚĞŶ ŬƵŝŶ ũŽŽŐĂŚĂƌƌĂƐƚĂũŝĞŶ ƉĂƌŝƐƐĂ͘ ELJŬLJććŶ ŵŽŶĞƚ ŝŚŵŝƐĞƚ /ŶƟĂŶ ůŝƐćŬƐŝ ŶŝŝŶ WŽŚũŽŝƐͲŵĞƌŝŬĂƐƐĂ ŬƵŝŶ ƵƌŽŽƉĂƐƐĂŬŝŶ ŽǀĂƚ ŽƩĂŶĞĞƚ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶ ŽƐĂŬƐŝ ƉćŝǀŝƩćŝƐŝćĂĂŵƵƌƵƟŝŶĞũĂĂŶ͕ƐƵŝŚŬƵƐƐĂŬćLJŶŶŝŶũĂŚĂŵƉĂŝĚĞŶƉĞƐƵŶŽŚĞůůĂ͘

ƐŝŝŶƚLJũŝĞŶũĂŵƵŝĚĞŶććŶƚććŶƉĂůũŽŶƚLJƂƐƐććŶŬćLJƩćǀŝĞŶƉĂƌŝƐƐĂŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶŬćLJƩƂ ŽŶ ůĞǀŝŶŶLJƚ ŬŽůůĞŐŽũĞŶ ƐƵƵƐƚĂ ƐƵƵŚƵŶ ƐƵŽƐŝƚƵŬƐŝƐƚĂ LJŚć ůĂĂũĞŵŵĂůůĞ ŬćLJƩćũćƉŝŝƌŝůůĞ͘

10

hƐĞŝŵŵŝƚĞŶ ŬćLJƩƂƂŶ ŽŶ ƌLJŚĚLJƩLJ ƚƵƩĂǀĂŶ ǀŝŶŬŝƐƚć͕ Ɛŝůůć ŚŽŝƚŽŵƵŽƚŽĂ Ğŝ ŽůĞ ũƵƵƌŝ ŵĂŝŶŽƐƚĞƩƵ ŵĞĚŝĂƐƐĂ͘ :ŽƚŬƵƚ ŬćLJƩćũŝƐƚć ŽǀĂƚ ƐĂĂŶĞĞƚ ŽŚũĞĞƚ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŬćLJƩƂƂŶ ŵLJƂƐ ůććŬćƌŝůƚć͕ ƵƐĞŝŶ ũƵƵƌŝ ĂůůĞƌŐŝĂŶ ƚĂŝ ŇƵŶƐƐĂŶ ŽŝƌĞŝĚĞŶ ŚĞůƉŽƩĂŵŝƐĞŬƐŝ͕ ŵƵŝĚĞŶ ŚŽŝƚŽŵƵŽƚŽũĞŶƚƵĞŬƐŝ͘

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶŬćLJƩƂƚĂƌŬŽŝƚƵŬƐĞƚ

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůŝũŽŝĚĞŶŵććƌćŽŶǀŝŝŵĞǀƵŽƐŝŶĂŬĂƐǀĂŶƵƚŚƵŽŵĂƩĂǀĂƐƟ͘/ŶŶŽŬŬĂŝŵŵĂƚ ŬćLJƩćũćƚŚƵƵŚƚĞůĞǀĂƚŶĞŶćŶƐćƉćŝǀŝƩćŝŶĂĂŵƵŝŶũĂŝůůŽŝŶƉŝƚććŬƐĞĞŶƐćŚĞŶŐŝƚLJƐƟĞŶƐć ĂǀŽŝŵŝŶĂũĂƉƵŚƚĂŝŶĂ͘hƐĞŝůůĂŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵĞĚĞůůĞĞŶůŝŝƩLJLJũŽŽŐĂŚĂƌƌĂƐƚƵŬƐĞĞŶ͕ũŽƐƐĂ ŚĞŶŐŝƚLJƐƚĞŝĚĞŶŚLJǀŝŶǀŽŝŶƟĂƉŝĚĞƚććŶƚćƌŬĞćŶćŬŽŬŽĞůŝŵŝƐƚƂŶŚLJǀŝŶǀŽŝŶŶŝŶŬĂŶŶĂůƚĂ͘

dŽŝƐĞƚƚĂĂƐŚƵƵŚƚĞůĞǀĂƚŶĞŶćŶƐćǀĂŝŶƚĂƌǀŝƩĂĞƐƐĂ͕ŇƵŶƐƐĂƐƚĂƚĂŝĂůůĞƌŐŝĂƐƚĂũŽŚƚƵǀĂĂ ƚƵŬŬŽŝƐƵƵƩĂŚĞůƉŽƩĂĂŬƐĞĞŶ͘

/ůŵĂŶƐĂĂƐƚĞŝĚĞŶ ůŝƐććŶƚLJŵŝŶĞŶ ŚĞŶŐŝƩćŵćƐƐćŵŵĞ ŝůŵĂƐƐĂ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂĂ ŚĞŶŐŝƚLJƐƚĞŝ- ĚĞŵŵĞŚLJǀŝŶǀŽŝŶƟŝŶũĂŵƵƵŶŵƵĂƐƐĂƉŽƐŬŝŽŶƚĞůŽͲŽŝƌĞĞƚũĂĂƐƚŵĂŽǀĂƚĞŶƟƐƚćLJůĞŝ- ƐĞŵƉŝć͘ EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶ ĂǀƵůůĂ ǀŽŝĚĂĂŶ ŚĞůƉŽƩĂĂ ƐĂĂƐƚĞŝĚĞŶ ƌĂƐŝƩĂǀƵƵƩĂ ŚĞŶŐŝ- ƚLJƐĞůŝŵŝůůĞŵŵĞ͘ EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵ ĂƵƩĂĂ ŶĞŶćŶ ƚĞƌǀĞLJĚĞŶ LJůůćƉŝĚŽƐƐĂ͘ ^Ğ ŽŶ ƚĞŚŽŬĂƐ ŬĞŝŶŽŇƵŶƐƐĂŶũĂǀŝůƵƐƚƵŵŝƐĞŶŽŝƌĞŝĚĞŶŚŽŝĚŽƐƐĂ͕ƐĞŬćĂůůĞƌŐŝĂŶũĂŶĞŶćŶƐŝǀƵŽŶƚĞůŽ- ƚƵůĞŚĚƵŬƐĞŶŚŽŝĚŽƐƐĂ͘EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶĞƚƵŶĂŚĞŶŐŝƚLJƐƟĞŽŝƌĞŝĚĞŶŚŽŝĚŽƐƐĂŽŶŵLJƂƐ ƐŝǀƵǀĂŝŬƵƚƵŬƐĞƩŽŵƵƵƐ͘

dĂǀĂŶŽŵĂŝƐĞƐƟ ďĂŬƚĞĞƌŝƚƵůĞŚĚƵŬƐŝĂ ŽŶ ŚŽŝĚĞƚĂĂŶ ůććŬŬĞŝůůć͕ ŵƵƩĂ ǀććƌćŶůĂŝƐĞŶ ƚĂŝ ůŝŝĂůůŝƐĞŶ ĂŶƟďŝŽŽƫŚŽŝĚŽŶ ƚĂŬŝĂ ŽƐĂ ďĂŬƚĞĞƌĞŝƐƚĂ ŽŶ ŬĞŚŝƩLJŶLJƚ ǀĂƐƚƵƐƚƵƐŬLJŬLJŝƐŝŬƐŝ ŶćŝůůĞůććŬĞŚŽŝĚŽŝůůĞ͘^ććŶŶƂůůŝŶĞŶŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵǀŽŝŽůůĂŬĞŝŶŽĞŚŬćŝƐƚćƚƵůĞŚĚƵƐƚĞŶ ƉƵŚŬĞĂŵŝƐƚĂ͕ ũŽůůŽŝŶ ůććŬĞŚŽŝĚŽůƚĂ ǀŽŝĚĂĂŶ ũŽŝƐƐĂŝŶ ƚĂƉĂƵŬƐŝĂ ǀćůƩLJć͘ >ŝƐćŬƐŝ

ŬƵǀĂϱ͘ŬƵƉĂƌŝŶĞŶŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵ

ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵĂǀŽŝĚĂĂŶŬćLJƩććŵƵƵŶŚŽŝĚŽŶŽŚĞůůĂŚĞůƉŽƩĂŵĂĂŶƚƵŬŬŽŝƐƚĂŽůŽĂũĂ ŵƵŝƚĂƐŝǀƵŽŶƚĞůŽƚƵůĞŚĚƵŬƐĞŶŽŝƌĞŝƚĂŬƵƚĞŶƉććŶƐćƌŬLJćƚĂŝƚƵƌǀŽƚƵƐƚĂ͘EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵ ŽŶ ŵLJƂƐ ŽŝǀĂ ŚŽŝƚŽŬĞŝŶŽ ĂůůĞƌŐŝĂŶ ŽŝƌĞŝƐŝŝŶ͕ Ɛŝůůć ƐĞ ƉƵŚĚŝƐƚĂĂ ŚĞŶŐŝƚLJƐƚĞŝƚć ĂůůĞƌŐŝƐŽŝǀŝƐƚĂŚŝƵŬŬĂƐŝƐƚĂũĂŶćŝŶŽůůĞŶŚĞůƉŽƩĂĂŽůŽĂĂůůĞƌŐŝĂͲĂŝŬĂŶĂ͘EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵƐƚĂ ǀŽŝŵLJƂƐŽůůĂĂƉƵĂ͕ũŽƐŬĂĂŶƐĞĞŝŽůĞĂŝŶŽĂŶĂŚŽŝƚŽŬĞŝŶŽŶĂƌŝŝƩćǀćĂƐƚŵĂŶ͕ŬƌŽŽŶŝƐĞŶ ŬĞƵŚŬŽƉƵƚŬĞŶƚƵůĞŚĚƵŬƐĞŶ ƚĂŝ ŶĞŶćŶ ƉŽůLJLJƉƉŝĞŶ ŚŽŝĚŽƐƐĂ͕ ǀĂĂŶ Ŷćŵć ƐĂŝƌĂƵĚĞƚ ǀĂĂƟǀĂƚŵLJƂƐŵƵƵƚĂůććŬĞƟĞƚĞĞůůŝƐƚ挎ŝƚŽĂ͘

ƚƵŝŶĂ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶ ŬćLJƚƂƐƐć ŝƚƐĞŚŽŝƚŽůććŬŬĞŝĚĞŶ ƚĂŝ ƌĞƐĞƉƟůććŬŬĞŝĚĞŶ ŬćLJƩƂƂŶ ǀĞƌƌĂƩƵŶĂŽŶƉŝĚĞƩLJƐƵŽůĂůŝƵŽŬƐĞŶƌĂƵŚŽŝƩĂǀĂĂǀĂŝŬƵƚƵƐƚĂŶĞŶćŶůŝŵĂŬĂůǀŽŝůůĞũĂƐŝƚć ĞƩćƚŽŝƐŝŶŬƵŝŶĂŶƟďŝŽŽƩĞũĂŬćLJƚĞƩćĞƐƐć͕ŚLJǀćŶůĂĂƚƵŝŶĞŶďĂŬƚĞĞƌŝŬĂŶƚĂĞŝƚƵŚŽƵĚƵ͘

