Pilot Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems: 2 Annual Synoptic Report. Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

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Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

Pilot Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems

2 ANNUAL SYNOPTIC REPORT 1991

0

Environment Data Centre

National Board of Waters and the Environment

Helsinki 1991

(2)

Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Po lution

EE'C

Pi of Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pol ution Effects on Ecosystems

2 ANNUAL SYNOPTIC REPORT 1991

(3)

Published by Environment Data Centre

National Board of Waters and the Environment Sponsored by Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Edited by Pirjo Ferin-Westerholm, EDC

Päivi Tahvanainen, EDC Author Guy Söderman, EDC Data processing Väinö Malin, EDC

Kim Dahlbo, EDC Sirpa Kleemola, EDC Iris Niininen, EDC

Cover graphs: Long-term precipitation in IM -areas. Scale unit 50 mm.

ISBN 951-47-5059-4

Printed by Helsingin Printing Oy, Helsinki 1991

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GUIDANCE TO THE READER...4

CHAPTER 1 Driving variables ...6

CHAPTER 2 Sulphur

2.1 Fields of deposition ...24

2.2 Short-term temporal variation ...25

2.3 Long-term temporal variation ...37

2.4 Mass balances ...38

CHAPTER 3 Nitrogen oxides

CHAPTER 4 Nitrogen ammonia

CHAPTER 5 Hydrogen/pH

5.4 Proton budgets ... 88

CHAPTER 6 Calcium

CHAPTER 7 Sodium

7.3 Long-term temporal variation ...1 19 7.4 Mass balances ...120

CHAPTER 8 Potassium

CHAPTER 9 Magnesium

2.2 Shortterm temporal variation ...139

CHAPTER 10 Chloride

CHAPTER 11 - Aluminium

11.2 Long-term temporal variation (Al.)...178

CHAPTER 12 Tree stands

12.1 State and effect variables ...180

12.2 Long-term variation ...186

CHAPTER 13 Understorey vegatation

1 3. 1 State and effect variables ...187

13.2 Long-term variation ...191

ANNEX Programme activity report.... 196

• siting of areas

• monitoring and data reporting

• characteristics of areas in this report

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GUIDANCE TO THE READER

The 2nd Annual Synoptic Report (1991) emphasizes the between-site and in-site variability of the main variables measured within the Integrated Monitoring Programme. The report does not go into detailed analysis of correlation between different variables - this will be covered by the Programme Evaluation Report in 1992.

For the reader the following guidelines may be of use:

Firstly, the variance of s.c. driving variables are presented. These are variables of local climate and runoff.

Secondly, main chemical elements are presented - one in each chapter. In the presentations the monitoring areas are depicted on a map showing their position within the element depositional field.

The areas are grouped according to ecozones. For each area an element bar graph is depicted (fig.1).

The bar layers from top to bottom represent compartments/subcompartments of the monitored ecosystem. The abbreviations of the used compartments are:

AC Ambient air (neq/m3) DC Precipitation (peq/l) SF Stem flow (peq/l) TF Through fall (peq/l)

SW! Soil water of the topsoil; 0-10 cm depth (peq/l)

SW2 Soil water at 10-20 cm depth (peq/I) SW3 Soil water below. 20 cm depth q/IJ OW Groundwater (peq/l)

RW 1 Lake surface water (peq/l) RW2 Lake water al 3 m depth RW3 Lake water al 5 m depth

RW4 Lake water al mean depth of lake (peq/l) RW5 Lake water al near-bottom depth (peq/l) RWR Runoff water (ieq/I)

NC Needle/leaf contents (meq/kg) LF Litter contents (meq/kg)

SC! Contents of organic soil layer (meq/kg) SC2 Contents of mineral soil; 0-10 cm depth

(meq/kg)

SC3 Contents of mineral soil; 10-20 cm depth (meq/kg)

SC4 Contents of mineral soil; deeper than 20 cm (meq/kg)

The top-bottom order implicates roughly the gravitional flow from one compartment to another. The exchangeable storages are presented at the bottom of the graphs.

The values of the bars are concentration levels (units are given above). Levels are shown for the annual mean and the minimum and maximum monthly average. Numbers at the end of each bar explain the temporal variation (number of time samples) and the spatial variation (number of observation points/

permanent plots). The values refer to the hydrological period November 1989 - October 1990 unless otherwise stated.

If bars are missing no measurements exist (no data have been reported) for this medium; if areas are lacking no measurements exist (no data have been reported) at all.

Some time-series showing the between-year variation are presented if such data have been available for repetitive measurements in excess of three years.

Finally the element budgets (expressed in mg/m2 based on the formula DD+WD-RUNOFF) are shown on a map diagram for those areas where calculations can be made. In the budget calculations the input has been corrected for dry deposition using the chloride- correction method (Wright, R.F. & Johannessen, M.

1980. Input-output budgets of major ions at gauged catchments in Norway. Drablos & Tollan (ed.) Ecological impact of acid precipitation. Oslo.) since throughfall measurements are not extensively in use yet. In the case of sulphur and base cations correction for marine sea-salts have also been made (Mapping critical loads. Nordic Council of Ministers 1990.

Miljörapport (Environmental report) 1990:14, Nord 1990:98). For hydrogen (pH) proton balances have been calculated if possible.

Thirdly, biological variables have been presented as indicators of the forest stands and the understorey vegetation.

The variables for the forest stand refer to characteristics of the dominating tree species. The units are percentages for canopy coverage, discoloration, defoliation and vitality, metres for tree height and stem diameter. The PSI-lichen index has been presented in the 1st Annual Synoptic Report.

The variables for the understorey vegetation refer to the community structure of the permanent plots. The variables are coverage in percentage and frequency of occurrence for different life-forms and flora groups and fertility index of the species with the largest area coverage.

