!!!
!
" # # # $ % &
' (
!)* '
+ ! !, -!(
. $ /* 0- +!1 - !/0 23 * 0 $- 4566657 0'
"#$% !!!
ISBN 951-45-9524-6 (pdf)
Helsinki 2000 Helsingin yliopisto
ISBN 951-45-9431-2 (nid.) ISSN 0355-8630
Helsinki 2000 Yliopistopaino
Pikapaino
!""
!""
# $
% !" $
!& $ '
( $ '
)
& "$ "*
+ ,
'- ,
'(+# .
'(/ .
'( !
'(+ #
'(!
'# "
'0 $
.
-
'
$ $* 12 3
4 4$ 5""63 $ +# *!'*
4 4$3 0 $ 2"
#7 "*8 9/**!,*.
4 4$3 & "
- +#" *
44$9$:3-
! + # (3 ; 4 <=*
! " # !$%&
'(' *'!'*+>$*&?@*'
44$*9$:; $$:$3%
+ #*& ) ' **!
*,
:9$*+#*4$457 A$3- " ! * !*
,
: 9$* + # 4$ 43 - "
& ! *,!.*.
"" " / " $3 B7 "# <*=*)" 7 " 8 9/<=*+ 0 2<=*&?@<*
=
2" #7 "- '
!"#""
"!"! $"!"
44$
!"
#$%&%#'#(
)* +,-.(/,01
23,'#(
!%
#%3#3.
"4 3#"#0 3 #
%5%%65%#4
" 3 # %. 53 5 % 0 . .
%%4.%".
4 53 5
% "3 4 . %(
5#%.#5"""5&) 7 0 4 6 5
""%%""" "89:+ ; .".%4 5+.#%3#45 " 5 4 % # .5335"
4..#.
2 3 % % #
%4% 5.# 3%
54#."4 6%4#".#..#4 5 "0 # 5 5 % 5 % 5%"##%
2.#5"3 .# 4 "# # 5 + 6
"6055"
5"%""
# "#
3#
&'
+#+ #! ! ( > " * 1"* $ <7C* ..=* $$
1" " <4$*.DE*'=#$
" * * " $
" $ ! ( $ "
$ / "
! " * <$*(/*.*..D
?*.'* ? @* ..DB $*D$
&* = ! ! 3<=1 D
<= $ " "
/ $ * $ "1
( + # < 1" B$ = BA " / " "$
$ <5""6*. =(/
" +$ <2/*= ""
!" + # $ 5""64$<=+ "
/ 5""6<.=9<,=
"" 3 B ( # <+ ** D
&$*=*+<5""64$*=*
F $ - # + # <#* ,=
" 4$<.=
"" $/$ ""
" + !#!( # " >
8 < =
(! " " "
$ $1$
$ "
!"$!"7 +
$ <5G*,D?-$*="
" $ "! "
4$5""6<=*G ""
" +?+ <+? + *?*'= "" $
$ # $9 $(<?*
'D?-$*= " $ !$ $ "$ 9(25 +#<7 *.=
+ # ! &
5 $@( <,°!'°=
- 9" $ $ !
,
G " ( "
$ A$ $ /<92 *.D9*.=*$
"$ <4$:*'=8*
: * "
" * /<1" B$=? * "/*$$$
""
""
! " ! #
! $%& '( )*
.
+ %",- ++ +. /0 1 2 +34
! ( '5)+666*
1 $+ # $<4$*
'= $ $ $ $ " $ $ " " "
" $!
+ #""
& " + * + # $ 3 <= $ $ $ * * F 5 $+<4$*.=D
<=G $ $$
#" 1$ F + #<9$*=*!* *"
" $ * $ ? * * * "
<4 * '=* H + 9 + <7 * .D @$*
..=&<9B *,,D7 +*. D
@$+*.= $+ #
<$*E* D9$*=*"
! $ ( ""
+ #$
B $ " "
+ #! ! / "" $ $ *
"""
$ $/" $)
""
3 <7*, D5""6*.=*" <2 /*
,=* !" <& * ,'D @* ,=* !"
