Henkilökohtaiset Henkilöiden väliset Muut Isä-lapsisuhde Resurssien
resurssit resurssit resurssit hallinta
•Koulutus •Suhde lasten äitiin •Lasten lukumäärä •Isän osallistuminen: •Toimeenpano
•Tulot/varallisuus •Sosiaalinen turvaverkko •Lasten ikä osallistuva •Ajan hallinta
•Rotu •Naapurisuhteet •Lapsia muista suhteista läsnäoleva •Suunnittelu
•Kansallisuus •Suku, oma ja vaimon •Asuuko lapsen kanssa huolehtiva •Ylläpito
•Kulttuuritausta •Työkaverit •Työtilanne •Kiintymyssuhde: •Valvonta
•Ikä •Suhde omiin •Sosiaalinen luokka turvallinen, epävarma •Reflektointi
•Uskonnollisuus vanhempiin •Joukko, johon kuuluu •Vanhempana: •Arviointi
•Hengellisyys •Sosiaaliset arvot määräilevä, •Tavotteiden asettaminen
•Sukupuoli-identiteetti •Sukupuoliroolit auktoriteetti, •Aikataulutus
•Terveys •Vanhemmuuden ajoitus salliva, •Organisointi
•Persoonallisuus •Naapurusto irrallinen •Asioiden tärkeysjärjestys
•Temperamentti •Status vanhempana: •Sopivuus vanhemmaksi
•Asenne biologinen, isäpuoli, •Isä-lapsi suhteen laatu
•Selviytymisstrategia sosiaalinen, adoptio,
•Rikosrekisteri laillinen huoltajuus
•Aineiden käyttö
•Konfliktien purku
•Älykkyys
•Vuodet vanhempana
•Herkyys toisen viesteille
•Isän identiteetti
•Rooli: suojelija, leivän tuoja, kaveri, moraalin vartija
Kuten taulukosta 1 käy ilmi, isyydellä on paljon ulottuvuuksia, joiden samanaikainen huomioiminen isyyttä tutkittaessa ei ole yksinkertaista. Kuitenkin isyyden tutkimuksessa on tapahtunut selkeitä muutoksia, kun tutkijoiden oma ymmärrys aiheesta on lisääntynyt.
Jo nyt on osoitettu, ettei äidin yksinhuoltajuus kerrokaan suoraan isän puuttumisen vaiku-tuksista ja toisaalta isän osallistuminen voikin olla suurelta osin äidin vaikutuksen alaista.
Kenties joskus tulevaisuudessa isyyden merkityksestä saadaan tarkempaa tietoa uusilla menetelmillä ja tarkemmilla tutkimuksilla, sen aika näyttää.
Kirjallisuuskatsausta varten koostetusta aineistosta muotoutuu yhtenäinen näkemys: isän osallistuminen nähdään erittäin tärkeänä lapsen terveydelle ja hyvinvoinnille (Biller & So-lomon, 1986; Lamb, 1995; Lamb ym., 1985; Phares, 1999; Radin & Russell, 1983; Turcot-te ym., 2001; Dufourin & Bouchardin (2003) mukaan).
Kaiken edellä mainitun jälkeen voitaneen sanoa, että isällä on merkitystä. Sekä lapselle, äidille, että isälle itselleen. Näin ollen nollahypoteesi siitä, että isällä ei ole merkitystä, voi-daan katsoa kumotuksi.
Loppusanoiksi vielä muutama tiivistys:
Isällä on monta tärkeää roolia: kumppanina, hoivan antajana, puolisona, suojelijana, esiku-vana, moraalisena ohjaajana, opettajana sekä elättäjänä. Tärkeää on myös vanhemman lap-selle antama lämpö, hoiva ja läheisyys, jotka hyödyttävät lasta, ei se, tulevatko ne isältä vai äidiltä. (Lamb 2004)
Vanhemmat reagoivat lapsen itkuun tarjoamalla läheisyyttä ja hoivaa. Ihmisillä hoivaa ja huolenpitoa tarjoavat sekä äidit että isät. (Zeifman, 2001; Fernandez-Duque ym., 2009;
Frodi, 1985; Murray 1985; Reijneveld ym., 2004; kaikki Van Andersin (2014) mukaan).
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