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Co suL

Annual mor AC DC TF SF SW GW RW

NC LF SC

Subprogram me

Stations

Time frequency Starting month

Last month ent

AC 01 11 8911 9010 DC 01 06 9004 9009 TF 01 06 9004 9009 SF 01 06 9004 9009 SW 00

GW 0 0 RW 00 NC 00 LF 00 SC 00 00 unit veq/I for upper

compartments (neq/m3 for AC); meq/kg for lower compartments

(7)

50

100 1/s• km2

mm 300

200

Wr

1989/90 - - 1931-60

< Iess Ihan 5 I/s•km2

oC

20 Xl 15 10 5

0

-5 10

CS02 X

CHAPTER 1 Driving variables

Monthly temperature curves (°C), precipitation (mm) and streamflow (I/s•km2) bars are shown for the periods associated with measurements/observations in the areas dealt with in the report. For comparison curves and bars for long-term climate at the closest meteorologic stations are shown (dashed). Observe that these stations may be quite far away and at different altitudes from the monitoring areas so they are not always directly comparable with the local climate. The long-term climatic information, however, indicates the typical climatic regime for the ecoregions in question and are therefore of interest for perennial biologic activity.

o

c

20X1 cso 1 X

15 f

10 %

5 ,

0

-5

-10

A -

.- ...'...'-~50 mm 300

200

100

Temperature curves for the hydrologic period November-October are sinuisoidal. The coldest months are normally slightly below 0°C becoming colder towards east. During the observation period the minima in the Czech areas were above 0°C. The vegetation period normally exceeds 8 months.

Precipitation lies between 25 and 100 mm/month with the largest amounts in summer and winter..

Streamflow is very low and mostly below 5 mm/

month in Mlynaruv (CS02) and Anenske (CSO 1) and in summer their streams tend almost to dry out. Flow is predominantly caused by surficial groundwater output to streams. Data on recent climate at Stechlin (DDO 1), Gardliczno (PL02), Lekuk (PL01) and Preila (SU 1 1) are missing.

In the western parts the temperature curves are smoother and the monthly averages range between +5 and +15 °C becoming somewhat colder along the northern Atlantic. The vegetation period is quite long, between 7-8 months. Afon Hatren (GB02) is in the shadow of the Welsh mountains and Allt-a- Mharcaidh (GB01) som ewhatawayfrom the western Atlantic coast and therefore not very humid.

...

j

^o

50 1988/89

- - 1971-80 Clino 11518 100

< less than 51/s•km2 1/s• km2

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PLO 1

mm 300

Su11 x

mm 300

m• 200

100

50 0

100

50 0

oC

20 XI

15 10 5 0 -5 -10

oC

20 XI

15 10 5 0 -5 10

C xi DD01 x

C

xi PL02 x

20 20

15 / . 15 /

lo /i `% lo ,i `i

mm •mm

i i

5 ~1 300 5 ` ,' 300

a i

0 _/ / 0 ~~.'

-5 200 -5 200

-10 -10

100

50 0

100

50 0

- - 1951-80

- 1971-80 Clino 12105

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mm 300

200

100

50

0

0 C 20 XI

15 10

5 0 -5 10

GB02 X

mm 300

200

100

50

0

0 C 20 XI

15 10

5 0 -5 10

GBO J X

-- - - Land W./Clino 1971-80

Montaneous Central

(CS03,CSO4,DEO ] ,CHO I

The European mountains usually experience summerrains with higher summer temperatures and lower winter temperatures than at lower altitudes.

The vegetation period is some 6 months. Temperature rise in the mountain areas of Liz Sumava (CSO4.), Forellenbach (DEO1) and Erlentobel (CHO1) were reduced in April after which very steep (in excess of 5 degrees) in May. In Erzgebirge at Jezeri (CS03) the thermal rise was smoother. Daily resolution thermographs from Forellenbach and Erlentobel indicate high temperature amplitudes from day to day, even in excess of 10°C. Frost and non-frost day alternation is high particularly during the winter period. High winter rainfalls were experienced in the Bavarian Alps and very high rainfalls in the Swiss Alps. The daily resolution pluviographs of Forellenbach and Erlentobel show the frequent number of heavy rainshowers in the high mountain areas.

The reflection by streamflow is not high in Liz Sumava but pronounced in the steep linear-shaped lateral valley drainage of Erlentobel (and probably also in Forellenbach).

- - 1971-80 Aberdeen Dyce

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o

c

20

xi

15 10 5 0

-5 -10

mm 300

200

100 50

0 50

mm 300

200

100 50 0 50

CSO4 x

⁰^C ^(-^L-Irll c

X1

CS

0

3 x xl DEO I x

300 s- 300

o

- o-

100 50

0 50

100 J/s• km2

100 50

0

. 1990

- - 193 1-60 Regensburg - - !Y/!4iUClino 11406

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DEO 1 Forellenbach, temperature 25

temperature 1990

20

15

U 10

-5

-10

1 31 01 01 121 151 101 211 241 271 301 331 301 Days 1990

DEO 1 Forellenbach, precipitation

00

50

40 Fl

0 30

05

.N Pi 20 H N

a

10

0

1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361 Days 1990

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CHO 1 Erlentobel, temperature

TEMPERATURE (oC)

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

10

NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAI JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT

APRIL 1991 lo

CHO I Erlentobel, precipitation

PRECIPITATION 1989/1990 (MM)

00.0

70.0

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

(13)

mm 300

200

100 50 0 50

200

I/s

• km2 CHOI Erlentobel, runoff

RUNOFF 190*1990 (L/SEC/KM2)

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

APRIL 1991 lo

Boreonemoral Ecotone °c (NCO l ,SEO 1,SE02,SEc4.,SU02,SW4,SU 15) 20 X

' The thermal regime is normally somewhat more 15 colder than along the Atlantic coast and in Central Europe, but still with monthly means above 0°C. 10 Between-day amplitudes are seldom very high as examplified by Birkenes (NO01). The vegetative 5 period is ca 6 months. The precipitation diagrams are bimodal with rain periods in winter/spring and 0 autumn. Stream flows follow the rainfall pattern rather well, with predominant high values during snowmelt and smaller peaks during late autumn rainstorms as shown by daily graphs of precipitation and runoff at Birkenes. During high summer in May - August -10 streams almost dry out with flows below 5mm/

month. In Birkenes, an area with shallow soil, the runoff is very nicely mirrored against rainfall.