<9*,=*$ <B 9*=*! !
" "" <9/ )/ G* ,=* $ ""
<#*.,D/*,D7#$*,=
"" " " $ G <
G = "<5""69*.*.,D 5*.D#A*.= $$ "
$G <A G =*
$ "" *<= *<=
!"<= !& *G$
$<="<=
<= $ "
$ "3
<= " $ $ !
<= $ ! $"
<= $ ! ! ! $
<'= " "" $ $ $$ " + #+#
!"#$%
( "" " "
" " ""
""*@"
$ 5""6@"
9$ : ""
; $$:$" """
"" : 9$ < 9$ :*
&=* ""
+#
1" " 5 7 A$
$$/"" "" I
"" F /
(' "
) "
0* ! "
$ G $ $$ $ + $ " * G ! * "
" $ A 3 <=
D<= D<=
& %"'"$
$*
* *& *$
*
<B$=(& A <$*9*,=3 σσσσ
ττττ
ττττ + − × − ∇ +∇⋅
=
'" '!
'! ! ! ! ! ζ
<=
!
' * "D " &
"D !
"D!$ Dζ D ττττ!ττττ!Dσσσσ
. ( $ ( (
" 3
=
< θ φ
ρ ! ! ! !
! = + ×
ττττ <=
!
*ρ*$ φ
$$
! !
×
−
∇ζ
!
τ !
⋅
∇
τ !
1$ 3
J
=
<
=
K< ϕ θ
ρ
! ! ! ! ! ! !
! = − − + × −
ττττ <=
!
* ρ * $ θ$$
&"$"
-$$ " *A 3
=
< =
⋅
∇
∂ +
∂
!
'
' <'=
G/ < /
* ,D B * = ! "
/<9*,=* ! "*
<5""6*.=! / <$*@& *.D9"* =(
!!"" / !""
9<,= $ 3/
< " = ( $ A 3 <
A/= "<
$ /=* 'Lρρ
A 3
=J
*
<
= K
*
< =−∇⋅ +
∂
∂
!
<!=
** <9*,=
!""
" " /* "
5""6<.=:5""6<..= $!
/3 "!* /
* / 3
'=ρ = ρ< + = <=
$ <:5""6* =
#$ <= <'= $ * <'=
" A 3
=
*
*
<
=
*
*
<
=
*
*
< =− ⋅∇ + +
ψ ψ ψ
∂
∂ !
<,!=
ψ ψ ψ/
A 3
ψ + <ψ +ψ ==− ∇⋅! <.=
("$')
> A $ ( $ σσσσ
" " *$ <5""6*.=3
=
*
*
<ψ ε ε"
σσσσ
σσσσ = <=
ψ *εε"*"**
( / $ ( !" " <9* ,=* !&
" < ""= * " $ # <.* .,=
/ G <""= $1" 3
σσσσ = ε" +ε"− < =
"$ F
* * ε" !A
""
% !" $<%@=
0" 3 9 <,= !"
$ ) ""*
" " $ ! <9*,,*,="
"" " < B$ '= 9 !" $ 1"
3
−
− +
=ηε" <ξ η=ε"
σσσσ * <=
* F
*
F η ξ
ξ = ∆Η = <*=
[ ]
= M 1" −<−= * =
{ }
∆Η =1 <ε"+ε" F = * ε" <=
ξη / * $*
σ1/P σ2/P
−1
−1 A O
B
C
D E
elliptical
truncated
Mohr−Coulomb Cavitating
ε
ε" " A
""*+$ * "
$* ε"1 " $
""***
3 7 0( 0 8 !! ! $ 0(
& 0 0( ) 4 0$
0( & ( 0(
3 8 "
<9* ,= " <** $ N = < =A * " " 9 # <,= 3 ""
"
=
*
<
σ
σ = <=
σσ "" "
!" <=)η
=
<
=
<
ε ε
ε ε η ξ
"
"
"
"
− +
= − * <'=
<=
" "
'
B$'( $
$ "
""""
!& $<&=
+ 9 !" "" * (" * <= !
