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MONITORING NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS WITH OPTICAL SENSORS (III)
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9F<2JLGNš=C
Figure 11. Relation between sensor NOx--N and laboratory NOx--N results at DOC/ TOC concentrations 0.12–10.0 mg C l−1, a: 35-mm pathlength sensor, b: 5-mm pathlength sensor.
The bog outlet waters (empty circles) are excluded from the regression model. The
detection limit of the laboratory NOx--N analysis is 0.010 mg N l−1. Modified from the study III.
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+ AK >GMF< 3AL@ :GL@ K=FKGJK *+P* =JJGJ J9LAG AF;J=9K=< OAL@
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O9L=J J=>=JJ=<9DKo as “matrix effects” (Pellerin et al. 2013). *+P*9F<+
@9N= H9JLA9DDQ GN=JD9HHAF? 9:KGJ:9F;= J=?AGFK 9K L@=Q :GL@ 9:KGJ: 12 J9<A9LAGFE9AFDQ9LO9N=D=F?L@KFE29F<=FJG=C==L9D )9FM>9;LMJ=JK G>>=J;9DA:J9LAGF GHLAGFK O@A;@;9F := <GF= :=>GJ=@9F< 9F<
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O9L=J GJ O9KL=O9L=J >GJ =P9EHD= $GO=N=J AL AK J=;GEE=F<=< L@9L DG;9D
;9DA:J9LAGFAK<GF=LG=F@9F;=L@=J=DA9:ADALQG>L@=K=FKGJJ=KMDLK+F=G>L@=
35-mm sensor NOx-N mg l-1
Reference NOx-N mg l-1
>JGEL@=J=>=J=F;=E=L@G< ;GEEGFDQD9:GJ9LGJQJ=KMDLK 9J=HDGLL=<9?9AFKL L@= K=FKGJ J=KMDLK 9F< L@= G:L9AF=< DAF=9J >MF;LAGF AK MK=< LG ;GJJ=;L L@=
K=FKGJJ=KMDLK$MGL9JA'=LGD9
Figure 12. NOx--N error ratios with the 5-mm pathlength sensor relative to corresponding DOC concentrations, : bog outlet waters with high DOC and b: waters with low DOC concentration. Notice the different scales. Modified from the study III.
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0@AK ;9FFGL := =PHD9AF=< OAL@ KH9LA9D N9JA9:ADALQ AF L@= KLJ=9E ;@9FF=D
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AFN=KLA?9L=< A> L@= AFL=J>=J=F;= ;GMD< := KGDN=< :Q MKAF? EMDLAHD= DAF=9J J=?J=KKAGF )(. OAL@ + 9<<=< 9K GF=G>L@= =PHD9F9LGJQ N9JA9:D=K 3=
;GJJ=;L=< L@= K=FKGJ J=KMDLK OAL@ J=?J=KKAGF >MF;LAGF 9F< L@= K=FKGJ <9L9
;GJJ=;L=<:Q)(.O9KEGJ=9;;MJ9L=. HL@9FL@=K=FKGJ<9L9 OAL@ /(.;GJJ=;LAGF "A? * DG9<AF? =KLAE9L=K :9K=< GF LJ9<ALAGF9D KHGJ9<A;K9EHDAF?E9QD=9<LGGN=JGJMF<=J=KLAE9LAGFK =KH=;A9DDQAFKE9DD 9IM9LA;KQKL=EKO@=J=L=EHGJ9D9F<KH9LA9DN9JA9LAGFAFO9L=JIM9DALQAK@A?@
=?(AFB9E9=L9D'GKCA9@G=L9D DAC=>GMF<AF'GAJ9FKMGD=FGB9
"A? 0ACC9F=F =L 9D 1KAF? ;GFLAFMGMK K=FKGJK AL AK HGKKA:D= LG G:K=JN= L@= L=EHGJ9D ;@9F?=K AF *+P* ;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK D=9<AF? LG EGJ=
J=DA9:D=*DG9<AF?=KLAE9L=K'GKCA9@G=L9D9KKA<Q&GJ<9F
NOx-N error ratio
DOC mg C l-1 Laavionsuonoja
Laavionsuonoja + Luhtaanmäenjoki mixture
NOx-N error ratio
DOC mg C l-1
Letkunoja Teuronjoki Pääjärvi
Figure 13. Reference results (laboratory, black circles (n=25) and sensor results (dots) in situ measured in Brook Koiransuolenoja from May to November 2013, a: sensor results corrected with simple linear regression and b: with multiple linear regression. Modified from the study III.