NO01 x

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0C - xi

15 10 5 0 -5 -10

1990

— — 1971-80 Clino 26850

mm r300

M

100

50

0

SE02 x

0C 20 xi

15

10 5 0 -5 10

mm 300

200

100

50

0

50

SU02

~ xi SE01 x ~ xi SEO4 x

20 20

15 -` 15 `

mm i mm

5 i 300 5

I

300

. —.

-5 200 -5 200

-10 -10

100 50

0

50 100 1/s • km2

100 50

0

50 100 /s• km2

< less than 5 I/s•km` ä 1979-85 v

< less than 5 I/s•km2

(15)

100 50

0

1990

- - 1962.69 Verebye

100 50

0

50

100 I/s • km2

51 101 25 -

20 15

deg. C

10

5 0 r

-5 -10

1 151 201 251 301 351

days

C xr SU04 x ^oc

xr SU

^{15 x}

20 20

is

10 lo

mm mm

i

"

[

s + 300 s 300

i i

0 0

I

^.²⁰⁰^-s ²⁰⁰

-10 ...,,.. I -10

1990

- - 1971-80 Clino 27612

NOO 1 Birkenes, temperature

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NOO 1 Birkenes, precipitation

90 80 70 60 50 mm

40 30 20 10 0

1 Daily precipitation - Jan.-Dec. 1990

51 101 151 201 251 301 351 days

NOO 1 Birkenes, runoff

l311tKENEB 13 ILO]

Hov DES JAN FEH HAn Apn MAI JUN JUL AUG 0.32

0.20

0 2

0.20

SEP OKT I lov [)ES

(17)

0 C

20 XI FI01 X

X

15 • ,

10 mm

300 5

0

v ^, ,'Y ` 1

200 -5

-10 "

100 50 N002

r~

mm 300

200 100 50

200

'422 403

/s• km2 513

Boreal Region

(N002,FI01,F103,SE03,F104,F105,SU 16)

The temperature curves become much more steeper in this region, normally clearly below 0°C for half the hydrological year. Winter minima are felt in January or February often with monthly temperatures below -15°C. The beginning of 1990 was however much milder and wetter as normal. The curves of Valkeakotinen (F101), Hietajärvi (F103), Pesosjärvi (F104) and Vuoskojärvi (FI05) also display cold spells in March whereas summer and autumn temperatures were very close to long-term average ones. The vegetation period is normally 6 months in the southernmost areas but shortens to 4 close to the subarctic forest line.

Kårvatn (NO02) on the Norwegian coast is very humid with rainfalls exceeding 100mm/month with

the exception of the summer period. Flow in Kårvatn is accentuated in snowfree periods. Notable is the extremely high flow in the summer months caused by springwells bringing down water from the late melting snow and ice of the Caledonian mountains. This steady pumping flow is also discernable in the daily flowgraph. The autumn in both Finnish and Swedish areas were slightly drier than normal. Flows are concentrated to snowmelt in spring, usually defined to April-May in the Southern Boreal and to May-June in the Middle and Northern Boreal. Flow is restricted to surficial groundwater output during most of the hydrological period. Streams can dry out (or come to stand still) during long periods in the summer and autumn. In Hietajärvi the flow is much steadier due to the proportionally high extent of peatbog areas.

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N002

Kårvaln, runoff

KARVA TN KAE01

Nov DES JAN FES NAR APR HAT JUN JUL AUG SEP OKT Nov DES 10,0

11.0

i0.0

10.0

o.a

s.o 0

4.0

z.o 0.0

20 x/ F103

X

0c

20-

15 15-

10 + '

' 10-

_mm

5 r 300 7

, 5-

0 r 0

-5 ~% /~ 200

,' -5-

-10 _o~

10-

r less than .5 1/s°krn

100 50

0 50

100

SE03 x

mm 300

200

100

50

0

/989/90

(19)

15 10 5 0 -5 -10

1989/90 -- 1961-80 Kuusamo

mm 300

200

100

50

0

— 1971-80 Clino 22113/Kandalaksa mm

300

200

100 - 50

0

15 10 5 0 -5 10

mm 300

200

1989/90 - - 1961-80 Kevo

< less than 5 l/s•km2

oC xI FI04 x _20-1

~C

20, ^x1

sula x

0

c X1

20,

F105 x

Forest Steppe - Submediterranean Ecotone (PTO l ,HUO 1)

Annual mean temperatures in Alentejo (PTO 1) exceeds +10°C and the vegetation period lasts throughout the year. The area is characterized by winterrains, which were very high in November-December 1989.

Contrary, severe drougth lasted for 3 months in June- August 1990. In Komlosi (HU01) both the thermal and rainfall regime resembled that of Central Europe in 1988/89. The daily resolution graphs from Komlosi also show that whereas air temperature fluctuates rather much, soil temperatures (in sand) are quite different. Surface soil temperatures are more constant in winter but show high between-day variation in summer. With depth the thermographs smoothen and frost does not play a role at depths below 50 cm from surface. Temperature regimes significant for different biological activity (leaf development, herbal growth and nutrient uptake by roots) thus vary quite much. Rainfall at Komlosi are scattered between days with distinct shower occasions. Runoff is here subterranean with seepage to groundwater. Despite the occasional showers during the summertime the groundwater level steadily lowered throughout the observation period insinuating that most of the rainwater was consumed by plants or evaporated.

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.- 1988/89

- - 193 1-60 Buda/Kescz.

:: 1989/90

- - 1971-80 Clino 08562

100 50

100 50

HU01 Komlosi, temperature 1988 XI-1989 X

0 U

a

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

-J

—10

—15

—20

(21)

HUO 1 Komlosi,

precipitation 1988 XI - 1989 X

35

30

E 25

E

20

U 15

10

5

r~wn wn~iw~1nuni ui T■

i

Months

HUO 1 Komlosi, water level in the central well 1989

120.60

C)

120.40

U)

U

° 120.20

D 0

120.00

Q)

61

119.0

~ r1

Months

(22)

HUO 1 Komlosi, temperature of soil 1988 XI -1989 X

45

35

u

O

25

0

E 15

5

—5

3o cm 2 cm

cm 3o cm

vl. vl1. v l l i. 1X. x

Months

HUO 1 Komlosi, temperature of soil 1988 XI - 1989 X

25

20 2oo cm

O u

N

15

0 10

ti

5

5o cm loo crn 20o cm

Months

(23)

mm 300

200

100

50 0

mm

300

200

100

50 0

0

C vi

SU03

v

: . 1990

oC 20 XI

15 10 5 0 -5 10

CA01

X

Montaneous East (SU03,SU05)

oc

The Caucasian BR (SU03) on the southern slopes of

^{20 XI}

Caucasus experiences a much milder and wetter

climate than the Juga Massif (SU05) on the north

15

side. Rainfall in the Caucasian BR is associated with the winter, in Juga with summer.