& $ $ !& 3 ϕ
σ σ σ
σ− =< + = <=
ϕ $ $
3
= * <*=* = ∆ϕ
{
}
=1ε" *ε"
∆ <=
ϕ $* ε" 1
: ε" *
!& <=!<= $
"""<B$'=*" "
ϕ $ ""
$ $ϕL ( $<B&=
" $* # <.* .,=*
/ "" G / 3 #<.*.,="A!
<9*,=+< ="66<=*
" " * ( "" "
$ " < "
$$ 99 #* " = $ $ <4$*=
B <=1"
<$*5""6* =3 ' ! )
= <+ = < = ′* = β
π * <,*=
' ! )
= <+ = < =' < =′
β π * <,=
' = ρ F "*' *β <≤ ≤β =* ! < == F < − =* L , 1 " * )′ $ <$*
5""6* =3
′ = + −
)
<λ ε" λ ε " = λ ε" <.=
λ λ λ" β<
""=
B A! $< < ≤ ε" ≤ =3
σσσσ =ε" +ε"− <=
9
= 1"<− < −==* < = = = , F∆ < *=
∆ =1< * =) )′ ′ < = , = π F * $ * "
* )
<,= < = $ =
= =
)'
" " "!
"
* "$' "
) 0A <.=
5""6<.=$5""64$<=3
<= (O ∇⋅! ≥
<$= * "$*
3
!
⋅
∇
−
ψ = <=
=
=
ψ
ψ < "$ $= <=
<=( L ∇⋅! <
< $= ≤* 1 / $* /<$= $
* 3
!
⋅
∇
−
ψ = <=
=
=
ψ
ψ <$= <=
<=(L ∇⋅! <
< $= >* $/
<$$= $* 3
=−∇⋅!
ψ <=
=
=
ψ
ψ <$$= <=
$ 5""6<.=1/ $** +#+ #
+,')%" ,$"$"
$ " $1"0A<=(
*1"""*
$$ G $ . × −<5""6
?* =+#× −+ #
"! "4$5""6
<="" $! +#
+ #""$ ! <4$:* = "
$ $A 3
= <
!
"
! ! ττττ! ττττ!
!
− +
∇
−
=
×
+ ζ ρ
∂
∂ <'=
[
< + =]
=⋅
∇
+
!
∂ ζ
∂ζ <=
"* ττττ!ττττ! *"
"$ $ 3<=
! ττττ!<L−ττττ!=*A"
<=D<= G $ "$
<= *$
! ττττ!!
ττττ!*" "3
! ! !
ττττ = −< =ττττ +ττττ <=
! !
! =ρ
ττττ <,=
$
1"<4$:*
=3
! ! !
! = ρ −
ττττ <.=
,
&G =+ζ* L
$
F$ =× −*$$
θL ° "(""
A G
*$$ θL.°<5""6
?* =""
-"$
3 F $ 5 $ " "
! ! ( $!
* "A G ** !"
$ ! ( " !"F " " ""
$ /G "
F < $= "
$ "
A >"
* A ! * F $ $
$ F $
""
3( G
? " " <""=:
$ " * <4$ :*
'=3
==
*
<
<
=
*
<
=
*
*
<- . - -
= ω −
ζ <=
.*ω*"*"*$A"
$
. $"'$
3
$ 9 <,= 5""6 4$ <= (
" $ $ 9 <,=
$ "
F * "" "$
/ " * $ " " 4$9<,=
"" " /P+"$
$G./""/""
+ # B + $ G ! $
<.'×/1 *"=
.
3 !"