>ŝƐćŬƐŝ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶ ŬćLJƩƂ ŽŶ ĞĚƵůůŝƐĞŵƉĂĂ ŬƵŝŶ ůććŬĞŚŽŝƚŽ͕ ĞŝŬć ƐŝŝŚĞŶ ůŝŝƚLJ ƐŝǀƵǀĂŝŬƵƚƵŬƐŝĂ͕ŬƵƚĞŶƵŶĞůŝĂŝƐƵƵƩĂƚĂŝǀĂƚƐĂǀĂŝǀŽũĂ͘EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵƐŽƉŝŝƵƐĞŝŵŵŝůůĞ͕

ũĂŬƵŶŬćLJƚĞƚLJŶůŝƵŽŬƐĞŶƐƵŽůĂƉŝƚŽŝƐƵƵƐŽŶƐŽƉŝǀĂ͕ŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵĞŝƚƵŶŶƵĞƉćŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀćůƚć ƚĂŝŬŝǀƵůŝĂĂůƚĂ͘

dŝĞƚĞĞůůŝƐĞƐƟ Ğŝ ŽůĞ ƚĂƌŬŬĂĂŶ ƐĞůǀŝƚĞƩLJ͕ ŵŝůůć ƚĂǀŽŝŶ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵ ƚŽŝŵŝŝ ŚĞŶŐŝƚLJƐƟĞŽŝƌĞŝĚĞŶ ŚĞůƉŽƩĂŵŝƐĞŬƐŝ͕ ŵƵƩĂ ŽŶ ĞŚĚŽƚĞƩƵ ĞƩć ŚŽŝĚŽŶ ƉŽƐŝƟŝǀŝƐĞƚ ǀĂŝŬƵƚƵŬƐĞƚ ũŽŚƚƵŝƐŝǀĂƚ ůŝŵĂŶ ŵĞŬĂĂŶŝƐĞƐƚĂ ƉŽŝƐƚĂŵŝƐĞƐƚĂ͕ ŶĞŶćŶ ǀćƌĞŬĂƌǀŽũĞŶ ƚŽŝŵŝŶŶĂŶ ƉĂƌĂŶĞŵŝƐĞƐƚĂ͕ ůŝŵĂŶĞƌŝƚLJŬƐĞŶ ǀćŚĞŶĞŵŝƐĞƐƚć͕ ůŝŵĂŬĂůǀŽũĞŶ ƚƵƌǀŽƚƵŬƐĞŶ ǀćŚĞŶĞŵŝƐĞƐƚć͕ƐĞŬććƌƐLJƩćǀŝĞŶũĂƚƵůĞŚĚƵƐƚĂĂŝŚĞƵƩĂǀŝĞŶŚŝƵŬŬĂƐƚĞŶƉŽŝƐƚĂŵŝƐĞƐƚĂ͘

ŬƵǀĂϲ͘ͲdĞƌǀĞLJĚĞŬƐŝ͊

12

EĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶŬćLJƚƂŶŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐŝĂŚLJƂƚLJũć;ŬĂŝŬŬŝĞŝƟĞƚĞĞůůŝƐĞƐƟƚŽĚŝƐƚĞƩƵũĂͿ͗

ͲWŽŝƐƚĂĂůŝŬĂĂ͕ďĂŬƚĞĞƌĞũĂ͕ƐŝŝƚĞƉƂůLJũćŶĞŶćƐƚć

Ͳ,ĞůƉŽƩĂĂĂůůĞƌŐŝĂŽŝƌĞŝƚĂ͕ŬƵƚĞŶǀƵŽƚĂǀĂĂŶĞŶććƚĂŝƐŝůŵŝĞŶŬƵƟŶĂĂ ͲsćŚĞŶƚććŶĞŶćŶůŝŵĂŬĂůǀŽũĞŶƚƵƌǀŽƚƵƐƚĂũĂŶćŝŶŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƚĂĂǀĂƉĂĂŶ ŶĞŶćŶŬĂƵƩĂŚĞŶŐŝƚLJŬƐĞŶ

ͲƵƩĂĂŶĞŶćŽŶƚĞůŽŝƚĂƉƵŚĚŝƐƚƵŵĂĂŶũĂƚŽŝŵŝŵĂĂŶŬƵŶŶŽůůĂƚƵƌǀŽƚƵŬƐĞŶ vähenemisen ansiosta

ͲƵƩĂĂŽŝŬĞŝĚĞŶŽůŽƐƵŚƚĞŝĚĞŶŵƵŽĚŽƐƚƵŵŝƐĞƐƐĂŶĞŶćŬćLJƚćǀŝŝŶ͕ũŽƩĂ ŶĞŶćǀŽŝƚŽŝŵŝĂƚĞŚƚćǀćƐƐććŶŬĞƵŚŬŽŝŚŝŶŬƵůŬĞǀĂŶŝůŵĂŶƐƵŽĚĂƩĂũĂŶĂ ͲWĂƌĂŶƚĂĂŚĂũƵĂŝƐƟĂ͕ũŽŬĂƉƵŽůĞƐƚĂĂŶǀĂŝŬƵƩĂĂŵLJƂƐŵĂŬƵĂŝƐƟŶƉĂƌĂŶĞͲ miseen

ͲsŽŝŽůůĂĂǀƵŬƐŝƟĞƩLJũĞŶŬŽƌǀĂƚƵůĞŚĚƵƐƚĞŶŚŽŝĚŽƐƐĂũĂŵĂŚĚŽůŝƐĞƐƟ ǀćŚĞŶƚććĂŶƟďŝŽŽƫĞŶŬćLJƚƂŶƚĂƌƉĞĞůůŝƐƵƵƩĂ

Ͳ,ĞůƉŽƩĂĂŽůŽĂƉŽŝƐƚĂĞƐƐĂĂŶƚƵŬŬŽŝƐƵƵƩĂũĂƐŝŝƚćũŽŚƚƵǀŝĂŵƵŝƚĂŽŝƌĞŝƚĂ͕

ŬƵƚĞŶƉććŶƐćƌŬLJũć͕ũĂŶćŝŶŽůůĞŶƉĂƌĂŶƚĂĂŵLJƂƐŵŝĞůĞŶƟůĂĂ ;:ĞīĞƌƐŽŶ͕ϮϬϬϱͿ

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞŬƵŬĂŶŶƵŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶćũĂŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐ

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵũĂƐĞŶŬćLJƩƂ

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵĂ ŽŶ ŬŽŬĞŝůƚƵ ŬůŝŝŶŝƐŝƐƐć ŬŽŬĞŝƐƐĂ Ğƌŝ ƚĂǀŽŝŶ͕ ŬƵƚĞŶ ƌƵŝƐŬƵƩĂŵĂůůĂ ƐƵŽůĂůŝƵŽƐƚĂ ŶĞŶćŽŶƚĞůŽŝŚŝŶ͕ ŚƂLJƌLJŚĞŶŐŝƩćŵćůůć ƚĂŝ ƐƵŵƵƩĂŵĂůůĂ ŬŽƐƚĞĂĂ ŝůŵĂĂ ĞƌŝůĂŝƐƚĞŶĂƉƵǀćůŝŶĞŝĚĞŶĂǀƵůůĂŚĞŶŐŝƚLJƐƚĞŝŚŝŶ͘;:ĞīĞƌƐŽŶϮϬϬϱ͕ϰϵͿ

zŬƐŝŶŬĞƌƚĂŝƐŝŵŵŝůůĂĂŶ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶ ǀŽŝ ƐƵŽƌŝƩĂĂ ŝůŵĂŶ ĂƉƵǀćůŝŶĞŝƚć ŝŵĂŝƐĞŵĂůůĂ ǀĞƩć ŬćƐŝƐƚć ŵƵŽĚŽƐƚĞƚƵƐƚĂ ŬƵƉŝƐƚĂ͕ ŵƵƩĂ ƚćůůć ŬĞŝŶŽůůĂ ǀŽŝĚĂĂŶ ƉƵŚĚŝƐƚĂĂ ůćŚŝŶŶć ƐŝĞƌĂŝŵĞƚ͘ :ŽƐ ŚĂůƵƚĂĂŶ ƉƵŚĚŝƐƚĂĂ ŶĞŶćŬćLJƚćǀŝć ƉĞƌƵƐƚĞĞůůŝƐĞŵŵŝŶ͕ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵĂ ŬćLJƩćŵćůůć ŽŶ ŬŽƟŽůŽŝƐƐĂ ŚĞůƉƉŽĂ ƐƵŽƌŝƩĂĂ ƉĞƌƵƐƚĞĞůůŝƐĞŵƉŝ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵ͘

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵƵŶǀŽŝĚĂĂŶŬćLJƩććŵLJƂƐĞƌŝůĂŝƐŝĂƉƵƌŝƐƚƵƐƉƵůůŽũĂ͕ƌƵŝƐŬƵũĂƚĂŝƐćŚŬƂŝƐŝć ĂƉƵǀćůŝŶĞŝƚć͕ũŽƚŬĂŬƵůũĞƩĂǀĂƚůŝƵŽŬƐĞŶŶĞŶćŬćLJƚćǀŝŝŶ͘ŝŬƵŝƐŝůůĞŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶŬćLJƩƂŽŶ ŬƵŝƚĞŶŬŝŶŚĞůƉƉŽũĂǀĂŝǀĂƚŽŶƚĂƉĂƐƵŽƌŝƩĂĂŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵ͘>ĂƐƚĞŶŶĞŶćŶŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵƐƚĂŽůŝƐŝ ƚĂƌǀŝƩĂĞƐƐĂŚLJǀćŶĞƵǀŽƚĞůůĂĞƚƵŬćƚĞĞŶůććŬćƌŝŶŬĂŶƐƐĂĞŶŶĞŶŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶĂůŽŝƩĂŵŝƐƚĂ͕

ƐĞŶƚĂƌƉĞĞůůŝƐƵƵĚĞŶũĂŽŝŬĞŝĚĞŶŵĞŶĞƚĞůŵŝĞŶǀĂƌŵŝƐƚĂŵŝƐĞŬƐŝ͘

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵƚ ŽǀĂƚ ƉŝĞŶŝć ŬĂŶŶƵũĂ͕ ũŽƚŬĂ ŽŶ ƵƐĞŝŵŵŝƚĞŶ ƚĞŚƚLJ ŵƵŽǀŝƐƚĂ͕

