Aira Kokko3,Tuija Ruoho-Airola2 and Michael Starr3
1finnish Environment Ins6tute, P0. Box 140, FIN-00251 Helsinki, finland,e-mail:
aira.kokko@vyh.fi
2Finnish Meteorological Instibite, P0. Box 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland 3Finnish Forest Research Insfitute, P0. Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland
During 1998-99, the Integrated Monitoring Programme was carried out in the four Finnish IM areas in cooperation with various research institutes and universifies.
from south to norffi, the IM areas are: Valkea-Kotinen (fbi), Hietajärvi (F103), Pesosjärvi (F104) and Vuoskojärvi (F105). These IM areas have now been momtored since 1988/89. The Finnish Meteorological Institute was responsible for the meteorolog air chemistry and precipitation subprogrammes, the Finnish Forest Research Institute for the throughfall, stemflow, soil chemistry, soil water chemistry, foliage chemistry, litterfall chemistry, forest damages and tree measurements subprogrammes, the Finnish Environment Institute and various regional Environmental Centres for the runoff water chemistry, lake water chemistry, trunk epiphytes and understorey vegetation subprogrammes, the Geological Survey of Finland for the groundwater chemistry subprogramme, and the Universifies of Helsinki and Jyväskylä and Finnish Game and fisheries Insfitute were responsible for the hydrobiology subprogramme carried out at Va&ea-Kofinen. The Finnish Forest Research Ins%tute’sICPIM activities were carried out in cooperation with ICP Forest/EU level II programme since permanent monitoring plots in each of the Finnish IM areas have now been induded into the Finnish network of level II plots.
Unfortunately, because of reduced funding, the intensity of the IM momtonng during 1998/99 was not at the same level in ail four IM areas. The most intensive momtoring was carried out in the two southernmost areas, Valkea-Kofinen (FIOl) and Hietajärvi (F103). These sites were considered to be the best in terms of coverage and reliabifity of data. Preparatory planning for establishing a new IM area at Pailastunturi in northern Finland was started. Several research institutes aiready have monitoring going on there (e.g. AMAT GAW ICP Forest/EU level II).
In 1998, volume 3 (number 3) of the international, interdisdplinary journal:
Boreal Environment Research, was dedicated to results from the finnish Integrated Monitoringprogramme. Nine papers were induded, covering subjects such as frends in deposifion, fluctuations in plankton and macrophytes, limnology of IM lakes, applicafion of the SMART model, microbial acfivity, weathering rates, and development of a biomass model.
Concerning the deposition results (Ruoho-Airola ym. 1998) a monotomc decreasing trend during the ten first years of measuring was detected for the concentration and deposifion of sulphate, nitrate, ammonium and potassium at the southern staffons. Further to the north, fewer compounds showed a signfflcant reduction. for sulphur, model calculations with the operafional deposifion model DMQUIbU of the finnish Environment bnstitute also indicate a clear decrease in deposifion. At the southern sta%ons the trend reflected rather well the reduc%on of sulphur emissions in Finland and elsewhere in Europe. In the northern part of the country, where the distance to the major emission sources is bonger and transport is more affected by meteorological parameters, wind direction espedally, the annual amounts of sulphur deposifion varied more independently of the changes in emission levels. The proportion of domestic oxidised nitrogen and total ammonium deposition decreased on moving northwards. The downward trend for nitrogen compounds throughout the country seems to be due to international emission reductions.
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An evaluation of the Finnish Integrated Monitoring programme made by Dr Hannu Ilvesniemi, from the University of Helsinki (Department of Forest Ecology) at the request of the ministry of the Environment was completed m the beginning of 1999. The evaluafion dealt with the whole Finnish Integrated Monitoring programme, including ali subprogrammes. The evaluafion was very posihve in general and it was recommended to conhnue with the programme. Negohahons between various research ins%ffites and ministries led by the Ministry of the Environment about the continuahon, organisation andfundingof the Finnish IM programme were also started in 1999. At the same time cooperafion between ICP IM and ICP Forest programmes was strengthened.
List of publications 1998-99 related to IM activities:
Ahonen,J., Rankinen, K., Holmberg, M., Syn, 5.and Forsius, M. 1998. Applicafion of the SMART2 model to a forested catchment in Finland: comparison to the SMART model and effects of emission reducfion scenarios. Boreal Env. Res. 3: 221-233.
Bergström, 1. 1998. The Integrated Monitoring Programme m Finland. Boreal Env. Res. 3: 201-203.