" <)(= " <4$ :* = $ $ "/P&$G " $ ( " * $$
$
*'
) " "
""! $ "3 <= & G / +#<=<=2$
+#<=<=2 $ " G $ G < G *= <'=
) + # <=<=#
" + # <*= +#+ #G
( * $! + #G
""
-"'$("
'(/
( + G $<$*@ * ,D 5""6* .D 5* D # * = $
" *1"4(@!,<4 $ (@=*"
" > Q5 ( & ) ( )R (&0
#0* + # , <9"
5""6* ,= 4(@!, ""
7@#<7 @ #=+#
/ B " ! !/ "
/"G5""6< = 7@# > * $ G
$ $ </
$ G= $ G /
" +#$ G + * " "
" ""
" /* "
/ ! " ! " " S ! - $ " " !. S $
$ " G $"
>" <4$*= "
<!=* " 1"
> " $ 1 "7@# $"
$A$ "
<!,=* $" "
<'!,= *$$"
" " $
"
<- ,= $ "
$'!*$$
/ " 7@#
G " $ $ " 1" "
1 ""
$ "" * $ $
* 1" $ *
" !!A <=
<= !*
( * $ $ B $9<,'=* $L
F!≈! /$$ $
* "
!* *
ε ε ε ε ε ε ε 2
F F F F F F F F F F F , , ,. . ,'' .' ' ' . ' .. '
& " A#2<#*,=
$ $ G * $ G "
/"$$ A $
$B $ $
" * * <4$*=
!!A" "
7@# "B$
G 3
=8 $" "
$9 $"<"=
+ !" !& "
=$$$$ ML× -F$ G * $$5""6
<.=9 * 1 -F " 1* 5""6 4$ <=
"$ "
="$$" **
! $$ * < "=
'=$$$ $ $
=" "$/*∝α* " ≤α≤ ""
A "*" " <!,=
= "/" $ ϕ !& $" $ %@ M L 1 -F L B * ϕL'°* $ $ %@9 * ϕL ° <'!
,= $*
" "
"
! '
9:.×6%":+6) ε":6") :+6 " 9:.×6%":+6) ε":6") :+6 9:6%" :+6) ε":6") :+6 ' 9:.×6%":;) ε":6") :+6 9:.×6%":36) ε":6") :+6 *∝ 9:;×6%":+6) ε":6") :+6 , *∝ 9:+;×6%":+6) ε":6") :+6 . 9:.×6%":+6) ε":6") :6 9:.×6%":+6) ε":6") :.6 !& 9:1×6%"ϕ:.6°)ε":6"
!& 9:1×6%"ϕ:+6°)ε":6"
!& 9:1×6%"ϕ:3;°)ε":6"
; 4 4<0 $ 0 =7$ ( + 0
'( !
" ! " 4$ 5""6
<=* " +# ! / G <= $ " ""
** * 1
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0 5 10 15 20
RMS separation (km)
Thick solid line: run 1 Dashed line: run 2 Dashdot line: run 3 Dotted line: run 4 Thin line: run 5
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0 5 10 15 20
RMS separation (km)
Thick solid line: run 1 Dashed line: run 6 Dashdot line: run 7 Dotted line: run 8 Thin line: run 9
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0 5 10 15 20
Days in March 1997
RMS separation (km)
Thick solid line: run 1 Dashed line: run 10 Dashdot line: run 11 Dotted line: run 12
$"$
$$ "$!"
$ $G " "$!" "
3$$ ML -F
$ "$!" 1
"$!"F ! $ "
G * ""$ $ S ! " $ $
$$ " "
-"("
'(!
" + #!
!"+ #!
1! " ""
0A<=<=" "$ $ " + # $ <=
""$ !
$ $ $
$ * "
$ "$"
G $ ! $ " " *
$" "
$ S $ "
$ !
" "
$ <4$*.=( *
"
'# "
(" ""
""*$"" "
" ! <! = + #"" $ F* F F * " @/
:$ <,=*:<=*::$<= "$
!"A <:*.=
/ " -?F%922$<9$* * = "
- 0 B $ &
<-0B&= $ ! 1 <4$ * '* : * '= "
* / " *
> # ""
" "
$ " G$ "
& " -?F%922$ "
/ G " $ $ T " / $ $ ! $ " $* $
""
$!
" " $<!
=""$ "' ,<
=* . ! * $! "
/$$')$" $
1 (4 """
(4G. /G " . / $G'/ $ "
$$φL°$ "G $$
.° "
> / " (4 B "L F ° !
< / "" $=*
$ " " $!"
" 1 " * A/
> $
" $$
>*" !"