ŬĞƌĂŵŝŝŬĂƐƚĂůĂƐŝƐƚĂƚĂŝŵĞƚĂůůŝƐƚĂ͘EŝŝĚĞŶƚŽŝŵŝŶƚĂŶĞŶćŽŶŬĂůŽŝĚĞŶƉƵŚƚĂĂŶĂƉŝĚŽƐƐĂ ƉĞƌƵƐƚƵƵƉĂŝŶŽǀŽŝŵĂĂŶ͕ƉććŶŽŝŬĞĂĂŶĂƐĞŶƚŽŽŶŚƵƵŚĚĞůƚĂĞƐƐĂũĂƚŽŝƐƚƵǀĂĂŶŬćLJƩƂƂŶ͘

hƐĞŝŶ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵƐƐĂ ŽŶ ŶŽŬŬĂ͕ ũŽŬĂ ŬŝŝŶŶŝƩLJLJ ŬĂŶŶƵƵŶ ůćŚĞůůć ƉŽŚũĂĂ͕ ũĂ ƚŽŝƐŝŶĂĂŶ ŬĂŚǀĂ ǀĂƐƚĂŬŬĂŝƐĞůůĂ ƉƵŽůĞůůĂ ŶŽŬŬĂĂ͘ EŽŬĂŶ ƉććŶ ƚƵůĞĞ ŽůůĂ ŬĞƐŬŝǀĞƌƚŽŝŚŵŝƐĞŶ ƐŝĞƌĂŝŵĞŶ ŬŽŬŽŝŶĞŶ͕ ũŽƩĂ ƐĞ ƐŽƉŝŝ ƐŝĞƌĂŝŵĞĞŶ ƟŝǀŝŝƐƟ ũĂ ŚĞůƉŽƩĂĂ ŶćŝŶ ŽůůĞŶ ǀĞĚĞŶ ŬĂĂƚĂŵŝƐƚĂ ƐŝĞƌĂŝŵĞĞŶ ũĂ ŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶ ƐƵŽƌŝƩĂŵŝƐƚĂ͘ EĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵũĂ ŽŶ ŽůĞŵĂƐƐĂ Ğƌŝ ŬŽŬŽŝƐŝĂũŽƚĞŶŶŝŝĚĞŶƟůĂǀƵƵĚĞƚǀĂŝŚƚĞůĞǀĂƚ͘hƐĞŝŵŵĂƚŵĂƌŬŬŝŶŽŝůůĂŽůĞǀĂƚŵĂůůŝƚŽǀĂƚ ǀĞƚŽŝƐƵƵĚĞůƚĂĂŶŶ͘Ϯ͕ϱͲϰĚĞƐŝůŝƚƌĂĂ͘

ŬƵǀĂϳ͘<ĂŶŶƵŶŬćLJƩƂ

ϭϰ

^ƵŽůĂĂ ŽŶ ŬćLJƚĞƩLJ ĂŶƟƐĞƉƟƐĞŶĂ ĂŝŶĞĞŶĂ ƚƵŚĂŶƐŝĞŶ ǀƵŽƐŝĞŶ ĂũĂŶ ƚƵůĞŚĚƵƐƚĞŶ ƚŽƌũƵŵŝƐĞĞŶ͘ /ŚŵŝƐĞŶ ǀĞƌŝ͕ ŚŝŬŝ ũĂ ŬLJLJŶĞůĞĞƚ ƐŝƐćůƚćǀćƚ ƐƵŽůŽũĂ ũĂ ƐƵŽũĂĂǀĂƚ ŝŚŽĂ ũĂ Ɛŝůŵŝć ƚĂƌƩƵǀŝůƚĂ ďĂŬƚĞĞƌĞŝůƚĂ ƐƵŽůŽũĞŶ ĂŶƚďĂŬƚĞĞƌŝƐƚĞŶ ŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝĞŶ ĂŶƐŝŽŝƐƚĂ͘

DLJƂƐĞƐŝŵĞƌŬŝŬƐŝƐƵŽůĂǀĞĚĞůůćŬƵƌůĂĂŵŝŶĞŶŽŶŵŽŶŝůůĞƚƵƩƵĞŶƟƐĂŝŬŽũĞŶŚŽŝƚŽŬĞŝŶŽ ŬŝƉĞććŶŬƵƌŬŬƵƵŶ͘

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵƐƐĂ ƐƵŽůĂůŝƵŽƐƚĂ ŬĂĂĚĞƚĂĂŶ ŶĞŶćŬćLJƚćǀŝŝŶ͘ EĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵĂ ŬćLJƚĞƩćĞƐƐć ŬĞŚŽŶůćŵƉƂŝŶĞŶ ƐƵŽůĂůŝƵŽƐ ŬĂĂĚĞƚĂĂŶ ƚŽŝƐĞƐƚĂ ƐŝĞƌĂŝŵĞƐƚĂ ƐŝƐććŶ ũĂ ĂŶŶĞƚĂĂŶ ƐĞŶ ǀĂůƵĂŶĞŶćŬćLJƚćǀŝćƉŝƚŬŝŶƚŽŝƐĞƐƚĂƐŝĞƌĂŝŵĞƐƚĂƵůŽƐ͘<ƵůŬŝĞƐƐĂĂŶŶĞŶćŽŶŬĂůŽŝĚĞŶůćƉŝ͕

ƐƵŽůĂůŝƵŽƐƉƵŚĚŝƐƚĂĂŶĞŶćŬćLJƚćǀŝćůŝŵĂƐƚĂũĂćƌƐLJƩćǀŝƐƚćƚĂŝƚƵůĞŚĚƵƐƚĂĂŝŚĞƵƩĂǀŝƐƚĂ ŚŝƵŬŬĂƐŝƐƚĂ͘,ƵƵŚƚĞůƵƐƵŽƌŝƚĞƚĂĂŶĞŶƐŝŶƚŽŝƐĞĞŶƐŝĞƌĂŝŵĞĞŶ͕ũĂƚćŵćŶũćůŬĞĞŶƚŽŝƐĞĞŶ͘

:ŽƐƚƵŬŬŽŝƐƵƵƐũĂƚŬƵƵ͕ŬćƐŝƩĞůLJŶǀŽŝƚŽŝƐƚĂĂƵƵĚĞůůĞĞŶ͕ŬƵŶŶĞƐƚƵŬŬŽŝƐƵƵƐŚĞůƉŽƩĂĂ͘

>ćŵŵŝŶƐƵŽůĂǀĞƐŝƉŽŝƐƚĂĂůŝŵĂĂũĂćƌƐLJƩćǀŝćŚŝƵŬŬĂƐŝĂŶĞŶćŬćLJƚćǀŝƐƚćũĂŚĞůƉŽƩĂĂŶćŝŶ ŚĞŶŐŝƚLJŬƐĞŶ ŬƵůŬĞŵŝƐƚĂ͘ EĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŬćLJƩćũŝĞŶ ŵƵŬĂĂŶ ŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵůůĂ ŽŶ ƉŽƐŝƟŝǀŝƐŝĂ ǀĂŝŬƵƚƵŬƐŝĂ ŵLJƂƐ ƐŝůŵćͲ͕ ŬŽƌǀĂͲ͕ ŬƵƌŬŬƵͲ ũĂ ŬĞƵŚŬŽͲŽŝƌĞŝƐŝŝŶ͕ ƐĞŬć ŵŝĞůĞŶƟůĂĂŶ ŽůŽŶ ŚĞůƉŽƩƵŵŝƐĞŶŵLJƂƚć͘

<ćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞũĂĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐ

ƐƚĞƟŝŬŬĂ ŽŶ ĮůŽƐŽĮĂŶ ŽƉƉŝĂůĂ͕ ũŽŶŬĂ ŬĞƐŬĞŝƐŝŶć ƚƵƚŬŝŵƵƐĂŝŚĞŝŶĂ ŽǀĂƚ ŬĂƵŶĞƵƐ͕

ƌƵŵƵƵƐ͕ƚĂŝĚĞũĂƚĂŝĚĞŬƌŝƟŝŬŬŝ;EĂƵŬŬĂƌŝŶĞŶϮϬϭϭ͕ϭϭϴͿ͘ƐƚĞĞƫƐŝƐƚćŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝƐƚĂ ũĂ ŵƵŽĚŽŝƐƚĂ ƉƵŚƵƩĂĞƐƐĂ ǀŽŝĚĂĂŶ ŵŝĞƫć ǀŽŝŬŽ LJůĞĞŶƐć ŽůůĂ ŽůĞŵĂƐƐĂ ŵŝƚććŶ LJůĞŝƐƉćƚĞǀŝć ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐŝć ĂƌǀŽƐƚĞůŵŝĂ͍ <ŽƐŬĂ ũŽŶŬŝŶ ĂƐŝĂŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJĚĞŶ ĂƌǀŝŽŝŶƟ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂĂ ŽůĞǀĂŶ ŚLJǀŝŶ ǀĂŚǀĂƐƟ LJŬƐŝůƂůůŝƐƚć ũĂ ƌŝŝƉƉƵƵ ĂƌǀŝŽŝũĂŶ ŚĞŶŬŝůƂŬŽŚƚĂŝƐŝƐƚĂ ŵŝĞůƚLJŵLJŬƐŝƐƚćũĂĂŝŬĂŝƐĞŵŵŝƐƚĂŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐŝƐƚĂ͕ŽŶŬŽLJůŝƉććƚććŶŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƚĂĂƌǀŝŽŝĚĂ LJůĞŝƐƉćƚĞǀćƐƟ ĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƩć ƚĂŝ ĞƉćĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƩć͍ :ŽƐ ũŽŬĂŝƐĞůůĂ ŽŶ ŽŵĂƚ ŵŝĞůŝƉŝƚĞĞŶƐć ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƚĞĞŶ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂǀŝƐƚĂ ĞůĞŵĞŶƚĞŝƐƚć͕ ŵŝůůć ƉĞƌƵƐƚĞĞůůĂ ǀŽŝĚĂĂŶ ǀĂůŝƚĂũŽŬƵƟĞƩLJŵŝĞůŝƉŝĚĞŽŝŬĞĂŵŵĂŬƐŝŬƵŝŶũŽŬƵƚŽŝŶĞŶ͍sŽŝŬŽŵĂŬƵĂƐŝŽŝƐƚĂŬŝŝƐƚĞůůć ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƩć ĂƌǀŝŽŝƚĂĞƐƐĂ͍ sŽŝŬŽ ŚƵŽŶŽƐƚĂ ŵĂƵƐƚĂ ŚƵŽŵĂƵƩĂĂ͍ KŶŬŽ ŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƚĂ ŵććƌŝƚĞůůćŵŝƚććŶLJůĞŝƐƉćƚĞǀŝćĞƐƚĞĞƫƐŝćƉŝŝƌƚĞŝƚćĞƌŝůĂŝƐŝƐƐĂŵƵŽĚŽŝƐƐĂ͍

<ĂŝŬŬŝŬĂƵŶŝƐĞŝŽůĞŬĂƵŶŝƐƚĂƐĂŵŽŝƐƚĂƐLJŝƐƚć͘ƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐŽŶŵŽŶŝŵƵŽƚŽŝƐƚĂũĂƉŝĞŶĞƚ ĞƌŽƚǀŽŝǀĂƚŽůůĂƌĂƚŬĂŝƐĞǀŝĂ͘:ŽŶŬŝŶĂƐŝĂŶƚĂŝĞƐŝŶĞĞŶŬĂƵŶĞƵƐĞŝƐLJŶŶLJƐĞŶŬĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĂƐƚĂ͕