10 (Great Lakes - St.Lawrence) Nearctic

Nemoral (CAO 1)

5

The long-term climatic regime of Turkey Lakes (CA0 1) 0 resembles thermally the Southern Boreal region but rainfalls are frequently between 50-100 mm/month.

-5

The number of rainy days is high as displayed by the pluviograph. Streamflow is bimodal with peaks late

₁₀

in the calendar year (November-December) and during high summer (June-July).

SU05 _{,_, X}

mm 300

200

100

50 0 - 1971-80 Clino 37050

- - 1941-70 Sault St. M.

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CAO l Turkey Lakes, precipitation

TLW Precipitation

00 Oct. 149 $ — upt. 3%1909

70

60

30

20

10

t/7 1 26 01 78 101 12 i51 115 201 E26 kas M Soi Ede ~ISt

J~U. D97

CAO 1 Turkey Lakes, stream discharge

TLW Stream Discharge

Oct. 1.1988 — Sept. 30.1989 0.5

0.4

V O

0.3 M E

a

E 0.2

0.1

(25)

CHAPTER 2 Sulphur

2.1 Fields of deposition

The main source of sulphur is in the anthropogene emissions from burning fossil fuel and from sulphic ore smelters. Close to the sea the natural source is sea-spraywhich might constitute a considerable part of the deposition along the coasts. Sea-spray sulphur is neutralized and does not take part in the acidification process but passes through the

ecosystem. Hence corrections for sea-salts are commonly done in processing budgets for the element.

The monitoring network covers rather well different depositional regimes of sulphur. Lack in coverage is specially felt in northern Italy and Spain and north of the Black Sea, where regional high deposition occur.

field of deposition of S (g/m7/a) in 1988 acc to EMEP (CCC 4190).

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AC DC

TF

SF SW GW RWR

NC LF SC

2.2 Short-term temporal variation

Nemoral Region (CSO l ,CS02,DDO ] ,PLO l ,PL02,SU 1 1,GBO l ,GB02)

The central nemoral areas are subject to high runoff of the Czech areas are much higher than in deposition of sulphur. Levels in precipitation range rainfall, ranging from 500 to more than 1500 pegv/

from 100 to more than 250 Negv/l/month. Ambient I/month. Runoff concentrations vary much more than air concentrations are also high as displayed by the concentrations in wet deposition. The highest levels Anenske (CS01) area. AC is sum of S02S (g) and are normally reached during summer when flow is at SOQS (part.). Atlantic rains bring sea-salts rich in smallest and evaporation increases concentrations sulphur to the coastal areas. Sulphur levels in the of streamwater.

AC 01 12 8911 9010 DC 01 12 891 1 9010

TF 00

SF 00

SW 00

GW 00

RWR 01 12 8911 9010 NC 00

LF 00 SC 00 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

AC 01 11 8811 8909 DC 01 12 881 1 8910

TF 00

SF 00

SW 00

GW 00

RWR 01 128811 8910 NC 00

LF 00 SC 00 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

AC DC

TF

SF SW GW RWR

NC LF SC

(27)

AC 00

DC 010189008900 TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00 RW 00 NC 00 LF 00 SC 00

AC

DDO1 SO4S

DC TF SF SW GW RW

NC IF SC

AC 00 DC 00 TF 00 SF 00 SW 00 GW 0 0 RW 00

NC 01 01 9000 9000 LF 00

SCO1 01 01 88108810 5CO2 01 01 8810 8810

AC

Pi ti SO4S

DC TF SF SW GW RW NC IF SC01 5CO2

0 200 400 600 800 1000

AC

Pi02 SCt45

DC TF SF SW GW RW

NC IF SC01

0 200 400 600 800 1000

AC 00 DC 00 TF 00 SF 00 SW 00 GW 00 RW 00 NC 00 LF 00

SCO 1 01 01 9006 9006

(28)

i I ^u1Jsö4s

800 1000 AC

DC

TF

SF SW GW RW

NC LF SC

0 200 400 600 AC 00

AC 01 1289119010 DC 07 06 9007 9006

TF 00

SF 00 Sw 00 GW 00 RW 00

NC 00 LF 00 Sc 00

GBOJ5d45

1111

AC DC

TF

SF SW GW RWR

NC IF SC

AC 00 DC 00 TF 00 SF 00

sw

⁰⁰

GW 0 0

RWR 01 1189119009 NC 00

LF 00 SC 00

GBO 56 4 5

AC DC

TF

SF SW GW RWR

NC LF SC

AC 00

DC 07 70 8911 9009

TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00

RWR 01 1189119009 NC 00

LF 00 SC 00

---r --- 1 --- -

0 200 400 600 800 1000

(29)

CS ®3 SO4å

` {:•giv \.:' ~

Eli

~m:5 } n\\ Ki..:ti \.

AC DC

TF

SF SW GW RWR

NC LF SC

AC 00

DC 01 11 8811 8910 TF 00

SF 00

SW 00

GW 00

RWR 01 11 8811 8910

NC 00

LF 00 SC 00

C'S®4 5045

AC DC

TF

SF SW GW RWR

NC LF SC

AC 00

DC 01 11 8811 8910 TF 00

SF 00

SW 00

GW 00

RWR 01 1 1 881 1 8910

NC 00

LF 00 SC 00

Montaneous Central (CS03,CSO4,DEO 1,CHO l

Sulphur concentrations in rainfall in the mountains precipitation. Sulphur concentrations increase thus are lower than in areas north of them. The highest by an enrichment factor of 2 on passage through levels are found in Erzgebirge, at Jezeri (CS03), canopy and by 2.5 after passage through soil to where the intra-annual variation is at largest. Levels groundwater. Mean annual concentrations in runoff on the Czech side of the Bavarian mountains are water of Liz Sumava (CSO4) and Erlentobel (CHOI ) higher than on the German side. Data from are quite the same, but the intra-annual variation in Forellenbach (DE01) indicate that levels are higher the Swiss Alps are very high; once again probably in throughfall, soilwater and groundwater than in due to alternations of high and low flow.