"" / <5""6 9* .D #$* D 7 #$* ,= (4 "
$!" A $$ $ ! "
$" (4 "$ ,
, ,
=
−
F B&
%@
&
λ
ϕ
< =
($$ $
!"$ $"
(4 *> "
G 3
=$M*>*" %@
'
= B&
$* *$ βL
= " <*$ S $
ε" ε"=/ *$*$ ε"
$ $$
° ! * ° ! B &* * $
+'
( ! ! $ * $ "1 " ! ("
$ * + # + # $
?A " /
" " / G +#*" $" </=
" / 7@#
$ G D $ G + # " > "
A#29 !" $$ ""
G
"
$ $" + !" !& $ "
> $$
" %@ ML× -F L <
4$* = " $ "
!" $$ ML× -F
G * 1 -F
" 1 $ / 5""6 4$ <= 5""6 <.=* $
$$"" L
" " $"$ *"
$$ $L ! " "/"
$ ϕ !& $ " "
$ '° °
"$ ? *
" ""*
" $
$ ! + #* "
$ "
1 $""
* *
$ $ "$!" "
" $ ! ! /
$ $ " $ B* $ "$!" " $ $ "! "$
$
++ #
$
1 " ! "
" **
" G $" $ $ * $ * $ / ! " < =
!$ /" ""
$
# + # + # $
" $ + # " $ " " $ - 0 B $ & +>$ "
$+ ?& "<5*D5*
= "1
$ " ! 2 $ $ + # " $$
$ B "" "
$$ $!
"
* $ + #
$* " " * 1G$G $$
$ ! " $ /
$ * " / $ G
" $*
A!" *G 1" $ $A >
"< = * " (4 "$!
" A $ $ $ ! " $" (4 " $* , ($
$ !"
$ $ " (4
>
B /3 " " $ ! ! " $ A ! A!
$ <# * .= $ " "" <9*
,D 9 # * ,= $ " $ ! <$*9"5""6*D4$*D8 * D:$
* =* " $ / <9"* = " $
<5""6*.D5""6*.=
"
" " <:/* .D 5""6* .D 7 * .= ( $ !< = < /=
" " $$ 5""6 <.=
$ $ σσσσ ∝β* 1$ $$β≈!
* $$ 2!$ <,=* $
""/$<9 "/*
= $"G !
" $ ( $ * " * $*
" "1 $ $$
& <.= @ A
" !*1"
" "
,
!,-
" )" 7 "* 8 9/* - 2 & 0 B * +>$*&( "/ $"
"
( 1 $ " 5""6* "
)" 7 "* " $ ""
1 /$ B * $ /*
"/ " 9$:* ! - 2 & 0 B <-2&0B=* "
"" $ .
( /" 4 ;* -2&0B* "
$ " & B*
" H % " $ 1 /$
)" 7 "
/ )#$-?/ )5//
"* " 99#
$ * ) H 9" " $ "
* ) 4 :$ " $ -? $ (1/ ! *#+* 1 /
""* " ; $$:$ " $""*
7 A$5 /""
( / / "" 4(@!, 1" *" "#" " $7@#*
# # " $ A #2 U @//
/ $ $ " " )"
7 " $ -2&0B"" "
( / 1"/ " @6//*
B( 2<B(2=*" H / 5*
@)" B(2*)97C* $""
B(2$!* +
&$ "
" / Q(#R" >0 "
& $# $" $<#(((=
" >"/ $ " / & ( * B* - - # B *&*/ $
B* ( $ $
"" * ;$4 + $
"$ $ /
.
.'
"66* H!?* 99 #* 2+ 7" +* ! " $ * "**!
+**99#9#* $ * / $ */* 0( *0*
+*#*97C#6* B.!.
!' " 0 ( " *
&/1<=3'!
&$* +* #6*H % *# U *9 7C H 5*
- B(#(3/2/<=*
! " 12 * "* ! * 3 *$!,*0" *B*""!'
& *)*7/*2#@*)2 /# /*,' $"/!"*/4( *!
& *)*7# U / )&0*. "
!" /* * ** ! B* )+ &5 $* 2" $
- - #/***0*.,!.'