ǀĂĂŶƐĞŶƉĂƌƟŬƵůĂĂƌŝƐƚĂŬŽŬŽŶĂŝƐƵƵĚĞƐƚĂ͘dĂƉĂƵƐŬŽŚƚĂŝƐĞƐƟĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐũĂŬĂƵŶĞƵƐǀŽŝ ŵƵŽĚŽƐƚƵĂĞƐŝŵĞƌŬŝŬƐŝŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀLJLJĚĞƐƚćƚĂŝLJůůćƩćǀLJLJĚĞƐƚć͕ƚĂŝũŽŝƐƐĂŬŝŶƚĂƉĂƵŬƐŝƐƐĂ ǀĂŝŬŬĂƉĂŐƌŽƚĞƐŬŝƵĚĞƐƚĂƚĂŝĚŝƐƐŽŶĂŶƐƐŝƐƚĂ͘;EĂƵŬŬĂƌŝŶĞŶϮϬϭϭ͕ϲϳͿ

ƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐ ŽŶ ŽƐĂ ũŽŬĂƉćŝǀćŝƐƚć ĞůćŵććŵŵĞ͕ Ɛŝůůć ŝŚŵŝƐĞůůĞ ŽŶ ůƵŽŶƚĞĞŶŽŵĂŝƐƚĂ LJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂŶƐć ŬĂƵŶĞƵĚĞŶ ũĂ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJĚĞŶ ĂƌǀŝŽŝŶƟ͘ /ŚŵŝƐĞůůć ŽŶ ŵLJƂƐ ƚĂŝƉƵŵƵƐ ƌĂŬĞŶƚĂĂ ũĂ ŵƵŽŬĂƚĂ LJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂććŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐƚĞŶ ŵŝĞůƚLJŵLJƐƚĞŶƐć ŵƵŬĂŝƐĞƐƟ͘ ƌŬŝƐĞŶ

LJŵƉćƌŝƐƚƂŶũĂĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶĂƌǀŝŽŝŶƟũĂĂŶĂůLJƐŽŝŶƟĞƌŽĂĂĂŬĂƚĞĞŵŝƐĞƐƚĂƚĂŝƚ- ĞĞŶĞƐƚĞƟŝŬĂŶƚƵƚŬŝŵƵŬƐĞƐƚĂ͘;^ĂŝƚŽϮϬϬϳ͕ϭϬͿ

:ŽŶŬŝŶĂƐŝĂŶƚĂŝĞƐŝŶĞĞŶŬĂƵŶĞƵƐƚĂŝƌƵŵƵƵƐŽŶŵĂŬƵĂƐŝĂũĂŵĂŬƵƚƵŽŵŝŽƚŽǀĂƚƐƵď- ũĞŬƟŝǀŝƐŝĂũĂLJŬƐŝůƂůůŝƐŝć͘^Ğ͕ŵŝƚćƉŝĚĞƚććŶŬĂƵŶŝŝŶĂũĂĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞŶć͕ƌŝŝƉƉƵƵƐŝŝƐũŽŬĂŝ- ƐĞŶĂƌǀŝŽŝũĂŶŽŵŝƐƚĂŵŝĞůƚLJŵLJŬƐŝƐƚć͕ũŽƚŬĂŽǀĂƚŵƵŽŬŬĂƵƚƵŶĞĞƚŬŽŬĞŵƵƐƚĞŶũĂŚĞŶ- ŬŝůƂŬŽŚƚĂŝƐƚĞŶ ŵŝĞůƚLJŵLJƐƚĞŶ ŬĂƵƩĂ ;ƌŽĐŚŵĂŶŶ ϭϵϱϱ͕ ϭϱͿ͘ hƐŬŽŶ ŬƵŝƚĞŶŬŝŶ͕ ĞƩć ŽŶŽůĞŵĂƐƐĂƉŝŝƌƚĞŝƚćĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶŵƵŽĚŽŝƐƐĂ͕ũŽŝƚĂLJůĞŝƐĞƐƟƉŝĚĞƚććŶŬĂƵŶŝŝŵƉŝŶĂŬƵŝŶ ũŽŝƚĂŬŝŶƚŽŝƐŝĂ͘^ĂŵŽŝŶŽŶǀĂƐƚĂĂǀĂƐƟƉŝŝƌƚĞŝƚćũŽƚŬĂŬŽĞƚĂĂŶĞƉćŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀŝŶćũĂũŽƉĂ ƌƵŵŝŶĂ͕ ũŽŬƐĞĞŶŬŝŶ ƌŝŝƉƉƵŵĂƩĂ ĂƌǀŝŽŝũĂŶ ƚĂƵƐƚŽŝƐƚĂ͘ ƌŝůĂŝƐĞƚ ŵƵŽĚŽƚ ŬŽĞƚĂĂŶ ŚLJǀŝŶ ĞƌŝůƵŽŶƚĞŝƐŝŶĂũĂŶŝŝƐƐćǀŽŝĚĂĂŶƐĂŶŽĂŽůĞǀĂŶŚLJǀŝŶĞƌŝůĂŝƐŝĂƚƵŶŶĞůŵŝĂ͘hƐŬŽŶĞƩćŽŶ ŽůĞŵĂƐƐĂƟĞƩLJũćůĂŝŶĂůĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝĂŵƵŽƚŽũĞŶŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞƐƐĂ͕ǀĂŝŬŬĂƚŽŝƐĂĂůƚĂŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞƚ ǀŽŝǀĂƚŽůůĂŵLJƂƐŚLJǀŝŶLJŬƐŝůƂůůŝƐŝćũĂƚŽŝƐŝƐƚĂĂŶĞƌŽĂǀŝĂ͘

͟ƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶŬŽŬĞŵƵƐĞŝŽůĞƉƵŚƚĂĂƐƟƐƵďũĞŬƟŝǀŝŶĞŶ͕ŵƵƩĂĞŝŵLJƂƐŬććŶƉƵŚƚĂĂƐƟŽď- ũĞŬƟŝǀŝŶĞŶ͘͟;ZŝƚĂůĂϮϬϬϬ͕ϮϬͿ

ŬƵǀĂϵ͘<ŝŝŶĂůĂŝŶĞŶĐĞůĂĚŽŶͲǀĂĂƐŝ

ŬƵǀĂϴ͘:ĂƉĂŶŝůĂŝŶĞŶ ǁĂďŝͲƐĂďŝͲƚĞĞŬƵƉƉŝ

16

/ŚĂŶƚĞĞůůŝŶĞŶ͕ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞƐƟ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀć ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞ ŽŶ ŬćLJƚćŶŶƂůůŝŶĞŶ ũĂ ŬĂƵŶŝƐ͘

^ƵƐĂŶŶ sŝŚŵĂ ŬŝƌũŽŝƩĂĂ ƚĞŽŬƐĞƐƐĂĂŶ WƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ĂƐ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ ʹ Ă ƐĞŵŝŽƟĐ ĂŶĚ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ ƐƚƵĚLJ ŽĨ ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ ;sŝŚŵĂ ϭϵϵϱͿ ƚĞŽůůŝƐĞƐƟ ƚƵŽƚĞƚƵŝƐƚĂ ŽďũĞŬƚĞŝƐƚĂ͕

ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵƚƵŽƩĞŝƐƚĂ͕ ũŽŝĚĞŶ ƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƐƐĂ ŵƵŽƚŽŝůŝũĂ ŽŶ ŽůůƵƚ ƚćƌŬĞćƐƐć ŽƐĂƐƐĂ͘

dĞŽŬƐĞƐƐĂĂŶ sŝŚŵĂ ŬćƐŝƩĞůĞĞ ŽďũĞŬƟĞŶ ƐĞŵŝŽƟŝŬŬĂĂ ũĂ ĞƐƚĞƟŝŬŬĂĂ ũĂ ŽůĞŵƵƐƚĂ ŵĞƌŬŝƚLJƐƚĞŶ ŝůŵĞŶƚLJŵŝŶć͘ dĞŽůůŝƐĞƐƟ ƚƵŽƚĞƩƵũĞŶ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ůŝƐćŬƐŝ sŝŚŵĂŶ ƚƵůŬŝŶŶĂƚ ŽǀĂƚ ĂŝŶĂŬŝŶ ŽƐŝƩĂŝŶ ƐŽǀĞůůĞƩĂǀŝƐƐĂ ŵLJƂƐ ŬćƐŝƚLJƂŶć ǀĂůŵŝƐƚĞƩƵũĞŶ ƚĂŝĚĞƚĞŽůůŝƐƚĞŶ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ͕ŬƵƚĞŶƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůĞŵĂŶŝĞƐŝŶĞƐĂƌũĂŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJĚĞŶĂŶĂůLJƐŽŝŵŝƐĞƐƐĂũĂ ĂƌǀŝŽŝŶŶŝƐƐĂ͘

WƵŚƚĂĂƐƟ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞƚ ĞƐŝŶĞĞƚ ŽŶ ƐƵƵŶŶŝƚĞůƚƵ ŶćLJƩĞŝůůĞ ĂƐĞƩĂŵŝƐƚĂ ǀĂƌƚĞŶ ũĂ ŶŝŝĚĞŶ ŝƚƐĞŶƐćƚćŚĚĞŶ͕ĞŶŶĞŵŵŝŶŬƵŝŶũŽŶŬŝŶƟĞƚLJŶŬćLJƚćŶŶƂůůŝƐĞŶƚĂƌƉĞĞŶƚLJLJĚLJƩćŵŝƐĞŬƐŝ͘

<ćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝƚć ƐƵƵŶŶŝƚĞůƚĂĞƐƐĂ ĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ŬćLJƚƂŶ ŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝĂ Ğŝ ǀŽŝĚĂ ũćƩćć ƚćLJƐŝŶ ŚƵŽŵŝŽŝŵĂƩĂ͕ŵƵƩĂĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞŵŵćůůćŵƵŽĚŽůůĂǀŽŝĚĂĂŶƚŽŬŝƉLJƌŬŝćƐĂĂŵĂĂŶƚƵŽƚĞ ĞƌŽƩƵŵĂĂŶŵĂƌŬŬŝŶŽŝůůĂũĂƐĂĂŵĂĂŶƚƵŽƩĞĞůůĞůŝƐććŬŝŝŶŶŽƐƚĂǀƵƵƩĂŬćLJƩćũŝĞŶƉĂƌŝƐƐĂ͘

:ŽŝƐƐĂŬŝŶƚĂƉĂƵŬƐŝƐƐĂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶŬćLJƚćŶŶƂůůŝƐLJLJƐǀŽŝŽůůĂũŽƉĂĂůŝƐƚĞŝŶĞŶƐĞŶƵůŬŽŵƵŽĚŽůůĞ͘