%F?=F=J9D L@=HJGHGJLAGFG>*+P*G>L@=0*;GF;=FLJ9LAGF?=LK@A?@=J OAL@AF;J=9KAF?HJGHGJLAGFG>>A=D<KAFL@=;9L;@E=FL9J=92MGJ=FE99=L9D (=HAKLX =L 9D KM??=KLAF? L@9L *+P* K=FKGJK 9J= MK=>MD AF 9?JA;MDLMJ9D;9L;@E=FLK%EH9;LKG>9?JA;MDLMJ9DE9F9?=E=FLHJ9;LA;=KGF*
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)=9KMJAF?DGO*+P*;GF;=FLJ9LAGFKE?*D−1OAL@K=FKGJK O9K;@9DD=F?AF? 9F<:GL@K=FKGJKAF<A;9L=<GFDQ9O=9C;GJJ=D9LAGFOAL@
D9:GJ9LGJQ J=KMDLK . OAL@ EE . OAL@ EE %F *+P*
;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK:=DGOE?*D−1 :GL@K=FKGJK?9N=R=JGJ=9<AF?KAFL@=
KHJAF? D9C= 9F< JAN=J O9L=J 0@AK K@GMD< := L9C=F AFLG 9;;GMFL O@=F E=9KMJAF? O9L=JK ?=F=J9DDQ OAL@ DGO *+P* AF;DM<AF? HJAKLAF= >GJ=KL D9C=
9F< @=9<O9L=J 9J=9K $GO=N=J 122AKK=FKGJK 9J= AEHGJL9FL LGGDK AF EGFALGJAF? 9?JA;MDLMJ9D GJ EMFA;AH9D O9KL=O9L=J HGDDML=< 9J=9K LQHA;9DDQ K@GOAF?@A?@=J*+P*;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
NOx-N μg l-1
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
NOx-N μg l-1
Corrected sensor result Laboratory result
Time
"GJ *+P*J=KMDLK G:L9AF=< OAL@ GHLA;9D K=FKGJ KA?FA>A;9FL AFL=J>=J=F;=
;9F:=;9MK=<:QKM:KL9F;=KL@9L@9N=KAEAD9J9:KGJ:9F;=HJGH=JLA=KLGL@GK=
G>+ KM;@9K@MEA;GJ>MDNA;9;A<K,=DD=JAF=L9D)AFGJHJGHGJLAGFG>
'GAJ9FKMGD=FGB9 O9L=JK@=< ;9L;@E=FL 9J=9 ;GFKAKLK G> H=9LD9F< 9F<
;GFA>=JGMK>GJ=KLK;GN=J EGKLG>L@= ;9L;@E=FL9J=9JNGD9=L 9D KG N9JAGMKGJ?9FA;;GEHGMF<K>JGE:GL@D9F<;GN=JLQH=KE9Q@9N=9>>=;L=<AF L@=G:K=JN=<<AKLMJ:9F;=AFL@=K=FKGJ*+P*J=KMDLK +;GF;=FLJ9LAGFKAF 'GAJ9FKMGD=FGB9\E?D9J=KAEAD9JLGL@=9N=J9?=;GF;=FLJ9LAGFK AF "AFD9F< 'GJL=D9AF=F /=9KGF9DALQ 9F< D9F<K;9H= HJGH=JLA=K @9N=
:==FJ=HGJL=<;9MKAF? N9JA9:ADALQAF +IM9FLALQ9F<IM9DALQ AF:GJ=9DD9C=K
!JD9F<KKGF=L9D%FE9FQHJ=NAGMKDQDGO;GDGMJ=<"AFFAK@D9C=K L@=