B * 7* - $ / @) * # 0$$* ) & $*
9 *-9
B *7:)9(((* $"/$*/**
!*!
7*H*, $ ()H0E!3.!, 7 *7B7+*. % &
** !,
7 *7*. H+9 + *0*!,
7 *2*-?"/ 5""6*.# $!
+ + (3 5""6 <=*
**8 9/*!.
7C*9*..B0 **!
7 * -* 5 -$ ?* . & "$ $!
" +# *5*)** 7*2#+#$*,$ $3& " .!.' !" !" */***
9"* H 5""6* #$ + # ',!
"! (*67*!'
9"*H5""6*,4(@!,)2" 9"5""6
<=* **8 9/*"
9"* H* ? $ / <" /*
9* :) (((* :B :/* U B /* ,' ) ! !=
3("" ! /* !*0*
9*:)(((*,, $ "',!' /*
** *!.
9*:)(((*, /** !*
0*.!.'
9(((*:)# *0,? $!
$ " !**!
9 "/**? /**
**.!.
9*;2)2 *.: ! - & #* @ (3 ? /* * !** ! 9* ;* 2) 2 @: ):* . : ! - & #* @ ((3 - /* * !**'!
9$*)H*4;&H5#* $ ""
+ # * ,!
9$*29*T:$47H* 01 ! -?$(3 *"11 "* ' !*!
- *7$G *&*(@*B!!VB!!
9$* 29* T :$ 47 H* # $
& (38 5, 9( 9 !* ! ?
*+>$*&*H 2&& 0 "& * +*+$*""!
9$* 29* T :$ 47 H* "" $ $ &#) * 9/*0& HU )/ G*, ! !" *!,
/** !**.'!.,
(/* * . " ! ! /*
**0*!.
(/**..! "!
/***0* ,! ,'.
(@*&B*:)9*(((7B *? $
! * " !**,!
5**2F%+002#2" 3(?
B( 2*9/
5""6**. ? + +5 )! **.0*,""
5""6**. +#(**.!
5""6*.? "/ + +0 ** !.
5""6* :) 9 (((* . "
$G * /***0*.!
5""6**5T!5* # $ (4 $* *2,!,'
5""6*?** ) "$
(*'.!'
5""6*494$* !"
+#0 (" <=*'"
5""6*494$*8 02#!#2 $( *" '*": "* !'"*
*7<0##@!'*H=*""!.
5""6**. (35""6<=* " ; )* !'*9/8@$9 *9/
5""6* * . # ) $ (3 5""6
<=* **8 9/*'!
5""6**;#H9".& " ! 02#!#2 /* !**'.!
5""6* * 49 4$* H 9" #"* # / 7@# # (7# #" # ( ( ?* "+ "<@"=
5*U*"" $ "
+ (3.;%< *"1& *'* *'*+>$*
&
5*U*4B5*#455*) " $ F$ " + 7 (3 / 2/
<=* !"12 * "* ! *3 *$!,*0" *B*""' !''
5G*0*,?$ "$!"
& @ ! * *0 *!
5* T* H 5 @ * . ? $G /***0'!',
?*5-$*# $! "
+# *2*'!
?* * 5 -$ 5""6* ' " !
"" $ $ + #* @ 3 ( . !**- /C"$*,""
?* 5 -$* " ! "" $
$ +#*@3 $ "$
. !**- /C"$*""
?*H*9? >&9@*.':!
/*** 0*!
?* H &9 @* .. $ /*
**0!,
@/ *&5::$ *,$!
/*** !,
@$*#H*..)"$" 9 + /** !* *,''!,
@$*#H++*.%
! $ /** !*0*.!,.
@*2#*,!" */** **
/*,!.'
@*2#)& *.&+ G *1%71 "* !.
2!$* H* , " $ " ! " !**,,!.
2/*U*(&0#0" >(32//<=*
)"' ' 1=0 " * 0" *9/8 $*#"5 *2" !'*!'
2 /*)*,$ " "/$$
/*** *''!'