;sŝŚŵĂϭϵϵϱ͕ϮϳͿ

&ƵŶŬƟŽŶĂůŝƐƟƐĞƐƐĂ ĞƐƚĞƟŝŬĂƐƐĂ ƉĂŝŶŽƚĞƚĂĂŶ ĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ƚĞŬŶŝƐĞŶ ƌĂŬĞŶƚĞĞŶ ũĂ ƚƵŽƩĞĞŶ ĨƵŶŬƟŽŶŵĞƌŬŝƚLJƐƚć͕ƵůŬŽŵƵŽƚŽĂƉŝĚĞƚććŶƚŽŝƐƐŝũĂŝƐĞŶĂĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJĚĞŶƐƵŚƚĞĞŶ͘,LJǀć ĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶ ŵƵŽƚŽ ƐĂĂǀƵƚĞƚĂĂŶ ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵƐƐĂ ƌĂƚŬĂŝƐĞŵĂůůĂ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂĂůŝŶ͕ ƚĞŬŶŽůŽŐŝĂŶ ũĂ ĞƌŐŽŶŽŵŝĂŶ ŽŶŐĞůŵŝĂ ĞŬŽůŽŐŝƐĞƐƟ ũĂ ĞŬŽŶŽŵŝƐĞƐƟ ƚĞŚŽŬŬĂĂůůĂ ƚĂǀĂůůĂ͘ dƵŽƩĞĞŶ ŬĂƵŶĞƵƐƐĞƵƌĂĂƐĞŶŬLJǀLJƐƚćƚćLJƩććĨƵŶŬƟŽŶĂĂůŝŶĞŶƚĂƌŬŽŝƚƵŬƐĞŶƐĂ͘;sŝŚŵĂϭϵϵϱ͕ϮϳͿ ,ƵŽůŝŵĂƩĂ Ɛŝŝƚć ŵŝƚĞŶ ĂũĂƚĞůůĂĂŶ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJĚĞŶ ŵƵŽĚŽƐƚƵǀĂŶ͕

ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ũŽƵŬŽŶ ŚĞƚĞƌŽŐĞĞŶŝƐLJLJĚĞŶ ƚĂŬŝĂ ŽŶ ŵĂŚĚŽƚŽŶƚĂ ŶŝŵĞƚć ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐŝć ŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝĂ͕ũŽƚŬĂƐŽƉŝƐŝǀĂƚŬĂŝŬŬŝŝŶŵƵŽƚŽŝůƚƵŝŚŝŶĞƐŝŶĞŝƐŝŝŶ͘dŝĞƚLJƐƐćŬŽŶƚĞŬƐƟƐƐĂ ŵććƌŝƚĞƩLJĞƐŝŶĞĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶƉŝŝƌƌĞǀŽŝƉƵƵƩƵĂƚŽŝƐĞƐƚĂƚćLJƐŝŶ͕ŬƵŶƚĂĂƐƚŽŝƐĞŶůĂŝƐĞƚ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞƚ ƉŝŝƌƚĞĞƚ ǀŽŝǀĂƚ ŬŽƐŬĞĂ Ɛŝƚć͘ ƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ Ğƌŝ ŬćLJƩƂƚĂǀĂƚ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂǀĂƚ ŶŝŝĚĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐŝŝŶ ŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝŝŶ ũĂ ƟĞƚLJŶ ĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐƚĞŶ ƉŝŝƌƚĞŝĚĞŶ ƐŽǀĞůƚĂŵŝŶĞŶ ƚŽŝƐĞĞŶƚƵŽƩĞĞƐĞĞŶĞŝŽůĞũćƌŬĞǀćć͘;sŝŚŵĂϭϵϵϱ͕ϭϱϭͿ

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵǀćůŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƐƐĂ͕ ŬƵƚĞŶ ŵƵŝƐƐĂŬŝŶ ƐƉĞƐŝĨĞŝƐƐć ŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵƚĞŚƚćǀŝƐƐć͕ ƚƵůĞĞ ŬŝŝŶŶŝƩćć ŚƵŽŵŝŽƚĂ ũƵƵƌŝ ŬLJƐĞĞƐƐć ŽůĞǀĂŶ ĞƐŝŶĞƚLJLJƉŝŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƚĞĞŶǀĂŝŬƵƩĂǀŝŝŶŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝŝŶ͘ƐŝŶĞĞŶŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵƐŽŶŵŽŶŝĂŝƐƟŶĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵƵƐ͕ ũŽƐƐĂ ŬćLJƩćũć ƚĞŬĞĞ LJŚƚć ĂŝŬĂĂ ǀŝƐƵĂĂůŝƐŝĂ͕ ĂƵĚŝƟŝǀŝƐŝĂ͕ ŽůĨĂŬƚŽƌŝƐŝĂ Ğůŝ ŚĂũƵĂŝƐƟŝŶ ŬLJƚŬĞLJƚLJǀŝć͕ ƐĞŬć ƚĂŬƟŝůŝƐŝĂ͕ ƚƵŶƚŽĂŝƐƟŶ ŬĂƵƩĂ ŵƵŽĚŽƐƚƵǀŝĂ ŚĂǀĂŝŶƚŽũĂ ĞƐŝŶĞĞƐƚć ũĂ ƐĞŶ ŬćLJƩƂƂŶ ůŝŝƩLJǀŝƐƚć ƚĂƉĂŚƚƵŵŝƐƚĂ͘ ĚĞůůć ŵĂŝŶŝƚƵƚ ŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶ ŽƐĂͲ ĂůƵĞĞƚǀĂŝŬƵƩĂǀĂƚŬĂŝŬŬŝŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀLJLJƚĞĞŶƚĂŝĞƉćŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀLJLJƚĞĞŶ ũĂŶćŝŶŽůůĞŶŵLJƂƐŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƚĞĞŶ;^ĂŝƚŽϮϬϬϳ͕ϮϭͲϮϮͿ͘

͟ĞĂƵƚLJŝƐŶŽƚŝŶƚŚĞĞLJĞŽĨƚŚĞďĞŚŽůĚĞƌ͕ďƵƚŝŶƚŚĞďƌĂŝŶŽĨƚŚĞďĞŚŽůĚĞƌ͟ʹŽůŝŶ DĂƌƟŶĚĂůĞ;EĂƵŬŬĂƌŝŶĞŶϮϬϭϭ͕ϳϯͿ

sĂůŝƚĞƩĂǀĂŶƵƐĞŝŶƚĂŝƚĞĞŶŚĂǀĂŝŶŶŽŝŶƟũĂĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶŬŽŬĞŵŝŶĞŶŽŶŚLJǀŝŶƌŝŝƉƉƵǀĂŝŶĞŶ LJŬƐŝŶŽŵĂĂŶŶćŬƂͲƚĂŝŬƵƵůŽĂŝƐƟƐƚĂ͘sĂŝŬŬĂƚĂŝĚĞƚĞŽƐŽůŝƐŝŵƵŽĚŽůƚĂĂŶŬŽůŵŝƵůŽƩĞŝŶĞŶ͕

ƚĞŽƐƚĞŶ ŬŽƐŬĞƩĞůƵ ũĂ ŚĂƉƟŶĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵŝŶĞŶ Ğŝ ŽůĞ ƵƐĞŝŶŬĂĂŶ ŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƚĂ͘

<ćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵŝŶĞŶ ŽŶ ƚĂŝƚĞĞŶ ŬĂƚƐŽŵŝƐĞĞŶ ƚĂŝ ŬƵƵŶƚĞůĞŵŝƐĞĞŶ ǀĞƌƌĂƩƵŶĂ ŬŽŬŽŶĂŝƐǀĂůƚĂŝƐĞŵƉĂĂ͘ <ŽƐŬĞƚĞůƚĂǀƵƵĚĞŶ ĂŶƐŝŽƐƚĂ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ŬĂƵŶŝŝƐƚĂŵƵŽĚŽŝƐƚĂǀŽŝǀĂƚŶĂƵƫĂŵLJƂƐŶćŬƂͲũĂŬƵƵůŽƌĂũŽŝƩĞŝƐĞƚ͘;^ĂŝƚŽϮϬϬϳ͕ϮϭͲϮϮͿ

<ćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶŬŽŬĞŵŝŶĞŶ

<ĂƉĞĂƐƟ ĂũĂƚĞůƚƵŶĂ ĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵƵƐ ǀŽŝĚĂĂŶ ŬćƐŝƩćć ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀćŬƐŝ ĂŝƐƟǀĂŝŬƵƚĞůŵĂŬƐŝ͘ dćůůƂŝŶ ĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ŬŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽ ũĂ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀć ƐŽŵŵŝƚĞůŵĂ ŽůŝƐŝ ĂŝŶŽĂ ƐŝƐćůƚƂ ĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞůůĞ ĂƌǀŽƐƚĂŵŝƐĞůůĞ ũĂ ĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵƵƐ ŽůŝƐŝ ŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƚĂ ƐƵƉŝƐƚĂĂŚĂǀĂŝŶƚŽƉƐLJŬŽůŽŐŝĂŶƉĞƌŝĂĂƩĞŝŬƐŝ͘ƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƚĞĞŶƚćŚƚććǀćŶƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƚLJƂŶ ƚƵůŝƐŝŶćŝŶŽůůĞŶƉĞƌƵƐƚƵĂƉĞƌŝĂĂƩĞŝĚĞŶŬƵƚĞŶƚĂƐĂƉĂŝŶŽŶ͕ĚLJŶĂŵŝŝŬĂŶũĂŬŝƌŬŬĂƵĚĞŶ ƚŽƚĞƵƩĂŵŝƐĞĞŶĞƐŝŶĞŵƵŽƚŽŝůƵƐƐĂ͘;sŝŚŵĂϭϵϵϱ͕ϭϱϱͿ

:ŽƐ ƚĂĂƐ ĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵƵƐ ŬćƐŝƚĞƚććŶ ůĂĂũĞŵŵŝŶ ŬƵŝŶ ǀĂŝŶ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀćŬƐŝ ĂŝƐƟǀĂŝŬƵƚĞůŵĂŬƐŝ͕ŽŶŬLJƐĞĞŶĂůĂŝƐƚĂǀŽŝŬŽƐĞŽůůĂƉƵŽůƵĞĞƚŽŶũĂƉƵŚĚĂƐ͘KŶŬŽƚƵůŬŝŶŶĂŶ ŬŽŚƚĞĞŶ Ğůŝ ŽďũĞŬƟŶ ŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƚĂ ŵććƌŝƚĞůůć ŵŝŬć ŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞƐƐĂ ŽŶ ŽůĞŶŶĂŝƐƚĂ ũĂ ƌĞůĞǀĂŶƫĂ͕ƐƵďũĞŬƟŶŽůůĞƐƐĂƉƵŽůƵĞĞƚŽŶ͍DƵŽƚŽŝůƵƚƵŽƩĞŝĚĞŶŽůůĞƐƐĂŬLJƐĞĞƐƐćŶŝŝĚĞŶ ŬćLJƚćŶŶƂůůŝƐĞƐƟŽƌŝĞŶƚŽŝƚƵŶĞŝƐƵƵƐůŝŝƩLJLJǀĂŚǀĂƐƟŶŝŝĚĞŶƚƵůŬŝŶƚĂĂŶ͕ũŽůůŽŝŶƐƵďũĞŬƟĞŝ ǀŽŝ ŽůůĂ ƚćLJƐŝŶ ĂůŝƐƚĞŝŶĞŶ ŽďũĞŬƟůůĞ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞƐƐć ŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞƐƐĂ͘ ƐŝŶĞĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵŝŶĞŶƉĞƌƵƐƚƵƵŬŽŬŝũĂŶĂŝĞŵƉŝŝŶŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐŝŝŶũĂŵƵŝƐƚŽŝŚŝŶ͕ũŽůůŽŝŶƐĞĞŝǀŽŝŽůůĂ ƚćLJƐŝŶ ƉƵŽůƵĞĞƚŽŶ͘ hƐĞŝĚĞŶ ƚƵƚŬŝũŽŝĚĞŶ ŶćŬĞŵLJƐ ŽŶ͕ ĞƩć ĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵƵƐ ŽŶ ŬćƐŝƚĞƩćǀćůĂĂũĞŵŵŝŶŬƵŝŶǀĂŝŶŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀćŬƐŝĂŝƐƟǀĂŝŬƵƚĞůŵĂŬƐŝ͘ƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶŬŽŬĞŵƵƐ ŽŶ ĂŝƐƟǀĂŝŬƵƚĞůŵĂ͕ ƐƵďũĞŬƟŝǀŝƐƚĂ ĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ĂƌǀŽƐƚĂŵŝƐƚĂ͕ ũŽƐƐĂ ŵLJƂƐ ĞƌŝůŝƐĞƚ ƚƵůŬŝŶŶĂƚ ŽǀĂƚŽƐĂůůŝƐĞŶĂ͘;sŝŚŵĂϭϵϵϱ͕ϭϱϱͲϭϱϲͿ

dĂŝƚĞĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞĞŶŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞĞŶũĂĂƌǀŝŽŝŶƟŝŶǀĞƌƌĂƩƵŶĂŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫŶĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵŝŶĞŶŽŶŵŽŶŝƵůŽƩĞŝƐĞŵƉĂĂĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶŬćLJƩƂĨƵŶŬƟŽŶũĂƐŝŝƚćƐLJŶƚLJǀćŶŬĞŚŽůůŝƐĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶƚĂŬŝĂ͘<ćLJƩƂƐŝŶĞĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞĞŶŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞĞŶůŝŝƩLJLJǀŝƐƵĂĂůŝƐĞŶĞůćŵLJŬƐĞŶ ůŝƐćŬƐŝŽůĞŶŶĂŝƐĞŶĂŽƐĂŶĂŵLJƂƐŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀLJLJƐƚĂŝĞƉćŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀLJLJƐ͘

&ŝůŽƐŽĮĂŶƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌŝzƵƌŝŬŽ^ĂŝƚŽŽŶƚĞŽŬƐĞƐƐĂĂŶǀĞƌLJĚĂLJĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐǀĞƌƚĂŝůůƵƚƚĂŝƚĞĞŶ ũĂĞŝͲƚĂŝĚĞͲĞƐŝŶĞĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞŶŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞŶĞƌŽũĂ͘ŶƐŝŵŵćŝƐĞŶćĞƌŽŶĂ^ĂŝƚŽŵĂŝŶŝƚƐĞĞ ĂƌŬŝƐĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶ ƌĂũĂƩŽŵƵƵĚĞŶ ǀĞƌƌĂƩƵŶĂ ƚĂŝƚĞĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞĞŶ͘

:ŽŬĂƉćŝǀćŝƐĞŶ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ŽůůĞƐƐĂ ŬLJƐĞĞƐƐć ŬŽŬŝũĂ ŝƚƐĞ ŵććƌŝƩćć ƐĞŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞŬƐŝ

18

<ƵǀĂϭϬ͘WŝĞƚDŽŶĚƌŝĂŶ͗

ŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶǁŝƚŚZĞĚ͕

zĞůůŽǁĂŶĚůƵĞ͕ϭϵϰϮ

<ƵǀĂϭϭ͘zŬŝEƵŵŵŝ͗

DŽĚĞƌŶƌƚͲǀĂůĂŝƐŝŶ͕ϭϵϱϱ

ŽďũĞŬƟŬƐŝ͘ ^ƵďũĞŬƟŝǀŝƐĞƐƐĂ ŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞƐƐĂ ŚĞŶŬŝůƂ ŝƚƐĞ ŬŽŬĞĞ͕ ŵŝƚŬć ĞůĞŵĞŶƟƚ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂǀĂƚĞƐŝŶĞĞŶƚĂŝĞůćŵLJŬƐĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƚĞĞŶ͘dŽŝƐĂĂůƚĂŬŽŬŝũĂǀŽŝũćƩććŚƵŽŵŝŽƩĂ ũŽŝƚĂŬŝŶĞůĞŵĞŶƩĞũćũĂǀĂůŝƚĂŬĞƐŬŝƩLJǀćŶƐćŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞƐƐĂƚŽŝƐŝŝŶƉŝŝƌƚĞŝƐŝŝŶ͘dŽŝƐŝŶŬƵŝŶ ƚĂŝĚĞŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞƐƐĂ͕ ũŽŬĂƉćŝǀćŝƐĞŶ ĞƐŝŶĞŝƐƚƂŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJĚĞŶ ĂƌǀŝŽŝŶŶŝƐƐĂ ŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞŶ ŵććƌŝƩćŵŝƐĞŶǀĂůƚĂŽŶŝƚƐĞŬŽŬŝũĂůůĂ͘;^ĂŝƚŽϮϬϬϳ͕ϭϵͿ

dŽŝŶĞŶ ĞƌŽ ƚĂŝƚĞĞŶ ũĂ ĂƌũĞŶ ĂƌǀŝŽŝŶŶŝŶ ǀćůŝůůć ŽŶ ƐŝƚŽƵƚƵŵŝƐĞƐƐĂ͘ ŝͲƚĂŝĚĞ ŽďũĞŬƚĞũĂ ĂƌǀŝŽŝƚĂĞƐƐĂ ŬŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂĂůŝƐƚĞŶ ƚĂŝ ŝŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶĂĂůŝƐƚĞŶ ƐŽƉŝŵƵƐƚĞŶ ƉƵƵƩƵŵŝŶĞŶ ŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƚĂĂŬŽŬŝũĂůůĞǀĂƉĂƵĚĞŶƐŝƚŽƵƚƵĂĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞĞŶŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞĞŶŝƚƐĞŚĂůƵĂŵĂůůĂĂŶ ƚĂǀĂůůĂ͘<ƵŶƚĂŝƚĞĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐƚćŬŽŬĞŵŝƐƚĂŽŚũĂĂƐććŶŶƂƚ͕ĞƐƚŽƚũĂĞƚćŝƐLJLJƐŽďũĞŬƟƐƚĂ͕ĞŝͲ ƚĂŝĚĞͲĞƐŝŶĞŝƚćŬŽĞƚĂĂŶƵƐĞŝŶĂŬƟŝǀŝƐĞŵŵŝŶŽƐĂůůŝƐƚƵĞŶ͘<ŽůŵĂŶŶĞŬƐŝ^ĂŝƚŽŵĂŝŶŝƚƐĞĞ ĂƌŬŝƐĞŶ ĞƐŝŶĞŝƐƚƂŶ ŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞŶ ŵŽŶŝĂŝƐƟƐƵƵĚĞŶ͘ dĂŝƚĞĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞƐƐĂ ůƵŽƚĞƚĂĂŶ ƉĞƌŝŶƚĞŝƐĞƐƟ ƵƐĞŝŵŵŝƚĞŶ ŶćŬƂͲ ũĂ ŬƵƵůŽĂŝƐƚĞŝŚŝŶ͕ ŬƵŶ ƚĂĂƐ ĂƌŬŝƐƚĞŶ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵŝŶĞŶŽŶŵŽŶŝĂŝƐƟƐĞŵƉĂĂ͘;^ĂŝƚŽϮϬϬϳ͕ϮϬͲϮϮͿ

>ŝƐćŬƐŝ ^ĂŝƚŽ ŵĂŝŶŝƚƐĞĞ ƚĞŬŝũćŶ ŝĚĞŶƟƚĞĞƟŶ ƚćƌŬĞLJĚĞŶ ƚĂŝĚĞƚĞŽƐƚĂ ĂƌǀŝŽŝƚĂĞƐƐĂ͕

ǀĞƌƌĂƩƵŶĂ ũŽŬĂƉćŝǀćŝƐƚĞŶ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ĂŶŽŶLJLJŵŝLJƚĞĞŶ ũĂ ĂƌŬŝĞƐŝŶĞŝƐƚƂůůĞ ŽŵŝŶĂŝƐĞŶ ůƵǀĂŶ ŽďũĞŬƟĞŶ ŵƵŽŬŬĂĂŵŝƐĞĞŶ͕ ŬŽƌũĂĂŵŝƐĞĞŶ ƚĂŝ ƉĂƌĂŶƚĞůƵƵŶ͕ ƐƵŚƚĞĞƐƐĂ ƚĂŝƚĞĞŶ ŬŽƐŬĞŵĂƩŽŵƵƵƚĞĞŶ͘ dĂŝƚĞĞůůĞ ŽŶ ŵLJƂƐ ƚLJLJƉŝůůŝƐƚć ǀĂŬĂĂ ŝĚĞŶƟƚĞĞƫ͕ ƐćŝůLJƚLJŬƐĞŶ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝŶŶŝŶũĂƌĞƐƚĂƵƌŽŝŶŶŝŶŬĂƵƩĂƚĂŝĚĞƉŝĚĞƚććŶƉLJƐLJǀćŶćũĂŵƵƵƩƵŵĂƩŽŵĂŶĂ͕

ŬƵŶƚĂĂƐũŽŬĂƉćŝǀćŝƐƚĞŶĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶŬŽŬĞŵŝƐĞĞŶǀĂŝŬƵƩĂĂŶŝŝĚĞŶƚĞŵƉŽƌĂĂůŝŬŽŶƚĞŬƐƟũĂ ŵƵƵƩƵǀĂƚŽůŽƐƵŚƚĞĞƚ͘;^ĂŝƚŽϮϬϬϳ͕ϮϮͲϮϱͿ

dĂŝĚĞͲĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ũĂ ŵƵŝĚĞŶ ĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶ ĂƌǀŽŝƐƐĂ ŽŶ ŵLJƂƐ ĞƌŽũĂ͘ dĂŝĚĞ ŽŶ ůƵŽƚƵ ũĂ Ɛŝƚć ĂƌǀŽƐƚĞƚĂĂŶ ĂŝŶĂŬŝŶ ƉĞƌŝĂĂƩĞĞƐƐĂ ƉććŽƐŝŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞŶ ŵĞƌŬŝƩćǀLJLJƚĞŶƐć ǀƵŽŬƐŝ͕

ǀĂŝŬŬĂƐŝůůćŽůŝƐŝŵƵŝƚĂŬŝŶ͕ĞƐŝŵĞƌŬŝŬƐŝƉŽůŝŝƫƐŝĂƚĂŝƵƐŬŽŶŶŽůůŝƐŝĂƚĂƌŬŽŝƚƵŬƐŝĂ͘dŽŝƐĂĂůƚĂ ĂƌŬŝƉćŝǀćŶ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞĞƚ ƚĂĂƐ ŽŶ ůƵŽƚƵ ũĂ Ŷŝŝƚć ŬćLJƚĞƚććŶ ĞŶŶĞŶ ŬĂŝŬŬĞĂ ŵƵŝĚĞŶ