Blomqvist, 11999. Ympäristön yhdennetyn seurannan planktontutldmukset Vuoskojärvellä vuosina 1994-1995. Mimeograph series of the Finnish Envfronment Insfitute 159: 1-44.
Forsius, M. and Starr, M. 1998. Development of empirical methods for the assessment of biogeochemical fiuxes: General framework and approach. In: Forsius, M., Guardans, R, Jenldns, A., Lundin, L. & Nielsen, K.E. (eds), IntegTated Monitoring: Environmental assessment through model and empfrical analysis. Final results from the EU/Lile project ‘Development of assessment and monitoring technlques at Integrated Monitonng sites in Europe’. The Finnish Environment 218: 27. Finnish Environment Insfitute. Helsinki.
Forsius, M., Ahonen,J.,Mveteg, M., Bak,J.,Camarero, L., Holmberg, M., Jenkins, A., Johansson, M., Ranldnen, K., Renshaw, M., Starr, M., Svedrup, H. and Syri, S. 1998.
Model m(eracfion for the assessment of emission scenarios. In: Forsius, M., Guardans, R., Jenkins, A., Lundin, L. and Nielsen, K.E. (eds), lntegrated Monitoring:
Environmental assessment through model and empirical analysis. Final results from the EU/Life-project ‘Development of assessment and monitoring techniques at Integi’ated Momtoring sites in Europe’. The Finnish Environment 218: 92-99, Finnish Environment Insfitute. Helsinki.
fivesmemi, H. 1999. Ympäristön yhdennetty seuranta. Ohjelman Suomen osuuden arviointi (Evaluahon of the Integrated Momtoring Programme inFinland,in Finnish). Ministry of the EnvironmenL l4pp. +2 appendixes.
Kareinen, 1, Ilvesniemi, H., Nissinen, A., Starr, M., Ukonmaanaho, L.,Lindroos, A.-J. and Sievänen, R. 1999. Water and element fluxes at the Hietajärvi momtonng site; An applicafion of the ACIDIC model. Iii: Raitio, H. and Kilponen, 1 (eds), Forest Condihon Monitoring in Finland. Nafional report 1998. Finnish Forest Research Inshtute, Research Papers 743:97-108.
Keslätalo,J.,Salonen, K. and Holopainen, A.-L. 1998. Long-term fluctuations in environmental conditions, plankton and maaophytes in a humic lake, Valkea-Kofinen. Boreal Env.
Res. 3: 251-262.
Krasilnikov, Rand Starr, M. 1999. Quanfitative evaluation of complexity and confrast of soil cover in eastern Feimoscandia. In: Biological basis of the study, management and protechon of fiora, fauna and the soil cover in eastem Fennoscandia. International Conference and Sdentific Session of the Department of General Biology of Russian Academy of Science, Petrozavodsk, Russia, 6-10 Septembei, 1999. The Book of Abstracts. pp. 304-305.
Kulmala, A., Leinonen, L., Ruoho-Airola, 1, Salmi, 1 and Waldn,J.1998. Air quality trends in Finland.Airquality measurements. Finnish Meteorological Institute. Helsinki.91 pp.
Lindroos, A.-J., Stari, M. and Derome,J.1998. Mineraalien rapautumisessa vapautuvat ravinnemäärät. In: Mälkönen, E. (ed.). Ympäristömuutos ja metsien kunto. Metsien terveydenifian tutlämusohjehnan loppuraportfi. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research Papers 691: 158-159.
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The Finnish Enwonment 427NORDTEST Project No. 1472-99. Characterisation of Natural Dissolved Orgamc Material (NOM) in the Nordic Countries. 1. Intercalibrafion of NOM using bigh temperature combusfion technique 2. FracUonation and characterisafion of NOM in the Nordic countries. Mid-term Report.
Rask, M., Holopainen, A.-L., Karusalini, A., Niinioja, R., Tammi,J.,Arvola, L., Keskitalo,J., Blomqvist, 1., Heinimaa, 5., Karppinen, C., Salonen, K and Sarvala,J.1998. An
introduction on the limnology of Finnish Integrated Monitoring lakes, Boreal Env, Res.
3: 263-274.
Ruoho-Mrola, T,Syri, 5. and Nordlund, G. 1998. Add deposifion trends at Finnish Integrated Monitoring catchments in relafion to emission reductions. Boreal Env. Res. 3: 205-219.