;GF;=FLJ9LAGFKG>@MEA;KM:KL9F;=K@9N=AF;J=9K=<MHLG<MJAF?L@=D9KL
<=;9<="!%9F<L@AK“brownification” has been recognized worldwide .GMD=L )GGJ= +F= KM??=KL=< =PHD9F9LAGF AK * <=HGKALAGF O@A;@
E9Q=F@9F;=L@=EA;JG:A9DKGAD<=;GEHGKALAGFJ=KMDLAF?AF@A?@=JJ=D=9K=G>
GJ?9FA; KM:KL9F;=K"AF<D9Q*+P*9<<ALAGFK LG KGADK O=J=>GMF<LG AF;J=9K= L@= =PHGJL G> + +* 9F< *+P* AF 9 D9:GJ9LGJQ =PH=JAE=FL ,J=?ALR=J=L9D*=N=JL@D=KK L@=AFL=J>=J=F;=G>+AFGHLA;9DK=FKGJ
*+P*E=9KMJ=E=FLKOADDHJG:9:DQ:=;GE==N=FEGJ=J=D=N9FLAFL@=>MLMJ=
<M=LGAF;J=9KAF?DQO9JEOAFL=JK9F<@A?@=JHJ=;AHAL9LAGFLJ9FKHGJLAF?@A?@=J +9F<*+P*DG9<KAFL@=:GJ=9DJ=?AGF'GJL=D9AF=F=L9D
CONCLUSIONS
0@AK<AKK=JL9LAGF;D9JA>A=KL@=HGKKA:ADALA=KLGMLADAR=;GFKLJM;L=<O=LD9F<K AFEALA?9LAF?9IM9LA;*DG9<AF?AF9;GD<;DAE9L=%LHJGNA<=KAF>GJE9LAGFGF L@= K=9KGF9D 9F< <AMJF9D N9JA9LAGF G> <=FALJA>A;9LAGF AF K@9DDGO 9?JA;MDLMJ9D O=LD9F< K=<AE=FLK AF >A=D< ;GF<ALAGFK OAL@ J=9DAKLA; N9JA9LAGFK G> K=N=J9D
=FNAJGFE=FL9D >9;LGJK KAEMDL9F=GMKDQ =FALJA>A;9LAGF J9L=K O=J= ?GN=JF=<
E9AFDQ :Q L=EH=J9LMJ= >GDDGO=< :Q GPQ?=F ;GF<ALAGFK AF L@= K=<AE=FL 9F<
LMJ:A<ALQ AF L@= O9L=J ;GDMEF 0@= KLM<Q >G;MK=< GF FALJ9L=JA;@ FGF N=?=L9L=< K=<AE=FL =PHGK=< LG <AMJF9D DA?@L N9JA9LAGF ,GL=FLA9D FALJG?=F J=EGN9D=KLAE9L=K:9K=<GF<9QLAE=E=9KMJ=E=FLKOADDEGKLDAC=DQJ=KMDLAF MF<=J=KLAE9LAGFK =FALJA>A;9LAGFO9K<=;J=9K=<AFDGO L=EH=J9LMJ=K ] 9F< E9C=K =>>A;A=FL FALJG?=F J=EGN9D ;@9DD=F?AF? <MJAF? @A?@ DG9<K AF KHJAF?9F< <MJAF? OAFL=J %LK@GMD<:=FGL=<L@9L =FNAJGFE=FL9D;GF<ALAGFK 9F< ?GN=JFAF? >9;LGJK E9Q <A>>=J AF <==H=J 9F< N=?=L9L=< 9J=9K G> L@=
O=LD9F<K*=N=JL@D=KK L@AKAKL@=>AJKL>A=D<KLM<QJ=HGJLAF?*J=EGN9DHJG;=KK J9L=K;GF<M;L=<AF9"AFFAK@9?JA;MDLMJ9DO=LD9F<9F<HJGNA<=KAF>GJE9LAGFG>
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