• Ei tuloksia

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

NITROGEN REMOVAL (I-II)

3.1.1 DENITRIFICATION IN AGRICULTURAL WETLAND (I)

=FALJA>A;9LAGF J9L=K * AF L@= K=9KGF9D E=9KMJ=E=FLK AF L@= 9?JA;MDLMJ9D O=LD9F<N9JA=<>JGELGE?*E<"A?:=AF?E?*E<

AF 9N=J9?= K ;GEH9J=< LG EQ J=KMDLK KAEAD9J GJ @A?@=J J9L=K @9N= :==F E=9KMJ=< >JGE FALJ9L=JA;@ KQKL=EK >JGE L=EH=J9L= J=?AGF =? <= 'D=AF .9;;@=LLA=L9D/G9F9=L9DO@AD=J9L=K>JGE:GJ=9DD9C=K

@9N=>GMF<LG:=KM:KL9FLA9DDQDGO=J09:D= =FALJA>A;9LAGFO9K?GN=JF=<

E9AFDQ:QL=EH=J9LMJ="A?>GDDGO=<:QGPQ?=F9F<LMJ:A<ALQ0@=K=<AE=FL KMJ>9;= L=EH=J9LMJ= AF L@= KLM<A=< DALLGJ9D KL9Q=< 9:GN= L@= >J==RAF? HGAFL –]<MJAF?L@=K=9KGF9DKLM<Q9F<O9K@A?@=JL@9F9AJL=EH=J9LMJ=

AFOAFL=JN=J9?=+, AFL@=DALLGJ9DO9KEE–EE9F<9N=J9?=

(+%G>L@=MHH=JK=<AE=FLAFL@= O=LD9F<DALLGJ9DN9JA=<:=LO==F–

N=J9?=KLJ=9ELMJ:A<ALQO9K>LM–>LM9F< +;GF;=FLJ9LAGF

E?D–E?D

=FALJA>A;9LAGFJ9L=K9J=;GFKA<=J=<LG:=N=JQKDGO9LL=EH=J9LMJ=K:=DGO ] =? J=EF=J /@9O L L@= EAFAEME K=<AE=FL KMJ>9;=

L=EH=J9LMJ=G>] FG<=FALJA>A;9LAGFO9K<=L=;L=< :ML9L] L@=

J9L=O9KE?*E<LL@=LAE=G>L@=KFGOE=DLAF)9J;@ <=FALJA>A;9LAGF J9L=O9KE?*E<<=KHAL=L@=DGOK=<AE=FLL=EH=J9LMJ=]

0@AK J9L= O9K KAEAD9J OAL@ L@= GF=K E=9KMJ=< AF /=HL=E:=J 9L @A?@=J L=EH=J9LMJ=K9N?]LL@=LAE= O=9DKGE=9KMJ=<L@=E9PAEME*+P

* ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF AF L@= O=LD9F< DALLGJ9D E? *+P* D ,J=NAGMKDQ

<=FALJA>A;9LAGF@9K:==FE=9KMJ=<MF<=JKM;@DGOL=EH=J9LMJ=K]GFDQ AF9>=O:GJ=9DKLM<A=K09:D=/GE=KLM<A=K@9N=>GMF<<=FALJA>A;9LAGFJ9L=K

;GJJ=D9LAF? F=?9LAN=DQ OAL@ L=EH=J9LMJ= O@AD= HGKALAN=DQ OAL@ *+P* 9N9AD9:ADALQ<MJAF?OAFL=J9DLG=L9D.AKK9F=F=L9D%LK==EKL@9L L@=@A?@*+P*;GF;=FLJ9LAGFE9Q LGKGE==PL=FL ;GMFL=J9;LL@=DAEALAF?

=>>=;LG><=;DAFAF?L=EH=J9LMJ= O@A;@AKAFDAF=OAL@KGE=KLM<A=KO@=J=*+P

*;GF;=FLJ9LAGF@9K:==FL@=EGKLAEHGJL9FL>9;LGJ?GN=JFAF?*J=EGN9D:Q

<=FALJA>A;9LAGF=?,AW9+;@G9`DN9J=RG:=D9K);J9;CAF!DK=J

Figure 6. Relationship between denitrification rate (mg N m-2 d-1) and the sediment surface temperature in the agricultural wetland littoral (modified from the study I). Denitrification rates are added with 1 mg N m−2 d−1 to remove the zero.