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

0 200 400 600 800 1000

(30)

cl-to a SO4S

AC DC

TF

SF SW GW RWR

NC LF SC

AC 00

DC 01 13 891 1 9010 TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00

RWR 01 12 ^{891 1}9010 NC 00

LF 00 Sc 00 AC 00

DC 01 02 9009 9010 TF 01 02 9009 9010

SF 00

SWOI 02 01 9010 9010 GW 03 05 891 1 9007 RW 00

NC 00 LF 00

SCO 1 03 01 9008 9008 SCO2 01 01 9008 9008 SC03 02 01 9008 9008 SC04 03 01 9008 9008

AC _{► /}_{• ..}

DC å~~s~sf~■

TF

SF

S W01

GW k

RW NC IF

SC01

■

SCO2

SC03 SC04

€■

0 50 100 150 200 250

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Boreonemoral Ecotone (NOO1,SEO1,SE02,SE04,SU02,SU04,SU 15)

Mean annual monthly levels in rainfall are very alike, ca 60 uegv/I/month, except for Valday (SU15) where values are twice as high. The monthly variation is largest in Gårdsfön (SE04) implying much transboundary fluxes from Central Europe. Levels rise in throughfall by an enrichment factor of 2 in Birkenes (NO01) butwith as much as 3.5 in Gårdsfön and Valday. In Birkenes levels increase on passage through soil to groundwater and runoff water, in which the enrichment factor is already 5 (> 400

}iegv/l/month). In Gårdsfön the levels are high in the topsoil, and in mineral soil they grow with depth but somewhat decrease in groundwater and runoff water.

In Berg (SE02) groundwater levels are also lower than mineral soil water levels but increse much in the runoff, occasionally by an enrichment factor of 10 in comparison to rainfall during spring snowmell. In Valday concentrations of the groundwater is at highest (max > 1200 Negv/I/month).

(31)

- ^I-:

I

• , 1 5045

AC DC TF SF SW03

GW RWR

NC LF SC

AC 011289119010 DC 02 12 8911 9010 TF 01 12 8911 9010

SF 00

SW03 010889119010 GW 01 11 8711 8810 RWR 01 12 8911 9010

NC 00

LF 00

SC 00

AC 00

DC 010289118912

TF 00

SF 00

SW02 010189118911 SW03 010189118911 GW 01 04 8911 9003 RWR 02 02 8911 8912

NC 00

LF 00

SC 00

AC

SEO1504S

DC TF SF SW02 SW03 GW RWR

NC LF SC

IiuIIII

I.'

AC DC TF SF SW03

GW RWR

NC LF SC

AC 00

DC 01 02 8911 8912

TF 00

SF 00

SW03 010189118911 GW 01 03 8904 8910 RWR 02 02 8911 8912

NC 00

LF 00

SC 00

0 200 400 600 800 1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000

I • I • 1 I I • I

0 200 400 600 800 1000

(32)

AC DC TF SF SW GW RW

NC LF SC

AC 00

DC 021287118810 TF 01 12 871 1 8810 SF 00

SW01 01 01 8805 8805 5W02 040787118810 SW03 060787118810 GW 05 07 8712 88 10 RWR 01 12 871 1 8810 NC 00

LF 00 SC 00 0 200 400 600 800 1000

AC 01 12 891 1 9010 DC 01 12 891 1 9010

TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00 RW 00 NC 00 LF 00 SC 00 0 200 400 600 800 1000

AC DC TF SF S WO 1 5W02 SW03 GW RWR NC LF SC

iso

AC

5UV4

5045

DCII TF

SF SW GW RW

NC LF SC

0 200 400 600 800 1000

AC 01 1 1 891 1 9010 DC 02 138911 9010

TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00 RW 00 NC 00 LF 00 SC 00

(33)

IIIHIHIIIH L2UXt ^ZLJ

ilmi

lull

y 2. ~Y~..~}Sa~v'.(•}}} }.:

T T,7Fpk{{r,}~}N} ■

AC 01 01 9007 9007 DC 01 10 9001 9010 TF 01 05 9006 9010 SF 00

SW 00

GW 01 08 9001 9010 RWR 01 10 9001 9010

NC 00

LF 00

Sc 00

AC DC

TF

SF SW GW RWR

NC

LF

SC

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Boreal Region (N002,FIOl ,F103,SE03,F104,F105,SU 16)

In the southern parts the precipitation levels are low

and in the middle and northern parts they are even lower but with higher maxima. Throughfall concentrates by an enrichment factor of 1.5...2.

Measurements of stemflow during summer months indicate high enrichment factors; in the southern parts by 10 (> 400juegv/l/month) in the northernmost,

eg.

in Vuoskojärvi (F105) by 100. The higher levels are caused by evaporation of water and inclusion of dry deposited particles concentrating the remaining canopy throughfall and downflow along stems. For epicortical organisms, in particular lichens, the

consequent stemflow of summerrains poses a considerable acidic shock which might disturb their uptake of nutrients from humid air and hence become deformed and loose vitality. Contrary to conditions in formerly mentioned ecoregions, the sulphur levels decrease with the passage through soil and only slightly increasewith depth in lakes and runoff water.

Even in Kårvatn (NC>02) throughfall levels exceed precipitation levels which are similar to topsoil water levels. With increasing depth in soil through the passage to groundwater and runoff water the levels

are again rising.