Starr, M., Kinnunen, 1 and Hartman, M. 1998. Enhancement of forest growth and nutrient uptake estimates. In: Forsius, M., Guardans, R., Jenldns, A., Lundin, L. and Nielsen, K.E. (eds), Integrated Monitoring: Envkonmental assessment through model and empirical analysis. Final results from the EU/Lffe-project ‘Development of assessment and monitoring techniques at integrated monitonng sites in Europe’. The Finnish Environment 218: 32-36. finnish Enviromrent Institute. Helsinld.
Starr, M., Hartman, M. and Kinnunen, 1 1998. Biomass funcfions for mountain birch in the Vuoskojärvi Integrated Monitoring area. Boreal Env. Res. 3: 297-303.
Stan, M., Lindroos, A-J., Tarvainen, 1 and Tanskanen, H. 1998. Weathering rates in the Hietajärvi Integrated Monitoringcatchment. BorealEnv. Res. 3: 275-285.
Starr, M. and Ukonmaanaho, L. 1999. Trace metal budgets for a small forested catchment in eastern Finland. In: Wenzel, WW, Adriano, D.C., Alloway, 3., Doner, H.E., Keller, C., Lepp, N.W, Mench, M., Naidu, R. and Pierzynski, G.M. (eds), Sth International Conference on the Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements (ICOBTE), July 11-15, 1999, Vienna,Austria. Proceedings of extended abstracts. Vol. 2. p. 680-681.
Starr, M. and Ukonmaanaho, L. 1999. Co-operafion between the Integrated Monitoring programme (ICP IM) and the intensive and Confinuous Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems (IC? Forests/Level II) in Finland. In: Raitio, H. & Kilponen, 1 (eds), Forest condffion monitoring in Finland. Nafional report 1998. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Research Papers 743: 109-116.
$tarr, M. 1999. WATBAL: A model for estimating monthly water balance components, induding soil water fluxes. In:, M. Meemola, 5. Forsius, M. feds),$tAnnual Report 1999 UN ECE ICP Integrated Monitoring. The finnish Environment 325: 31-35. finnish Environment Insfitute. Helsinki.
Starr, M., Lindroos, A.-J., Tarvainen, 1 and Tanskanen, H. 1999. Base cation weathering rates in the Hietajärvi Integrated Monitoring catchment. In: Critical Loads. International Conference, Copenhagen, 21-25 November 1999. Abstracts. p. 143-144. (Mso Poster) Starr, M., Lindroos, A.-J., Ukonmaanaho, L., Tarvainen, 1 and Tanskanen, H. 1999. Forest soil
heavy metal weathering rates for a catchment in eastem Finland: Some preliminary results. In: Critical Loads. International Conference, Copenhagen, 21-25 November, 1999. Absfracts. p. 145-148. (Also Poster)
Ukonmaanaho, L., Stan, M. and Ruoho-Airola, 1 1998. Trends in suifate, base cations and W concenfrafions inbulk predpitation and throughfali at Integrated Monitoring sites in Finland 1989-1995. Water, Ah, and Soil Pollufion 105: 353-363.
Ukonmaanaho, L., Starr, M., Hirvi, J-P, Kokko, A., Lahermo, P, Mannio,1.Paukola, 1, Ruoho Mrola, 1 and Tanskanen, H. 1998. Heavy metal concentrafions in various aqueous and biotic media inFinnish Integrated Monitoring catchments. Boreal Env. Res. 3: 235-249.
Ukonmaanaho, L. and Starr, M. 1999. YYS selvittää kaukokulkeumaa, Ilmansuojelu 4:18-24.
Vanhala, P, Kapanen, A., Frize, H. and Niemi, R. 1998. Microbial activity and biomass in four Finnish coniferous forest soils-spatial variabifity and effect of heavy metais. Boreal Env. Res. 3: 287-295.
Vogt,RD.,Andersen, D.O., Bishop, K, Gadmar, 1, Gjessing, E., Kitunen, V, Lundstrøm, U., Muider, 1.Star M., Van Hees, E and østerhus, 3.1999. Fracilonaion and
characterisation of NOM in the Nordic countries. In: Andersen, D.O., & Becher, G.
(eds), 7th Nordic Symposium on Humic Substances in Soil and Water, June 6-9. Agder College, Kristiansand, Norway. Extended Abstracts. pp. 97-99.
Waldn,J.,Ruoho-Mrola, 1 and Leinonen, L. 1999. Background air quality in Finland in 1997.
In: Raitio, H. & Kilponen, 11999 (eds), Forest Condition Monitoring in Finland.
Nahonal report 1998. finnish Forest Research Insfitute, Research Papers743: 14-30.
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