3AL@ L@= K=<AE=FL L=EH=J9LMJ= :=AF? L@= E9AF >9;LGJ ?GN=JFAF? L@=

<=FALJA>A;9LAGFJ9L=K9F<L@=KHJAF?LAE=K=<AE=FLL=EH=J9LMJ=KL9QAF?:=DGO ] L@=J=EGN9DG>@A?@*DG9<>JGE"AFFAK@9?JA;MDLMJ9D;9L;@E=FLKE9Q := DAEAL=< AF L@= KHJAF?LAE= "MJL@=JEGJ= @A?@ <AK;@9J?= D=9<K LG K@GJL J=L=FLAGFLAE=KAFKE9DDO=LD9F<K@AF<=JAF?KHJAF?LAE=*J=EGN9D=N=FEGJ=

0@=J=>GJ= L@=KM??=KL=<=>>=;LAN=J9LAGK:=LO==FO=LD9F<9F<O9L=JK@=<9J=9

$9EE=JJMEHLGF=L9D,MMKLAF=F=L9D J=KH=;LAN=DQ 9F<L@=J=;GEE=F<=<O9L=JJ=L=FLAGFLAE=K ;GMFL=<AF<9QK J9L@=JL@9F@GMJK(=GF9J<KGF,MMKLAF=F=L9D K@GMD<:=L9C=F AFLG9;;GMFLAFO=LD9F<<=KA?F

9QLAE=<=FALJA>A;9LAGFE=9KMJ=E=FLKE9QMF<=J=KLAE9L=L@=*J=EGN9D HGL=FLA9DG>K@9DDGOO=LD9F<K%F<9JC L@=9N=J9?=<=FALJA>A;9LAGFJ9L=KO=J=

9HHJGPAE9L=DQ>GD<E?*@;GEH9J=<OAL@L@=9N=J9?=<9QDA?@LJ9L=K E?*@DKGGL@=JKLM<A=K@9N=J=HGJL=<@A?@=J<=FALJA>A;9LAGFAF<9JC

@JAKL=FK=F =L 9D <= 'D=AF /G9F9 =L 9D 0GH K=<AE=FL GPQ?=F9LAGF<=;J=9K=<L@=<=FALJA>A;9LAGFJ9L=K9F< OO9KDGO=JO@=F+, O9K@A?@=J 9KL@= *+P*@9<LG<A>>MK=<==H=JLGJ=9;@L@=<=FALJA>A;9LAGF RGF=9?J==AF?OAL@L@==9JDA=JKLM<A=K>JGEK=<AE=FLKF<=JK=F=L9D

@JAKL=FK=F=L9D.AK?99J<,=L=JK=F=L9D0@=E=9KMJ=<K=9KGF9D

<9QLAE=<=FALJA>A;9LAGFJ9L=KO=J=;GJJ=;L=<MKAF?@A?@>J=IM=F;Q,.<9L9 H@GLGKQFL@=LA;9DDQ 9;LAN= J9<A9LAGF LG HJGNA<= =KLAE9L=K >GJ J=9D <9ADQ

<=FALJA>A;9LAGF%FKHJAF?9F<AFKMEE=JL@=*J=EGN9DE9Q:=9HHJGPAE9L=DQ 9F< @A?@=J L@9F O@=F E=9KMJ=< GFDQ <MJAF? <9QLAE= %F >9DD

<=FALJA>A;9LAGFO9K;GMHD=<EGJ=LGK=<AE=FL9DFALJA>A;9LAGFL@9FLGL@=O9L=J

;GDMEF *+P* KM??=KLAF? L@= ;GJJ=;L=< <=FALJA>A;9LAGF J9L=K :=AF?

GN=J=KLAE9L=< 0@= K9E= 9HHDA=K LG KQKL=EK O@=J= <=FALJA>A;9LAGF AK E9AFDQ :9K=<GF F

0@= AEHGJL9F;= G> LMJ:A<ALQ AF J=?MD9LAF? GPQ?=F ;GF<ALAGFK AF L@=

K=<AE=FLKMJ>9;=9F<<=FALJA>A;9LAGFJ=>D=;LKL@=@A?@AEHGJL9F;=G>>GJ

O9KE=9KMJ=<MF<=JL@=DGO=KL*+P*;GF;=FLJ9LAGFE?*+P*D9F<

E9PAEME*$*GE?*$*DAF&MDQ0@=<9Q:=>GJ=<=FALJA>A;9LAGF E=9KMJ=E=FLK DAIMA<E9FMJ=@9<:==FKHJ=9<GFL@=>A=D<K 9F<O9KO9K@=<

GMLAFLGL@=KLJ=9E:Q@=9NQJ9AF>9DD $GO=N=J KAF;=L@=<=FALJA>A;9LAGFO9K :9K=< E9AFDQ GF O9L=J ;GDMEF *+P* O L@= @A?@ J9L= ;9FFGL :=

=PHD9AF=<:Q@A?@*$*>M=DDAF?;GMHD=<FALJA>A;9LAGF<=FALJA>A;9LAGFLL@=

LAE= L@=*J9LAGO9K9N? +*+P*9F<+*;GF;=FLJ9LAGF E?*D9N?E?*DAFL@=KLJ=9EO9L=J 9KO=DD9K(+%AFL@=KLM<A=<

DALLGJ9D O=J= L@= @A?@=KL E=9KMJ=< <MJAF? L@= KLM<Q KM??=KLAF? L@9L 9N9AD9:ADALQ G> + ;GMD< @9N= <JAN=F <=FALJA>A;9LAGF %F KQKL=EK OAL@ @A?@

9FL@JGHG?=FA;*DG9<E9QHGL=FLA9DDQDAEAL<=FALJA>A;9LAGF

Figure 7. Measured (black columns) and estimated (grey columns) denitrification rates in Koiransuolenoja wetland littoral, modified from the study I.

3=LD9F<KJ=;=ANAF?@A?@9EGMFLKG>LAD=<J9AF9?=O9L=J@9N=?=F=J9DDQDGO

*J9LAG O@=J=9KO=LD9F<KJ=;=ANAF?KMJ>9;=>DGO@9N=?=F=J9DDQ@A?@=J

*#J=:DAMF9K#J=:DAMF9K,=JJQ*GLGFDQIM9FLALQ :MLL@=

IM9DALQG>AKAEHGJL9FL>GJ<=FALJA>A;9LAGF=?/L=DR=J=L9D1KM9DDQ EA;JG:A9D ?JGOL@ AK @A?@=J AF FMLJA=FLJA;@ O9L=JK OAL@ >J=K@DQ HJG<M;=<

;GEH9J=< OAL@ GDA?GLJGH@A; 9F< @MEA; KQKL=EK O@=J= L@= AK D=KK D9:AD=

0MDGF=F=L9D%F9<<ALAGFLGLAD=O9L=J<J9AF9?= L@=KLM<QO=LD9F<

J=;=AN=KO9L=JK>JGEL@=;9L;@E=FL9J=9 O@A;@AK<GEAF9L=<OAL@;GFA>=JGMK

>GJ=KL 0@AKKM??=KLK L@9L AF 9<<ALAGF LG L@= @A?@=J 9N9AD9:ADALQ @A?@ * (+% L@=E9Q@9N=:==FEGJ=:AG<=?J9<9:D=AFL@=DAIMA<E9FMJ=9LL@=

LAE= G> L@= H=9C=< <=FALJA>A;9LAGF ;GEH9J=< OAL@ L@= MKM9DDQ <AK;@9J?=<

>JGE L@= 9J=9 0@= DGO=J D9:ADALQ G> L@= 'GAJ9FKMGD=FGB9 O=LD9F< O9L=J

;GEH9J=<OAL@L@=(9EEA3O9K;GF>AJE=<OAL@E=9KMJ=E=FLKG>/12 +KH=;A>A;9:KGJ:9F;=9LFE9F</9:KGJHLAGFKDGH=;G=>>A;A=FL :=LO==F–FE1MK@=AEG MFHM:DAK@=<J=KMDLK

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

10-Jul 17-Jul 23-Jul 30-Jul 7-Aug 14-Aug 21-Aug 4-Sep 11-Sep 18-Sep 24-Sep 2-Oct 9-Oct 23-Oct 5-Nov 1-Dec 18-Mar 1-Apr 15-Apr 29-Apr 13-May 26-May 10-Jun 25-Jun

2014 2015

OAL@ GL@=J KLM<A=K ;GF<M;L=< AF 3K GJ D9C=K MF<=J DGO L=EH=J9LMJ=K L@=

J9L=K O=J= @A?@ GJ KAEAD9J 09:D= 0@= * J9LAG AF L@= (9EEA 330, O=LD9F<O9KDGO=J9N? AFD=L9F<GMLD=L;GEH9J=<OAL@'GAJ9FKMGD=FGB9 O=LD9F<(GO*J9LAGEA?@L:=GF=HGL=FLA9D=PHD9F9LAGFLGL@=@A?@J=D9LAN=

9EGMFLG>*+HJG<M;=<:QAF;GEHD=L=<=FALJA>A;9LAGF<MJAF?L@=

OAFL=J E=9KMJ=E=FL 0A=<B= (M =L 9D FGL@=J L@=GJQ >GJ FALJ9L=JA;@KQKL=EKJ=>=JKL@9L<=FALJA>QAF?:9;L=JA9EA?@LHJ=>=JJ=<M;LAGFG>

*+LG*+AFKL=9<G>J=<M;LAGFG>*+LG* :=;9MK=L@=Q?9AFEGJ==F=J?Q

>JGEL@==9JDA=JJ=<M;LAGFKL=H/;@D=KAF?=J=JF@9J<L%F9<<ALAGF L@==FRQE=KE=<A9LAF?L@=<=FALJA>A;9LAGFHJG;=KK9J=AF;J=9KAF?DQK=FKALAN=LG L@=HJ=K=F;=G>+'XJF=J6ME>L

Table 3. Mean denitrification and anammox rates (I,II) and results from other studies conducted under low air and water temperatures, water NOx--N concentrations also shown. Standard deviation (±) and

minimum/maximum between brackets. *=measured with static chamber technique, ** air temperature,

***=measured from the wetland inlet and outlet.

,-1+$,

%F;GEAF?*J9LAG9N?O9KDGO=JL@9FL@=J9LAGAFO=LD9F<GMLD=L9N?

%F&MDQ9F<*GN=E:=J L@=LOGH=9CKAFL@=AF;GEAF?*J=KMDL=<

>JGE9N=JQDGO*+P*;GF;=FLJ9LAGFE?*D 9N?E?*D<AK;@9J?=<

>JGE L@= 330, "A? /AEMDL9F=GMKDQ AF *GN=E:=J L@= +

;GF;=FLJ9LAGF O9K @A?@ 0@= J=9KGF >GJ DGO *+P* AF &MDQ O9K L@= KM<<=F E9KKAN= AF;J=9K= AF O9KL=O9L=J NGDME= GJA?AF9LAF? >JGE 9 /;GML;9EH G>

H=GHD= J=KMDLAF? AF <AKLMJ:9F;= G> L@= FALJA>A;9LAGF HJG;=KK MJAF?

:GL@ KLM<Q Q=9JK AF *GN=E:=J L@= *$* DG9< J=D9LAN= LG *+P* DG9<

AF;J=9K=<KM??=KLAF?L@=FALJA>QAF?EA;JG:=KAFL@=330,O=J=KM>>=JAF?>JGE 9;GD<K;@G;C :MLO=J=9:D=LG9;;DAE9LAR=?J9<M9DDQ<MJAF?L@=OAFL=J0@AKAK AF<A;9L=<:QL@=AF;J=9K=<J=D9LAN=K@9J=G>*+P*<AK;@9J?=<LGL@=O=LD9F<

Figure 8. The variation of the C:N ratio in the wastewater treatment plant discharge into the wetland as well as in the wetland outlet.

0@= O<GEAF9L=<<=FALJA>A;9LAGFAFL@=N=?=L9L=<DALLGJ9DK=<AE=FLG>L@=

330,3 =N=FL@GM?@L@=:GLLGEO9K;GN=J=<OAL@+#DALL=J?JGOAF?:Q L@=K@GJ=0@=JGGLKG>O=LD9F<N=?=L9LAGF@9N=:==F>GMF<LGKMHHGJL F:Q

<=DAN=JAF?+AFLGL@=<==H=JK=<AE=FL;J=9LAF?EA;JGKAL=KOAL@9FGPA;GPA;

AFL=J>9;=K=?.=<<Q=L9D$GO=N=J +#AK9DKG9:D=LG9KKAEAD9L=

*$*AF9<<ALAGFLG*+P*9F<;GEH=L=KOAL@L@=KM:KLJ9L=OAL@FALJA>A=JK JAP=L9D