ŬƵŝŶ ĞƐƚĞĞƫƐƚĞŶ ƚĂƌŬŽŝƚƵƐƚĞŶƐĂ ƚĂŬŝĂ͘ <ćLJƚćŶŶƂůůŝƐŝć ĂƌǀŽũĂ ƉŝĚĞƚććŶ ŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝůůć ƚćƌŬĞŝŵƉŝŶć͘EŽƌŵĂĂůŝƐƐĂǀƵŽƌŽǀĂŝŬƵƚƵŬƐĞƐƐĂŬćLJƩƂĞƐŝŶĞŝĚĞŶŬĂŶƐƐĂĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐ ũĂ ŬćLJƚćŶŶƂůůŝƐLJLJƐŽǀĂƚƚćLJƐŝŶŝŶƚĞŐƌŽŝƚƵŶĞĞƚLJŚƚĞŶćŝƐĞŬƐŝŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŬƐŝ͘;^ĂŝƚŽϮϬϬϳ͕ϮϱͲ ϮϲͿ

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƐũĂŬĞƌĂĂŵŝŶĞŶŬĂŶŶƵ

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵ ŽŶ ŚLJǀŝŶ ƌƵƵŵŝŝůůŝŶĞŶ ƚŽŝŵĞŶƉŝĚĞ͕ Ɛŝůůć ƐŝŝŶć ƐƵŽůĂůŝƵŽƐ ǀŝƌƚĂĂ ŬĞŚŽŶ ƐŝƐćŝƐƚĞŶŶĞŶćŬćLJƚćǀŝĞŶůćƉŝ͘<ŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀLJLJƚĞĞŶũĂĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƚĞĞŶǀĂŝŬƵƩĂĂ ŵĞƌŬŝƩćǀćƐƟ ŽŝŬĞĂƚ ŵĞŶĞƚĞůŵćƚ ũĂ ƚŽŝŵŝŶƚĂƚĂǀĂƚ͘ ^Ğ͕ ĞƩć ŬŽŬĞŵƵƐ ŽŶ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀć͕

ƌŝŝƉƉƵƵ ŬćLJƚĞƚLJŶ ǀĞĚĞŶ ůćŵƉƂƟůĂƐƚĂ ũĂ ƐƵŽůĂůŝƵŽŬƐĞŶ ŽŝŬĞĂƐƚĂ ƐƵŽůĂƉŝƚŽŝƐƵƵĚĞƐƚĂ͕

ŵƵƩĂŵLJƂƐŬćLJƚĞƚLJŶŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶƚŽŝŵŝǀƵƵĚĞƐƚĂũĂƐĞŶƚĂŬƟŝůŝƐŝƐƚĂŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝƐƚĂ͘

hƐŬŽŝƐŝŶ͕ ĞƩć ŵLJƂƐ ŬĂŶŶƵŶ ǀŝƐƵĂĂůŝŶĞŶ ƵůŬŽĂƐƵ ǀŽŝ ǀĂŝŬƵƩĂĂ ŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞĞŶ ũŽŬŽ ƉŽƐŝƟŝǀŝƐĞƐƟ ƚĂŝ ŶĞŐĂƟŝǀŝƐĞƐƟ͘ DĂƚĞƌŝĂĂůŝůƚĂĂŶ ƚĂŝ ŵƵŽĚŽůƚĂĂŶ ĂƉƵǀćůŝŶĞŵćŝŶĞŶ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵĂŶƚĂĂĞƌŝůĂŝƐĞŶŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶŬƵŝŶŵƵŽĚŽůƚĂĂŶŬĂƵŶŝƐŬĞƌĂĂŵŝŶĞŶ ƚĂŝůĂƐŝŶĞŶĞƐŝŶĞ͘

EĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵ ŽŶ ĞƌććŶůĂŝŶĞŶ ƉƵŚĚŝƐƚĂƵƚƵŵŝƐĞŶ ƌŝƚƵĂĂůŝ͘ ZŝƚƵĂĂůŝĞƐŝŶĞĞƚ ŽǀĂƚ ƵƐĞŝŶ ŝŚŵŝƐŝůůĞ ƚćƌŬĞŝƚć͘ DŝŬƐĞŝ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵ ǀŽŝƐŝ ŽůůĂ ƐŝŝƐ ŬĂƵŶŝƐ ĞƐŝŶĞ͕ ũŽŬĂ ŚŽƵŬƵƩĞůĞĞ ƌŝƚƵĂĂůŝŶ ƐƵŽƌŝƩĂŵŝƐĞĞŶ͘ <ŽƐŬĂ ƌŝƚƵĂĂůŝ ůŝŝƩLJ ƉƵŚƚĂƵƚĞĞŶ ũĂ ŚLJŐŝĞŶŝĂĂŶ͕

ŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŵƵŽƚŽ ǀŽŝƐŝ ǀŝĞƐƟć ƚćƐƚć ŬćLJƩƂƚĂƌŬŽŝƚƵŬƐĞƐƚĂ͘ WƵŚĚĂƐůŝŶũĂŝŶĞŶ ůĂƐŝƚĞƩƵ ŬĞƌĂĂŵŝŶĞŶĞƐŝŶĞŬƵǀĂƐƚĂĂŵŝĞůĞƐƚćŶŝƉƵŚƚĂƵƩĂƉĂƌĞŵŵŝŶŬƵŝŶŵƵŽǀŝŶĞŶ͕ƉĞůŬćƐƚććŶ ĂƉƵǀćůŝŶĞĞŬƐŝƐƵƵŶŶŝƚĞůƚƵŬĂŶŶƵ͘dŽŬŝŬĂŶŶƵŶƚćLJƚLJLJLJŚćŽůůĂŬćLJƚƂƐƐćƚŽŝŵŝǀĂ͕ŵƵƩĂ ŵŝĞůĞƐƚćŶŝ ƐĞ Ğŝ ƉŽŝƐ ƐƵůũĞ ŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƵƵƩĂ͕ ĞƩć ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵ ŽůŝƐŝ ŵLJƂƐ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀć ǀŝƐƵĂĂůŝƐĞůƚĂŵƵŽĚŽůƚĂĂŶ͘

<ƵŶ ŬĞƌĂĂŵŝƐĞĞŶ ĞƐŝŶĞĞƐĞĞŶ ŬĂĂĚĞƚĂĂŶ ůćŵŵŝŶƚć ǀĞƩć͕ ůćŵƉƂ ŬƵůŬĞĞ ŬĞƌĂĂŵŝƐĞŶ ƉŝŶŶĂŶ ŬĂƵƩĂ ĞƐŝŶĞƩć ƉŝƚĞůĞǀććŶ ŬćƚĞĞŶ͕ ũŽůůŽŝŶ ĞƐŝŶĞ ƚƵŶƚƵƵ ŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀćůƚć͘ DLJƂƐ ĞƐŝŶĞĞŶŵƵŽĚŽŶƚƵůĞĞŽůůĂŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀććŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵƐƚĂƚƵŬĞǀĂ͘ƐŝŶĞĞŶƚƵůĞĞƐŽƉŝĂ ŬćƚĞĞŶ͕ ǀĂŝŬŬĂ Ğƌŝ ŬćLJƩćũŝůůć ŽůŝƐŝ ĞƌŝůĂŝŶĞŶ ƚĂƉĂ ŬćƐŝƚĞůůć Ɛŝƚć͘ EĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŽůůĞƐƐĂ ŬLJƐĞĞƐƐćŽŶƚćƌŬĞććĞƩćŶŽŬŬĂŝƐƚƵƵƐŝĞƌĂŝŵĞĞŶƟŝǀŝŝƐƟ͕ũŽƩĂŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŽŶŚĞůƉŽŵƉŝ ƐƵŽƌŝƩĂĂ͘ dĂŬƟŝůŝƐƚĞŶ ŬŽŬĞŵƵƐƚĞŶ ůŝƐćŬƐŝ ŵƵŽĚŽŶ ƚƵůĞĞ ŵLJƂƐ ŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƚĂĂ ƐƵũƵǀĂ ƌŝƚƵĂĂůŝŶ͕ĞůŝŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶƐƵŽƌŝƩĂŵŝŶĞŶ͕ǀĞĚĞŶǀŝƌƚĂĂŵŝŶĞŶƐŝĞƌĂŝŵĞĞŶƌŝŝƩćǀćůůć ƉĂŝŶĞĞůůĂũĂƐŽƉŝǀĂƐƐĂŬƵůŵĂƐƐĂ

<ĞƌĂĂŵŝŶĞŶ ĞƐŝŶĞ ŽŶ ŚĞůƉŽƐƟ ƐćƌŬLJǀć͕ ǀĞƌƌĂƩƵŶĂ ŵƵŽǀŝƐĞĞŶ ĞƐŝŶĞĞƐĞĞŶ͘ hƐŬŽŶ ŬƵŝƚĞŶŬŝŶ ĞƩć ƚćŵć ƐćƌŬLJǀLJLJƐ ĂŶƚĂĂ ŬĞƌĂĂŵŝƐĞůůĞ ĞƐŝŶĞĞŶ ŬĂƵŶĞƵĚĞůůĞ ůŝƐćĂƌǀŽĂ͘

,ĞůƉŽƐƟƐćƌŬLJǀććĞƐŝŶĞƩćŵLJƂƐŬćƐŝƚĞůůććŶůƵŽŶƚĂŝƐĞƐƟĞƌŝůĂŝƐĞůůĂǀĂƌŽǀĂŝƐƵƵĚĞůůĂŬƵŝŶ ƐćƌŬLJŵćƚƂŶƚć͘<ƵŶƚĂƌŬŽŝƚƵŬƐĞŶĂŽŶƐƵƵŶŶŝƚĞůůĂŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵĞƐƚĞĞƫƐĞŶŵŝĞůůLJƩćǀLJLJĚĞŶ ůćŚƚƂŬŽŚĚŝƐƚĂ͕ŵŝĞůĞƐƚćŶŝƐćƌŬLJŵćƩƂŵLJLJƐĞŝŽůĞĞƐŝŶĞĞŶƚćƌŬĞŝŶominaisuus. Hauraus

20

ũĂŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐƵƵƐƐćƌŬLJŵŝƐĞƐƚćƚƵŽĞƐŝŶĞĞƐĞĞŶĂũĂŶƌĂũĂůůŝƐƵƵĚĞŶƵůŽƩƵǀƵƵĚĞŶ͘ƐŝŶĞ ǀŽŝ ƐćƌŬLJć ũĂ ŵƵƵƩƵĂ ŬćLJƩƂŬĞůǀŽƩŽŵĂŬƐŝ͕ ũŽƐ Ğŝ Ɛŝƚć ŬŽŚĚĞůůĂ ŬƵŶŶŝŽŝƩĂĞŶ ƐĞŶ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂĂůŝŶ ůƵŽŶŶĞƩĂ͕ ĂƌǀŽƐƚĂĞŶ ũĂ ǀĂƌŽĞŶ͘ DŝĞůĞƐƚćŶŝ ƚćŵć ŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵƐ ƚƵŽ ŽŵĂŶ ƵůŽƩƵǀƵƵƚĞŶƐĂŵLJƂƐĞƐŝŶĞĞŶŬćLJƩƂŬŽŬĞŵƵŬƐĞŶĞƐƚĞĞƫƐLJLJƚĞĞŶ͘