#*#*%1 *5$*UU *9?)*,
# $ + +$, .*"
#*#*5$*Ø)*UU *9*%1 *,
#2 G $+
+,(3/2/<=* !"12 * "*
! *3 *$!,*0" *B*
"".!.
#$* #+* $ G "
$ (37G?$<=* @#*
"" ! *U- *
#*&*,F - +#(3#
- #*+#+/# " $$*
) (**!
#* 99* :) 9 ((( 5""6* . ? ""$ $ $ /* **'!
#*99*:)9(((5""6*., $*/***0*, .!,
#*99*#&0H!?"66*.?
$ */* !* *** ,! ,
#A*%*.$G (35""6<=* " ; )
*.!''*9/8@$9 *9/
$* &5 T &* ! 3
"" 5 #/***.'!.' /* #* ) 2 /* 7 / 2 & * , /
/*** ' !'
* 5!+ 5 /* $ $ *
$/** !**'!
8 H* ? " $ +#(#
8 H* : $ $!$+!#!(#
(12 *'* ,,> *! B * *H"*""
:$*4*9#*494$9):* 5$$ + ,!.
#(312 *'* ,,> *! B * *H"*"", !,,
:/*:B*.7 " " (3 5""6 <=* " ; ) * ! '* 9/ 8
@$9 *9/
:*9)*. " "" ! '( > *&*#0@**!
:*9)5""6*..? $ + #*
0 (" *..<=*' "
:*9)5""6* 01" $ + #( *. '*0" *B*,!.
:* 9)* " !
" !' ! **!.<&=
:*9)45:$*# " (
B$ #G # :1 <=* (' '( "
!*& " # # 0$$* 9 # $@*4$G *&
:*9)*494$#+*'? " $ + # & (3 ; 4 * <=
* * %&$ * '* *# ! &?@*'!'
E*5*::9H9$* + *"*
*, ,!,
E*H4*'% + #$$(3;4 *<=
* * %&$ * '* *
# ! &?@* !
4$*BH*. &?@*+>$*"*<&=
4$*H9(((*:),? $ /****.!.,
4$*;*. + # ) '* * ! .<&=
4$*T:*'? $ + #(3
;4 *<*=* *%&$
*'* *# ! &?@*.!,
4$*499):* - $&#
0 * !<&=
4$*495""6* $ 7 + 0 (" <'=*
."
4$*499):*'- + # 0 **'.!'<&=
4$*49*#+*EE9):*' "
$ + # 0 **!.<&=
4$* 49 9) :* ' + # 0 *!,<&=
4$* 49* . ) "
(2" (&0#0" >*""
4$*49*#" $*(32//<=*
) "' ' 1= 0 " * 0" * 9/ 8 $* #" 5 * 2" !'*,!,
4$* 49* 5""6 99 #* - ""$
$G (3H<=* *?
5, '*0 *#"!*,*.!, 4$*49*5""6*H9"#"*-
+ + (3/2/<=* !"
12 * "* ! *3 *$!,*
0" *B*""'..!',
4 *--*' ( ""* *0$ <= 8#
-? $"? $# *#)$
5
! ! $
! - 1!
! !
ρ
ρ ψ
ρ ψ
ττττ!
ψ
ττττ! <L!ττττ!= ψ
ττττ! ε
ττττ! ε"
ττττ! ε" *ε" !
ττττ! ε"*ε" ""
σσσσ ε" 1 "
*σ
σ "" " ε" 1 ! " $
ξ*η /
$ "
$ + $
$ ϕ $
φ $$
θ $$ 1 "
' " β
A/ )′
/ λ*λ*λ " β / $ " "
ζ )
ζ " ,, $ "
&G . "
ω $
"$
$
" & "
'
+?+ +?+
9(25 9$2 5 (4 $G
7@# 7 @ # 4(@!, 4 $ (@*,
#2 #"2
-2&0B - 2& 0 B -0B& - 0 B $&
B(2 B( 2
-02#& -0 2 #$&
)( "
%@ !" $
& !& $ B& $
&
@"3"$'*A *3 =<−−=F∆ * =−F∆
@"3"$*3M<× -F=