AC •

N002 50i45

AC 0112 8911

9010

DC I

^DC

02 12

891 1 9010

TF TF 011189119010

SF SF 00

5W02

5W02 01 06 9005 9010

S W03 •

5W03 01 06 9005 9010

GW GW 00

RWR

RWR 01 12 891 1

9010

NC `{ NC

01 01 8909 8909

LF LF 00

SC SC 00

0 200 400 600 800 1000

(34)

Foe sos

11 11

AC DC TF SF 5W01 5W03 GW RWR

NC

AC 00

DC 010289118912 TF 00

SF 00

SWOI 01 04 8906 8909 SW03 01 05 8905 8909 GW 00

RWR 010289118912 NC 00

AC 00

DC 01 12 891 1 9010 TF 02 06 9005 9010 SF 01 06 9005 9010 SW02 02 04 8907 8910 SW03 02 04 8907 8910 GW 00

RWI 01 03 9002 9010 RW5 01 03 9002 9010 RWR 01 03 9002 9008 NC 05 01 8800 8800 LF 00

1000 SCOT 0501 89008900 SCO2 05 01 89008900 SC03 05 01 89008900 SC04 02 01 8 900 8 900 AC

DC TF SF 5W02 5W03 GW RWI RW5 RWR

NC LF 501 SCO2 SC03 SC04

-

loi s

0 200 400 600 800

AC 00

DC 01 12 891 1 9010 TF 01 04 9006 9009 SF 02 04 9006 9009 SW02 02 03 8908 8910 SW03 020289088909 GW 00

RWI 02 06 8912 9006 RW4 02 06 8912 9006 RW5 02 06 8912 9006 RWR 020889119006 0 200 400 600 800 1000 NC 06 01 8800 8800

LF 00

SCO 1 04 01 8800 8800 SCO2 04 01 8800 8800 SC03 01 01 8800 8800 5C04 03 01 8800 8800 AC

DC SF TF 5W02 5W03 RWI1 GW RW4 RW5 RWR

NC LF SC01 SCO2 SC03 SC04

(35)

AC 01 12 891 1 9010 DC 01 12 8911 9010 TF 02 04 9006 9009 SF 01 03 9006 9008 SW02 01 04 8907 8910 SW03 02 04 8907 8910 GW 00

R W I 01 02 9004 9006 RW4 01 02 9004 9006 RW5 01 02 9004 9006 RWR 040889119006 AC

DC TF SF S W02 SW03 GW RW 1 RW4 RWS RWR

NC LF SC01 SCO2 SC03 SC04

5045

0 200 400 600 800

AC DC TF SF 5W02 SW03 GW RW1 RWS RWR

NC LF 5C0 SCO2

1105 SO•

AC 00 DC 00 TF 00 SF 00 SW 00 GW 00 RW 00 NC 00 LF 00

SCOT 0301 8908 8908 SCO2 02 01 8908 8908 AC

DC TF SF SW GW RW NC LF SCO I SCO2 SC03 SC04

1000 NC 00 LF 00

SC01 05 01 8900 8900 SCO2 05 01 8900 8900 SC03 05 01 8900 8900 SC04 05 01 8900 8900 AC 00

DC 01 12 8911 9010 TF 01 03 9006 9008 SF 01 02 9006 9007 SW02 02 03 8908 8910 SW03 02 03 8908 8910 GW 00

R W I 01 04 8912 9004 RW5 01 04 8912 9004 RWR 01 10 8912 9010 NC 02 01 8800 8800 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 LF 0 0

SCO 1 04 01 8800 8800 SCO2 04 01 8800 8800

SC03 03 01 8908 8908 0 200 400 600 800 1000

5C04 03 01 8908 8908

(36)

:fLr

• k0

^{V V}

4

AC DC TF SF SW GW RW1

NC LF Sc

AC 010789119010 DC 00

TF 00 SF 00 SW 00 GW 00

RW 1 01 07 9003 9010 NC 00

LF 00 SC 00

i s

NC LF SC

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

Forest Steppe - Submediterranean Ecotone (PTO I ,HUO1

In Alentejo (PT01) the sulphur levels of the lake surface water are lower than in Central Europe and of the magnitude to be found in southern Finland. In Komlosi (HU01), with high annual evaporation, the enrichment factors of throughfall and stemflow are very considerable (100 to 700). Stemflow of pines shows concentrations between 2000 and 7000 Negv/l/month which exceeds any living conditions

for epiphytic organisms.

0 200 400 600 800 1000

AC 01 1 1 891 1 9010 DC 01 06 9004 9009 TF 01 06 9004 9009 SF 01 06 9004 9009 SW 00

GW 00 RW 00 NC 00 LF 00 Sc 00

(37)

AC 00

DC 01 13 891 1 9010 TF 01 13 891 1 9010

SF 00

SW 00

GW 01 08 9000 9010 RWR 01 13 891 1 9010

NC 00

LF 00

SC 00

AC

SU05 ^SO4S

DC TF SF SW GW

RWR

LII

NC LF SC

AC 00

DC 01 11 8811 8909

TF 00

SF 00

SW 00

GW 010888118906 RWR 01 11 8811 8909

NC 00

LF 00

SC 00

AC

044 01 5045

DC _TF

II

SF SW

GW

I.

RWR NC LF SC

Montaneous East (SU03,SU05) Nearctic Nemoral (CAO 1 )

Precipitation values range between 20 ... 2001uegv/ Sulphur levels of precipitation and runoff resemble I/month. In Juga Massif (SU05) the throughfall highly those in the Southern Boreal region in Europe.

enrichment factor is ca 2. Runoff water concentrations are slightly higher than those of precipitation and groundwater concentrations are rather low.

AC

SUO S64S

DC TF SF SW GW RW NC LF SC

0 200 400 600 800 1000

AC 01 12 891 1 9010 DC 01 1 1 891 1 9010

TF 00

SF 00

SW 00

GW 00

RW 00

NC 00

LF 00

SC 00

0 200 400 600 800 1000

(38)

2.3 Long-term temporal variation

In this section, time series of monthly fluxes of

(N002)

and Berg

(SE02). N.B.

Not corrected for sulphate sulphur expressed as meqv/(m2 •month) sea-salts.

are shown for the IM areas Hietajä_rvi (FI03), Kårvatn

megv/m2•monh l0

8

6-

4.