<ƵǀĂϭϮ͘<ĞƌĂĂŵŝŶĞŶŬĂŶŶƵ

Nekka

-keraaminen käyttöesinesarja nenähuuhteluun

22

EĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶŬćLJƩćũŝĞŶƚŽŝǀĞŝƚĂũĂŚƵŽŵŝŽŝƚĂ

,ĂĂƐƚĂƩĞůŝŶƚLJƂŶŝĂůŬƵǀĂŝŚĞĞƐƐĂũŽŝƚĂŬŝŶƚƵƩĂǀŝĂŶŝ͕ũŽƚŬĂƚƵŶŶƵƐƚĂƵƚƵŝǀĂƚŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŬćLJƩćũŝŬƐŝ͘ ,ĂĂƐƚĂƚĞůƚĂǀĂŶĂ Žůŝ LJŚƚĞĞŶƐć ǀŝŝƐŝ ϮϱͲϰϬ ʹǀƵŽƟĂƐƚĂ ŶĂŝƐƚĂ͘ ,ĂĂƐƚĂƩĞůƵƚ ŽůŝǀĂƚ ĞƉćǀŝƌĂůůŝƐŝĂ ŬĞƐŬƵƐƚĞůƵũĂ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŬćLJƩćŵŝƐĞŶ ƟŝŵŽŝůƚĂ͘ <ĞƐŬƵƐƚĞůƵũĞŶ ƚĂƌŬŽŝƚƵŬƐĞŶĂ Žůŝ ŵƵŽĚŽƐƚĂĂ ŬƵǀĂĂ ŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŬćLJƩćũŝĞŶ ŬćLJƩƂƚŽƩƵŵƵŬƐŝƐƚĂ ũĂ ŵĂŚĚŽůůŝƐŝƐƚĂ ƉƵƵƩĞŝƐƚĂ ƚĂŝ ƚŽŝǀĞŝƐƚĂ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŽŵŝŶĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝĞŶ ũĂ ƚŽŝŵŝŶŶĂŶ ƐƵŚƚĞĞŶŽŵĂŶƐƵƵŶŶŝƩĞůƵƉƌŽƐĞƐƐŝŶŝĂǀƵŬƐŝ͘

,ĂĂƐƚĂƩĞůĞŵŝĞŶŝ ŬćLJƩćũŝĞŶ ƚŽƩƵŵƵŬƐŝƐƐĂ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŬćLJƚƂŶ ƐƵŚƚĞĞŶ ŽŶ ƉĂůũŽŶ LJŚƚĞŶĞǀćŝƐLJLJŬƐŝć͕ ũŽƐŬŝŶ ŵLJƂƐ ũŽŝƚĂŬŝŶ ĞƌŽĂǀĂŝƐƵƵŬƐŝĂ͘ :ŽƚŬƵƚ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŬćLJƩćũŝƐƚć ŽǀĂƚ ŽƩĂŶĞĞƚ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶ ŽƐĂŬƐŝ ũŽŬĂƉćŝǀćŝƐŝć ŚLJŐŝĞŶŝĂƌƵƟŝŶĞũĂĂŶ ũĂ ŚƵƵŚƚĞůĞǀĂƚ ŶĞŶćŶƐć ƉćŝǀŝƩćŝŶ͘ dŽŝƐĞƚ ƚĂĂƐ ŬćLJƩćǀćƚ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵĂ ǀĂŝŶ ƚĂƌƉĞĞŶ ǀĂĂƟĞƐƐĂ͘ ,ĂĂƐƚĂƩĞůĞŵŝƐƚĂŶŝ ŬćLJƩćũŝƐƚć ǀĂŝŶ LJŬƐŝ ŚƵƵŚƚĞůĞĞ ŶĞŶćŶƐć ƉćŝǀŝƩćŝŶ͘

<LJƐĞŝƐĞůůćŚĞŶŬŝůƂůůćŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶŬćLJƩƂŽůŝŽƐĂũŽŽŐĂŚĂƌƌĂƐƚƵŬƐĞĞŶůŝŝƩLJǀŝćƉćŝǀŝƩćŝƐŝć ƌƵƟŝŶĞũĂ͘ DƵƵƚ ŶĞůũć ŚĂĂƐƚĂƚĞůƚĂǀĂĂ ŚƵƵŚƚĞůŝǀĂƚ ŶĞŶććŶƐć ǀĂŝŶ ƚĂƌƉĞĞŶ ǀĂĂƟĞƐƐĂ͕

ĂŬƟŝǀŝƐĞŵŵŝŶƚƵŬŬŽŝƐƵƵĚĞŶƚĂŝŶƵŚĂŶǀĂŝǀĂƚĞƐƐĂũĂĂůůĞƌŐŝĂͲĂŝŬĂĂŶ͘

sĂŝŶLJŬƐŝǀŝŝĚĞƐƚćŚĂĂƐƚĂƩĞůĞŵĂƐƚĂŶŝŬćLJƩćũćƐƚćŚĂƌƌĂƐƚĂĂũŽŽŐĂĂ͕ũŽŚŽŶŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵ ƵƐĞŝŶ LJŚĚŝƐƚĞƚććŶ͘ DƵƵƚ ŶĞůũć ŽǀĂƚ ŬƵƵůůĞĞƚ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŬćLJƚƂƐƚć LJƐƚćǀŝůƚććŶ͕

ŬŽůůĞŐŽŝůƚĂĂŶ ƚĂŝ ƚĞƌǀĞLJĚĞŶŚŽŝƚĂũĂůƚĂĂŶ ũĂ ĂůŽŝƩĂŶĞĞƚ ŬćLJƚƂŶ ŶĞŶćŶ ƚƵŬŬŽŝƐƵƵĚĞŶ ũĂ ŵƵŝĚĞŶ ŇƵŶƐƐĂŶ ũĂ ĂůůĞƌŐŝĂŶ ŽŝƌĞŝĚĞŶ ŚŽŝƚŽŽŶ ŶćŝĚĞŶ ƐƵŽƐŝƚƵƐƚĞŶ ƉĞƌƵƐƚĞĞůůĂ͘

,ĂĂƐƚĂƚĞůƚĂǀŝůůĂ Žůŝ ĞƌŝůĂŝƐŝĂ ƚŽƩƵŵƵŬƐŝĂ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵŶ ŬćLJƚƂƐƚć ƟĞƩLJLJŶ ǀƵŽƌŽŬĂƵĚĞŶ ĂŝŬĂĂŶ͘<ĂŬƐŝŚĂĂƐƚĂƚĞůƚĂǀĂĂƐƵŽƌŝƩĂĂŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶƵƐĞŝŵŵŝƚĞŶŝůƚĂŝƐŝŶĞŶŶĞŶŶƵŬŬƵŵĂĂŶ ŵĞŶŽĂ͕ LJŬƐŝ ĂĂŵƵŝŶͲŝůůŽŝŶ ůćŚĞƐ ƉćŝǀŝƩćŝŶ ũĂ ŬĂŬƐŝ ŵƵƵƚĂ ǀƵŽƌŽŬĂƵĚĞŶĂŝŬĂĂŶ ŬĂƚƐŽŵĂƩĂ ĂŝŶĂ ŬƵŶ ƚƵŬŬŽŝƐƵƵƐ ǀĂŝǀĂĂ͘ <ĂŝŬŬŝ ŚĂĂƐƚĂƚĞůƚĂǀĂƚ ŬĞƌƚŽŝǀĂƚ ĞƩć ŇƵŶƐƐĂŶ tai allergian vaivatessa huuhteluiden määrä lisääntyy ja pahimpien oireiden vaivatessa ŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵƐĂĂƚĞƚĂĂŶƐƵŽƌŝƩĂĂƵƐĞŝƚĂŬĞƌƚŽũĂƉćŝǀćƐƐć͘

<ĂŝŬŬŝǀŝŝƐŝŚĂĂƐƚĂƚĞůƚĂǀĂĂŬĞƌƚŽŝǀĂƚƐƵŽƌŝƩĂǀĂŶƐĂŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶŬLJůƉLJŚƵŽŶĞĞƐƐĂƚĂŝ ǁĐ͗ƐƐć ůĂǀƵĂĂƌŝŶ LJůůć͘ <ĂŝŬŬŝ ŵLJƂƐ ƐćŝůLJƩćǀćƚ ŶĞŶćŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŬĂŶŶƵĂ ƐĂŵĂƐƐĂ ƟůĂƐƐĂ͕

ũŽƐƐĂ Ɛŝƚć ŬćLJƚĞƚććŶ͘ <ŽůŵĞ ŚĂĂƐƚĂƚĞůƚĂǀĂĂ ƐćŝůLJƫ ŬĂŶŶƵĂ ƐƵůũĞƚƵƐƐĂ ŬĂĂƉŝƐƐĂ ƚĂŝ ůĂĂƟŬŽƐƐĂ͕ LJŬƐŝ ĂǀŽŝŵĞƐƐĂ ŚLJůůLJƐƐć ũĂ ƉćŝǀŝƩćŝŶ ŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵŶ ƐƵŽƌŝƩĂǀĂ ŚĂĂƐƚĂƚĞůƚĂǀĂ ůĂǀƵĂĂƌŝŶ ƌĞƵŶĂůůĂ LJůƂƐĂůĂŝƐŝŶ͘ ,ĂĂƐƚĂƚĞůƚĂǀŝĞŶ ŵŝĞůĞƐƚć ƐćŝůLJƚLJŬƐĞƐƐć ŚƵŽŵŝŽŝƚĂǀŝĂ ĂƐŝŽŝƚĂŽǀĂƚŬĂŶŶƵŶŬƵŝǀĂƚƵƐŬćLJƚƂŶũćůŬĞĞŶƐĞŬćŵĂŚĚŽůůŝŶĞŶƉƂůLJLJŶƚLJŵŝŶĞŶ͕ŬŽƐŬĂ ŬLJƐĞĞƐƐćŽŶŚLJŐŝĞŶŝĂǀćůŝŶĞ͘

<ŽůŵĞ ǀŝŝĚĞƐƚć ŚĂĂƐƚĂƚĞůƚĂǀĂƐƚĂ ƐćŝůLJƩćć ŵLJƂƐ ŚƵƵŚƚĞůƵƵŶ ƚĂƌǀŝƩĂǀĂĂ ƐƵŽůĂĂ ũĂ ƐĞŶ ĂŶŶŽƐƚĞůƵĂ ǀĂƌƚĞŶ ƚĂƌŬŽŝƩƚƵĂ ůƵƐŝŬŬĂĂ ƐĂŵĂƐƐĂ ƉĂŝŬĂƐƐĂ ŬƵŝŶ ŶĞŶćŬĂŶŶƵĂ͘

<ĂŬƐŝ ŚĂĂƐƚĂƚĞůƚĂǀĂĂ ƐćŝůLJƫ ƐƵŽůĂĂ Ğƌŝ ƟůĂƐƐĂ͕ ŬĞŝƫƂƐƐć͘ ,ĞŝƐƚć ƚŽŝŶĞŶ ǀĂůŵŝƐƚĂĂ