2

J

0

87 Dec

88 Dec 89 Dec 90 Dec

megv/m2•month

5E02 5045

60-

—p ourpur 50 _{_-0} input 40-

30- 20

l0•

megv/m2 •month 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 87 Dec

F103 5045

e output

—0— input

88 Dec 89 Dec 90 Dec

N002 5045

(39)

2.4 Mass balances

Mass balance calculations for the periods 1988/89 and 1989/90 show that anthropogenic sulphur accumulates in the eastern part of Europe but is predominantly leached in the Hemiboreal and Nemoral Regions. According to earlier investigations (Hauhs et al., 1989) retention has been correlated with younger glacial soils and leaching with genetically older soiltypes outside the range of glacial transformation. The presented picture does

SO4S out mg/m2•a 8000

19230 • 6000

••

4000 2000 ♦ •

0

not fully agree with this statement. Notable is that in those areas where leaching occur, the concentration levels grow with passage to groundwater and runoff, whereas in accumulating areas in the Boreal Region levels drop in soil due to neutralization by humic topsoil. As seen from table 1 the C/S ratio of the topsoil is very high in the northernmost areas, between 200 ... 400, and extreme in Velikiy (SU16), > 2500.

SO4S out mg/m2•a 8000

6000

4000• • •

• 1 2000 • •

S. •

0 a

• 19230

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000

SO4S in mg/m2•a SO4S in mg/m2•a

In the figure on the leh, the output of sulphate sulphur is plotted versus the bulk/wet input, expressed as mg/(m2 •a).

There is a substantially higher output than input, which can be attributed to dry deposition, if internal processes involving sulphate and resulting in net leaching are considered negligible. In the figure on the right the dry deposition is estimated by the chloride correction method. Some of the difference is eliminated, but it is still obvious that the dry deposition originating from e.g. SO2 is not well covered by the chloride correction method. The ou/flux from the Birkenes area (NOO 1) in 1989-90 was over two limes higher that of any other area for the years of which data for sulphate I/O calculations are available in the IM data base.

SO4S 1988-89, ^scaleunit 100 mg/m2 •a

~I L L. L

(40)

Canada 5045 1988-89, scale unit 100 mg/m?•a

L

SO4S 1989-90, scale unit 1000 mg/m2•a

L

d

'Qo

R

fj L

1~ o

D

Q

(41)

CHAPTER 3 Nitrogen oxides

3.1 Fields of deposition

The main anthropogenic source is the combustion of fossil fuels in traffic and in energy plants. Thunder flashes and NOx by plant respiration are natural sources, but not in the order of emissions from combustion in highly populated areas.

The monitoring network covers quite nicely the different depositional regimes, with perhaps the exception of northern Italy.

Field of deposition of NO3N (mg/m2) in 1988 acc to EMEP (CCC 4190).

(42)

AC 00

DC 01 128811 8910

TF 00

SF 00

SW 00

GW 00

RWR 01 128811 8910

NC 00

LF 00

SC 00

AC DC TF SF SW GW RWR

NC LF SC

3.2 Short-term temporal variation

Nemoral Region (CS01,CS02,DD01,PLO l ,PL02,SU 1 1,GBO l ,GB02)

Wet deposition values range between 50 - 75 1uegv/ nitrate runoff levels are very low. High concentration I/month in all areas. Runoff concentrations in Anenske values in needles at Lekuk (PL01) probably reflects (CSO1) are very high, above 600 Negv/l/month and high uptake since the topsoil also show high levels.

temporally even 2500luegv/l/month. In comparison, The area has a rich alder growth promoting fixation at Mlynaruv (CS02) runoff levels are between 10 - of nitrogen.

130 pegv/l/month. In areas of United Kingdom the

AC 00

DC 01 128911 9010

TF 00

SF 00

SW 00

GW 00

RWR 01 128911 9010

NC 00

LF 00

SC 00

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 AC

DC TF SF SW GW RWR

NC LF SC

1

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

(43)

DOI NON

NC LF SC

AC 00

DC 010189008900

TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00 RW 00 NC 00 LF 00 SC 00

I

PLO NO3N

^AC ⁰⁰

DC 00

TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00

RW 1 02 02 9004 9007 RW5 01 02 9004 9007 RWR 06 03 9004 9007 NC 01 01 9000 9000 LF 00

AC DC TF SF SW GW RWI RW5 RWR

NC LF SC01 SCO2

PL022 NO3N

-- I

AC 00 DC 00

TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00

RWI 04 02 9004 9007 RW5 04 02 9004 9007 NC 02 01 9000 9000 LF 00

SC01 01 01 9006 9006 AC

DC TF SF SW GW RWI RWS NC

LF SC01 SCO2

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 SCO 1 01 01 8810 8810 SCO2 01 01 8810 8810

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 5CO2 01 01 9006 9006

(44)

NC LF

SC

ull

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

BO I 1s103N

AC DC TF SF SW GW RWR

NC LF SC

AC 00 DC 00

TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00

RWR 01 11 8911 9009 NC 00

LF 00 SC 00

1111141111

AC DC TF SF SW GW RWR

NC LF SC

AC 00

DC 01 1 1 891 1 9009

TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00

RWR 01 11 8911 9009 NC 00

LF 00 SC 00

AC 01 12 891 1 9010 DC 01 06 9001 9006

TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00 RW 00

NC 00 LF 00 SC 00

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

(45)

AC 00

DC 01 1 1 881 1 8910

TF 00

SF 00

SW 00

GW 00

RWR 01 11 8811 8910

NC 00

LF 00

SC 00

NC LF SC

CS03 Montaneous Central (CS03,CSO4,DEO 1,CHO l )

The area ofJezeri (CS03) in theCzech Ore Mountains is quite out of range compared to other areas.

Measurements indicate precipitation peaks > 250 Negv/I/month and correspondingly high runoff concentrations. Temporal precipititation peaks, although much lower, are also recorded atErlentobel (CH01), while precipitation values are low at Forellenbach (DE01 ). In Forellenbach throughfall data show an enrichment factor of 2 if compared with precipitation. Topsoil water concentrations exceed those of groundwater here, and the mineral topsoil itself has high concentrations (spatial average ca 400 meqv/kg).

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

AC 00

DC 01 11 8811 8910

TF 00

SF 00

SW 00

GW 00

RWR 01 11 8811 8910

NC 00

LF 00

SC 00

NC LF SC

(46)

AC DC TF SF 5w01

GW RW NC LF

5C0

SCO2 SC03 SC04

DEO1 NO3N

NC LF SC0 I SCO2 SC03 0 200 400 600 800 1000

5C04 AC DC TF SF SWO T GW RW

AC 00

DC 01 13 891 1 9010 TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00

RWR 01 12 8911 9010 NC 00

LF 00 SC 00

AC

HOIN03N

DC TF SF SW GW RWR

NC LF Sc

00

01 02 9009 9010 01 02 9009 9010 00

02 01 9010 9010 030589119007 00

00 00

03 01 9008 9008 01 01 9008 9008 02 01 9008 9008 03 01 9008 9008

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

Boreonemoral Ecotone (NO01,SEO1,SE02,SE04,SU02,SU04,SU 15)

Precipitation values range between 10 - 80Negv/I/

month with a slight decline towards north. Some temporal peak values up to 200 1uegv/l/month are recorded atValday (SU 15). Throughfall concentration levels exceed precipitation levels at leastatGårdsjön (SE04) and Valday, whereas they are close to another at Birkenes (NO01). Normally, in areas of glacial till and superficial bedrock, runoff concentrations exceed groundwater concentrations which in turn exceed soil water concentrations as shown in Birkenes. In Valday percolation of nitrate to groundwater is high. Topsoil concentrations are also quite high, ca 400 meqv/kg.

(47)

AC 01 12 8911 9010 DC 02 12 8911 9010 TF 01 12 8911 9010 SF 00

SW03 010889119010 GW 01 11 8711 8810 RWR 01 12 8911 9010 NC 00

IF 00 SC 00

*___

Igel

AC DC TF SF SW03

GW RWR

NC LF SC

AC 00

DC 01 02 8911 8912

TF 00

SF 00

SW02 010189118911 SW03 010189118911 GW 07 04 8977 9003 RWR 02 02 8911 8972 NC 00

LF 00 SC 00

EO1tIOàN

• II .

AC DC TF SF SW02 SW03 GW RWR

NC LF SC

EÖ2 NO3N

EI

AC DC TF SF 5W03

GW RWR

NC LF SC

AC 00

DC 01 02 8977 8912

TF 00

SF 00

SW03 010189118911 GW 07 03 8904 8910 RWR 02 02 8911 8912 NC 00

LF 00 SC 00 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

(48)

AC 00

DC 01 12 891 1 9010 TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00 RW 00 NC 00 LF 00 SC 00

AC

Uö2iVO,3N

DC TF SF SW GW RW

NC LF SC AC DC TF SF SW01 SW02 SW03 GW RWR

NC LF SC

AC 00

DC 021287118810 TF 01 12 8711 8810 SF 00

SW01 01 01 8805 8805 SW02 040787118810 SW03 060787118810 GW 05 07 8712 88 10 RWR 011287118810 NC 00

LF 00 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 SC 0 0

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

AC

sv4NON

DC TF SF SW GW RW

NC LF SC

0 25 50 75 100 125 150

AC 00

DC 010989119007 TF 00

SF 00 SW 00 GW 00 RW 00 NC 00 LF 00 SC 00

(49)

NOÖ2 NO3N

^AC 01 12 891 1 9010 DC 02 128911 9010 TF 01 1 1 891 1 9010 SF 00

5W02 01 06 9005 9010 5W03 01 06 9005 9010 GW 00

RWR 01 12 891 1 9010 NC 01 01 8909 8909 LF 00

SC 00 AC

DC TF SF S W02 5W03 GW RWR NC LF SC AC DC TF SF SW GW RWR

SCI 15 NO3N

^AC

DC TF SF SW GW RWR

00

01 08 9003 9010 01 05 9006 9010 00

00

01 08 9001 9010 01 10 9001 9010 NC

LF SC01 SCO2 SC03 SC04

NC LF SC01 SCO2 SC03 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

SC04

Boreal Region (N002,FIO 1,F103,SE03,F104,F105,SU 16)

Uptake by biota is high as emphasized by needle concentrations and availability by topsoil concentrations in Valkeakotinen (FI01) and Pesos järvi (FI04). Nitrogen becomes a limiting factor more to the north as seen by Vuoskojärvi (FI05). In the west, at Kårvatn (N002), nitrogen nitrate levels are almost the same for every measured media. In Finland

annual mean levels rise passing from precipitation to throughfall to stemflow. In Valkeakotinen the monthly variation show temporal concentration peaks in throughfall, stemflow and runoff water during the growing season. In Vuoskojärvi peaks in precipitation indicate long-range transports.

0 200 400 600 800

(50)

DC I101` Nö3N

^AC ⁰⁰

TF

•

^DC 011289119010

SF _TF 02 06 9005 9010

S

Woe

S W03 SF 01 06 9005 9010

GW SW02 02 04 8907 8910

RWI

RW4 SW03 02 04 8907 8910

RW5 GW 00

R WR

RWI 01 08 9002 9010 RW4 01 06 9004 9009 LF

SCO1 :....:..' ...:.. U RW5 01 08 9002 9010 SCO2

5CO3 RWR 01 11 8911 9010

SC04

0 200 400 600 800 1000 NC 05 01 8800 8800 LF 00

SC01 050189008900 SCO2 050189008900 SC03 050189008900 SC04 02 01 8 900 8 900

AC

X103` NO`3N

^{AC 0 0}

DC TF DC 011289119010

SF _TF01 04 9006 9009

5W02

S W03 SF 02 04 9006 9009

GW SW02 02 03 8908 8910

RW 1

RW4 SW03 02 02 8908 8909

RW5 GW 00

RWR

RWI 02 11 8912 9010 RW4 02 11 8912 9010 LF

SCOT RW5 02 11 8912 9010

SCO2

SC03 RWR 03 12 8911 9010

SC04

0 200 400 600 800 1000 NC 06 01 8800 8800 LF 00

SCOT 04 01 8800 8800 SCO2 04 01 8800 8800 SC03 01 01 8800 8800 SC04 03 01 8bu0 8800

Pilot Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems: 2 Annual Synoptic Report. Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution

Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution