6 Pohdinta
6.8 Mahdolliset jatkotutkimusaiheet ja loppupäätelmä
Vaughanin (1977) mukaan opettajien olisi tärkeää tunnistaa ilmiöt, joista opiskelijoilla on eniten virheellisiä käsityksiä, ja sen jälkeen suunnata opetusta niin, että se suoraan kumoaa näitä käsityksiä. Pelkkä yleinen luennointi lisää vain yleistä tietämystä, eikä ole tehokas virheellisten käsitysten kyseenalaistamisessa. Jatkotutkimusaiheita ajatellen olisi hyödyllistä tutkia, kuinka paljon opiskelijoiden virheellisiä käsityksiä on mahdollista muuttaa Suomessa
totuudenmukaisempaan suuntaan esimerkiksi poliisiopiskelijoiden ja psykologian opiskelijoiden keskuudessa, kun opetus on suunniteltu mahdollisimman tehokkaasti virheellisiä käsityksiä korjaavaksi. Kaikkiaan tutkielmamme antoi yleispätevän kuvan sekä tulevien oikeuspsykologian asiantuntijoiden, että maallikoiden tietotasosta useista eri oikeuspsykologisista ilmiöistä.
Saimme selville, millaisista ilmiöistä opiskelijoilla on parempi tietämys, ja mihin aiheisiin olisi hyödyllistä keskittyä enemmän etenkin poliisiopiskelijoiden ja psykologian opiskelijoiden opetuksen suunnittelussa.
Lähteet
Aamodt, M. (2008). Reducing Misconceptions and False Beliefs in Police and Criminal Psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(10), 1231–1240. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237772057_Reducing_Misconceptions_and_False_Beliefs_in_Police _and_Criminal_Psychology
Aamodt, C., & Custer, H. (2006). Who can best catch a liar: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Differences in Detecting Deception. The Forensic Examiner. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232424344_Who_can_best_catch_a_liar_A_meta-analysis_of_individual_differences_in_detecting_deception
Aharoni, E., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., & Kiehl, K., A. (2014).
What’s wrong? Moral understanding in psychopathic offenders. Journal of Research in Personality, 53, 175-181. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267215671_What's_wrong_Moral_understanding_in_psychopathic _offenders
Arkowitz, H., & Lilienfeld, S., O. (2017). Facts and fictions in mental health. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Haettu osoitteesta https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy.uef.fi:2443/lib/uef-ebooks/detail.action?docID=4793496
Akehurst, L., Köhnken, G., Vrij, A., & Bull, R. (1996). Lay Persons' and Police Officers' Beliefs Regarding Deceptive Behaviour. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10(6), 461- 471. Haettu osoitteesta
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-0720%28199612%2910%3A6%3C461%3A%3AAID-ACP413%3E3.0.CO%3B2-2
Alper, M., & Durose, M., R. (2018). Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014).
Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S Department of Justice. Haettu osoitteesta https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/18upr9yfup0514.pdf
Alceste, F., Luke, T., J., Redlich, A., D., Hellgren, J., Amrom, A., D., & Kassin, S., M. (2021). The psychology of confessions: A comparison of expert and lay opinions. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35, 39-51. Haettu osoitteesta https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/acp.3735
Allen, J., B. & Harrison, P., M. (2001). Prisoners in 2000. Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S Department of Justice.
Washington D.C. Noudettu osoitteesta https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/p01.pdf
Bahrick, L., Parker, J. F., Fivush, R., & Levitt, M. (1998). The effects of stress on young children’s memory for a natural disaster. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 4(4), 308–331. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232468995_The_effects_of_stress_on_young_children's_memory_f or_a_natural_disaster
Bedoya-Echeverry, S., Belalcázar-Ramírez, H., Loaiza-Correa, H., Nope-Rodríguez, S., E., Pinedo-Jaramillo, C., R., & Restrepo-Girón, A., D. (2017). Detection of lies by facial thermal imagery analysis. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería, 26 (44), 47-59. Haettu osoitteesta http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rfing/v26n44/0121-1129-rfing-26-44-00047.pdf
Bensley, D., A., & Lilienfeld, S., O. (2017). Psychological misconceptions: Recent scientific advances and unresolved issues. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(4), 377–382. Haettu osoitteesta https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-34892-011
Berg, J., M., Smith, S., F., Watts, A., L., Ammirati, R., J., Green, S., & Lilienfeld, S. (2013). Misconceptions
regarding psychopathic personality: implications for clinical practice and research. Neuropsychiatry, 3(1), 63- 74. Haettu osoitteesta
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cfbc1/3d91f90d054045e1aef9e51279cf6129e3e5.pdf?_ga=2.266316489.750 888077.1600686054-1065559594.1600420407
Bond, C., F., Jr., & DePaulo, B., M. (2006). Accuracy of deception judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 214-234. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6927452_Accuracy_of_Deception_Judgments
Bothwell, R., K., Deffenbacher, K., A., & Brigham, J., C. (1987). Correlation of eyewitness accuracy and
confidence: Optimality hypothesis revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(4), 691-695. Haettu osoitteesta https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Bulevich, J., B., Roediger, H., L., Balota, D. A., Butler, A. C. (2006). Failures to find suppression of episodic memories in the think/no-think paradigm. Memory & Cognition, 34(8), 1569–1577.
Brewin, C., R. (2021). Tilting at windmills: Why attacks on repression are misguided. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(2), 443–453. Noudettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343609734_Tilting_at_Windmills_Why_Attacks_on_Repression_Are _Misguided
Brigham, J., C., & Bothwell, R., K. (1983). The ability of prospective jurors to estimate the accuracy of eyewitness identifications. Law and Human Behavior, 7, 19-30. Noudettu osoitteesta:
https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Brigham, J., C., & Wolfskiel, M., P. (1983). Opinions of attorneys and law enforcement personnel on the accuracy of eyewitness identification. Law and Human Behavior, 7, 337-349. Noudettu osoitteesta:
https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Caldwell, M., Skeem, J., L., Salekin, R., & Van Rybroek, G. (2006). Treatment response of adolescent offenders with psychopathy features: a twoyear follow-up. Crim. Justice Behav. 33, 571–596 (2006). Haettu osoitteesta
http://risk-resilience.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/journal- articles/files/treatment_response_of_adolescent_offenders_with_psychopathy_features_-_a_two-year_follow-up_2006.pdf
Callahan, L., A. (1991). The volume and characteristics of insanity pleas: An eight-state study. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 19(4), 331–338. Noudettu osoitteesta
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-volume-and-characteristics-of-insanity-defense-Callahan-Steadman/03e2b6ce44bd80e31dd07b7e04c6c69c5015209e
Cardinale, E., M., & Marsh, A., A. (2015). Impact of Psychopathy on Moral Judgments about Causing Fear and Physical Harm. PLoS ONE, 10(5), 1- 21. Haettu osoitteesta
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0125708&type=printable
Carmody, D., C., & Washington, L., M. (2001). Rape myth acceptance among college women: The impact of race and prior victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(5), 424–436. Noudettu osoitteesta https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Carter, C., A., Bottoms, B., L., & Levine, M. (1996). Linguistic and socioemotional influences on the accuracy of children's reports. Law and Human Behaviour, 20(6), 335–358. Haettu osoitteesta
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01499027
Chaplin, C., & Shaw, J. (2016). The Effectiveness of Psychology Courses at Disconfirming Common Psychological Myths. J Police Crim Psych, 31, 208–216. Haettu osoitteesta
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11896-015-9182-5.pdf
Chojnacki, D., E., Cicchini, M., D., & White, L., T. (2008). An empirical basis for the admission of expert testimony on false confessions. Arizona State Law Journal, 40(1), 1–45. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.academia.edu/34590818/Empirical_Basis_for_the_Admission_of_Expert_Testimony_on_False_Co nfessions_An
Clarkin, J., F., Levy, K., N., Lenzenweger, M., F., & Kernberg, O., F. (2007). Evaluating three treatments for borderline personality disorder: A multiwave study. The American Journal of Psychiatry,164(6), 922- 928.
Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6295389_Evaluating_Three_Treatments_for_Borderline_Personalit y_Disorder_A_Multiwave_Study
Cima, M., Tonnaer, F., & Hauser, M., D. (2010). Psychopaths know right from wrong but don’t care. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5(1), 59- 67. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40869701_Psychopaths_Know_Right_from_Wrong_but_Don't_Care
Danielsson, P. (2020).Rikollisuustilanne 2019: Rikollisuuskehitys tilastojen ja tutkimusten valossa. Katsauksia 42/2020. Helsingin yliopisto, kriminologian ja oikeuspolitiikan instituutti. Haettu osoitteesta
http://hdl.handle.net/10138/320755
De Bruyckere, P., Kirschner, P., & Hulshof, C. (2015). Urban Myths about Learning and Education. TechTrends, 59(6),1- 209. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282742614_Urban_Myths_about_Learning_and_Education
Deffenbacher, K., A., & Loftus, E. F. (1982). Do jurors share a common understanding concerning eyewitness behavior? Law and Human Behavior, 6(1), 15-30. Noudettu osoitteesta:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225314901_Do_jurors_share_a_common_understanding_of_eyewi tness_behaviour
DePaulo, B., M., Lindsay, J., J., Malone, B., E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003). Cues to Deception. Psychological Bulletin, 129(1), 74-118. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10927264_Cues_to_Deception
DePaulo, B., M., & Pfeifer, R. L. (1986). On-the-job experience and skill at detecting deception. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16(3), 249– 267. Haettu osoitteesta
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01138.x
Dinwiddie, S. 2015. Psychopathy and Sociopathy: The History of a Concept. Psychiatric Annals. 45(4), 169–
174. Noudettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277966196_Psychopathy_and_Sociopathy_The_History_of_a_Conc ept
Eastwood, J., & Cullen, R. & Kavanagh, J. & Snook, B. (2006). A Review of the Validity of Criminal Profiling.
Canadian Journal of Police and Security Services, 4, 118-124. Noudettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292155223_A_Review_of_the_Validity_of_Criminal_Profiling
Edens, J., F., Buffington-Vollum, J., K., Keilen, A., Roskamp, P., & Anthony. C. (2005). Predictions of Future Dangerousness in Capital Murder Trials: Is It Time to “Disinvent the Wheel?” Law and Human Behavior, 29(1), 55-86. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7873507_Predictions_of_Future_Dangerousness_in_Capital_Murde r_Trials_Is_It_Time_to_Disinvent_the_Wheel
Elaad, E. (2003). Effect of feedback on the overestimated capacity to detect lies and the underestimated ability to tell lies. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(3), 349 – 363. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229734286_Effect_of_feedback_on_the_overestimated_capacity_to _detect_lies_and_the_underestimated_ability_to_tell_lies
Elbogen, E., & Johnson, S. (2009). The Intricate Link Between Violence and Mental Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66(2). Haettu
osoitteesta
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=BC9142C98D1F1521DBAE1869F632C2E6?doi=10.1.
1.476.7279&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Feild, H., S. (1978). Attitudes toward rape: A comparative analysis of police, rapists, crisis counselors, and citizens. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(2), 156–179. Noudettu osoitteesta
https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Ferguson, C. & Malouff, J. (2016). Assessing Police Classifications of Sexual Assault Reports: A Meta-Analysis of False Reporting Rates. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(5),1185-1193. Noudettu osoitteesta
https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Fiebert, M. S. (2004). References examining assaults by women on their spouses or male partners: an annotated bibliography. Sexuality and Culture, 8(3-4), 140-177. Noudettu osoitteesta
https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Flinn, R., & Spencer, J., R. (1995). Annotation: Children as Witnesses—Legal and Psychological Perspectives.
The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiathry, 36(2),171-180. Haettu osoitteesta https://acamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01819.x
Furnham, A. (2018). Myths and Misconceptions in Developmental and Neuropsychology.
Psychology, 9(2), 249-259.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323341059_Myths_and_Misconceptions_in_Developmental_and_N euro-Psychology
Furnham, A., & Horne, G. (2021). Myths and misconceptions about intelligence: A study of 35 myths.
Personality and Individual Differences, 181(1). Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351977735_Myths_and_misconceptions_about_intelligence_A_stu dy_of_35_myths
Furnham, A., & Hughes, D., J. (2014). Teaching of Psychology, 41(3), 256-261. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264420314_Myths_and_Misconceptions_in_Popular_Psychology_C omparing_Psychology_Students_and_the_General_Public
Gaze, C., M. (2014). Popular psychological myths: A comparison of students’ beliefs across the psychology major. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 14(2), 46 – 60. Haettu osoitteesta
https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1034602.pdf
Gardner,, R., M., & Brown. D., L. (2013). Learning and Individual Differences 24, 211–215 Haettu osoitteesta https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257454695_A_test_of_contemporary_misconceptions_in_psycholo gy
Gardner, R., M., & Dalsing, S. (1986). Misconceptions about psychology among college students. Teaching of Psychology, 13(1), 32–34. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1207/s15328023top1301_9
Gignac, G. E. (2019). How2statsbook (Online Edition 1). Perth, Australia: Author. Haettu osoitteesta http://www.how2statsbook.com/p/chapters.html
Goodman, G. S., Ghetti, S., Quas, J. A., Edelstein, R. S., Alexander, K. W., Redlich, A. D., Jones, D. P. (2003). A prospective study of memory for child sexual abuse: New findings relevant to the repressed-memory controversy. Psychological Science, 14(2), 113–118. Haettu osoitteesta
https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Gray, R. (2011). Lies, liars and lie detection. Federal Probation, 75(3). Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283722401_Lies_Liars_and_Lie_Detection/link/5644fb1e08ae9f9c1 3e5ac01/download
Gross, S., R., Jacoby, K., Matheson, D., J., & Montgomery, N. (2005). Exonerations in the United States 1989 through 2003. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 95(2), 523-560. Haettu osoitteesta
https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7186&context=jclc
Gross, S., R., & Shaffer, M. (2012). Exonerations in the United States, 1989-2012: Report by the National Registry of Exonerations. National Registry of Exonerations. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Documents/exonerations_us_1989_2012_full_report.pdf
Grubin, D., & Madsen, L. (2005). Lie detection and the polygraph: A historical review. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, 16(2), 357–369 Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247521065_Lie_detection_and_the_polygraph_A_historical_review
Gudjonsson, G. H. (2003). The science of interrogations and confessions: A handbook. Chichester, England:
Wiley. Noudettu osoitteesta http://www.al-edu.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Gudjonsson-The-Psychology-of-Interrogations-and-Confessions.pdf
Haapamäki, J. (2018). Korkeakoulujen aloittajien ikäjakauma. Haettu osoitteesta https://tilastoneuvos.vipunen.fi/2018/10/15/korkeakoulujen-aloittajien-ikajakauma/
Hartwig, M., & Bond Jr., C., F. (2014). Lie detection from Multiple Cues: A Meta-analysis.
Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28(5). Haettu osoitteesta https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Henkel, L., Coffman, K., & Daley, E. (2008). Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 26, 555–584.
Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Linda-Henkel/publication/23253676_A_Survey_of_People%27s_Attitudes_and_Beliefs_About_False_Confessions/link s/59dbb25da6fdcc1ec89f9fb2/A-Survey-of-Peoples-Attitudes-and-Beliefs-About-False-Confessions.pdf
Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M., E., Sternberg, K., J., & Esplin, P., W. (1997). The relationships among interviewer utterance type, CBCA scores and the richness of children’s responses. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 2(6), 169-176. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229885217_The_relationships_among_interviewer_utterance_type _CBCA_scores_and_the_richness_of_children's_responses
Hinkkanen, Ville. (2009). Lapsen seksuaalinen hyväksikäyttö. Tutkimus rangaistuskäytännöstä ja
seksuaalirikosten uusimisesta. Oikeuspoliittisen tutkimuslaitoksen tutkimustiedonantoja 92. Helsinki. Haettu osoitteesta
https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/152523/92_lapsen_seksuaalinen.pdf?sequence=1
Honkatukia, P. (2009). Naiset rikosten tekijöinä ja uhreina. Rikollisuustilanne 2008. Rikollisuus ja
seuraamusjärjestelmä tilastojen valossa. Oikeuspoliittisen tutkimuslaitoksen tutkimuksia. Helsinki. Haettu osoitteesta
https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/152467/Naiset_rikollisuuden_uhreina_ja_tekijoina.pdf?sequ ence=16&isAllowed=y
Honkatukia, P. & Kivivuori, J. (2011). Rikosten uhrit tukipalvelujen asiakkaina - kyselytutkimuksen tuloksia.
Oikeuspoliittinen tutkimuslaitos. Verkkokatsauksia 2011:19. Haettu osoitteesta https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/152582
Horselenberg, R., Merckelbach, H., Smeets, T., Franssens, D., Peters, G-J., & Zeles, G. (2006). False confessions in the lab: Do plausibility and consequences matter? Psychology, Crime & Law, January, 12(1), 61-75. Haettu osoitteesta
https://haraldmerckelbach.nl/artikelen_engels/2006/False%20Confessions%20In%20The%20Lab,%20Do%20 Plausibility%20And%20Consequences%20Matter.pdf
Hurley, C., M., Griffin, D., J., & Stefanone, M., A. (2014). Who Told You That? Uncovering the Source of Believed Cues to Deception. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 6(1), 19-32. Haettu osoitteesta
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c0af/3b8ee1112f202ed3caf72af4a91fa7627a04.pdf
Inbau, F.E., Reid, J.E., Buckley, J.P., & Jayne, B.C. (2001). Criminal interrogation and confessions. Gaithersburg:
Aspen Publishers.
Innocence Project. (16.9.2021). DNA Exonerations in the United States. Haettu osoitteesta https://innocenceproject.org/dna-exonerations-in-the-united-states/
Innocence Project. (4.10.2021). Eyewitness Identification Reform. Haettu osoitteesta https://innocenceproject.org/eyewitness-identification-reform/
Jeffries, S. & Newbold, G. (2015). Analysing Trends in the Imprisonment of Women in Australia and New Zealand. Psychiatry Psychology and Law,23(2), 1-23. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280684175_Analysing_Trends_in_the_Imprisonment_of_Women_in _Australia_and_New_Zealand
Jung, S. 2014. A Study on the Effectiveness of Criminal Profiling. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 14(11), 686–694. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273162993_A_Study_on_the_Effectiveness_of_Criminal_Profiling
Karjalainen, L. (2015). Tilastotieteen perusteet. Ristiina: Pii-kirjat.
Kassin, S. (2008). Confession Evidence: Commonsense Myths and Misconceptions. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(10), 1309-1322. Haettu osoitteesta
https://web.williams.edu/Psychology/Faculty/Kassin/files/Kassin%20(2008)%20CJB%20Confession%20Myths.
Kassin, S., M., Drizin, S., A., Grisso, T., Gudjonsson, G., H., Leo, R., A., & Redlich, A., D. (2010). Police-induced confessions: Risk factors and recommendations. Law and Human Behavior, 34, 3–38. Haettu osoitteesta https://web.williams.edu/Psychology/Faculty/Kassin/files/White%20Paper%20-%20LHB%20(2010).pdf
Kassin, S.M., Meissner, C.A., & Norwick, R.J. (2005). ‘‘I’d know a false confession if I saw one’’: A comparative study of college students and police investigators. Law and Human Behavior, 29(2), 211–227. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7828443_I'd_Know_a_False_Confession_if_I_Saw_One_A_Comparat ive_Study_of_College_Students_and_Police_Investigators
Kassin, S., M., Redlich, A., D., Alceste, F., & Luke, T., J. (2018). On the general
acceptance of confessions research: Opinions of the scientific community. American Psychologist, 73(1), 63–
80. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322581458_On_the_general_acceptance_of_confessions_research_
Opinions_of_the_scientific_community
Kassin, S. M., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H. M., & Memon, A. (2001). On the" general acceptance" of eyewitness testimony research: A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist, 56(5), 405–416. Haettu osoitteesta:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11983285_On_the_General_Acceptance_of_Eyewitness_Testimony _Research_A_New_Survey_of_the_Experts
Keski-Petäjä, M. & Witting, M. (2018). Alle viidennes opiskelijoista opinnoissa joissa tasaisesti naisia miehiä - koulutusalojen eriytyminen jatkuu. Haettu osoitteesta https://www.stat.fi/tietotrendit/artikkelit/2018/alle-viidennes-opiskelijoista-opinnoissa-joissa-tasaisesti-naisia-ja-miehia-koulutusalojen-eriytyminen-jatkuu/
Klement, C. (2015). Comparing the effects of community service and imprisonment on reconviction: Results from a quasi-experimental Danish study. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11(2), 237–261. Haettu osoitteesta https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Knutsson, J., & Allwood, C., M. (2014). Opinions of legal professionals: Comparing child and adult witnesses’
memory report capabilities. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 6(2), 1-11.
Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263035871_Opinions_of_legal_professionals_Comparing_child_an d_adult_witnesses'_memory_report_capabilities
Kocsis, R., N. (2004). Psychological profiling of serial arson offenses: An assessment of skills and accuracy.
Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 341-361. Haettu soitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247744799_Psychological_Profiling_of_Serial_Arson_Offenses_an_
Assessment_of_Skills_and_Accuracy
Kocsis, R., N., Middledorp, J., & Try, A. C. (2005). Cognitive processes in criminal profile construction: A preliminary study. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 49, 662–681.
Haettu osoitteesta https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Koski, L., & Miettinen, K. (2007). Vangit koulutuksessa. Selvitys vankien koulutukseen osallistumisesta, oppimisvalmiuksista ja -strategioista sekä opetuksen laadusta. Rikosseuraamusviraston julkaisuja 3/2007. Vammala: Vammalan kirjapaino Oy. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.rikosseuraamus.fi/material/attachments/rise/julkaisut-risenjulkaisusarja/oJ202Cg6R/3-2007_Vangit_koulutuksessa_wep.pdf
Kovandzic, T., V., & Sloan, J., J. (2002). Police Levels and Crime Rates Revisited: A County-level Analysis from Florida (1980-1998). Journal of Criminal Justice,30, 65–76. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4970589_Police_levels_and_crime_rates_revisited_A_county-level_analysis_from_Florida_1980-1998
Kruttschnitt, C., & Gartner, R. (2003). Women's Imprisonment. Crime and Justice, 30, 1–81. Haettu osoitteesta https://www.jstor.org/stable/1147696
Krueger, R., F., Markon, K., E., Patrick, C., J., Benning, S., D., & Kramer, M., D. (2007). Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(4), 645–666. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2242625/
Lahtinen, H. (2008). Todistajanpsykologia – lapsitodistajat. Teoksessa Santtila, P. & Weizmann-Henelius, G (toim.), Oikeuspsykologia (s. 176–198). Helsinki: Edita Publishing Oy.
Laney, C., & Loftus, E. F. (2008). Emotional content of true and false memories. Memory, 16(5), 500- 516.
Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5286271_Emotional_content_of_true_and_false_memories
Lamb, M., Hershkowitz, I., Sternberg, K, Esplin, P., Hovav, M., Manor, T., & Yudilevitch, L. (1996). Effects of Investigative Utterance Types on Israeli Children's Responses. International Journal of Behavioral
Development, 19(3), 627- 637. Haettu osoitteesta
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254110747_Effects_of_Investigative_Utterance_Types_on_Israeli_C hildren's_Responses
Lamb, M.E., Sternberg, K.J., Orbach,Y., Hershkowitz, I., & Esplin, P.W. (1999). Forensic interviews of children.
Teoksessa A. Memon & R. Bull, (toim.), Handbook of psychology of interviewing, 253–277. Chichester, Wiley.
Langan, P., Schmitt, E., & Durose, M. (2003). Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from Prison in 1994.
Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Haettu osoitteesta https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/rsorp94.pdf
Lappi-Seppälä, S., T. (2019). Community sanctions as Substitutes to Imprisonment in the Nordic Countries.
Law and Contemporary Problems, 82(17). Haettu osoitteesta
https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/lcp82&div=6&id=&page=
Lappi-Seppälä, T. (2006). Rikollisuus ja kriminaalipolitiikka. Helsingin yliopiston oikeustieteellisen tiedekunnan julkaisut. Helsingin yliopisto. Haettu osoitteesta
https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/rikollisuus-ja-kriminaalipolitiikka
Lappi-Seppälä, T., & Niemi, H. (2017). Rangaistuskäytännön yleiskuvaus. Seuraamusjärjestelmä 2016.
Katsauksia 25/2017. Helsingin yliopisto. Kriminologian ja oikeuspolitiikan instituutti. Haettu osoitteesta https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/229673/Katsauksia_25_Seuraamusj%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A 4_2016_2017.pdf?sequence=2
Lappi-Seppälä, T. & Niemi, J. (2017). Seksuaalirikokset. Rikollisuustilanne 2016. Katsauksia 22/2017. Kriminologian ja oikeuspolitiikan instituutti. Haettu osoitteesta
https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/fi/publications/seksuaalirikokset-3
Leichtman, M.D., & Ceci, S.J. (1995). The effects of stereotypes and suggestions on preschoolers’ reports.
Developmental Psychology, 31, 568–578. Haettu osoitteesta https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Leippe, M., R., & Romanczyk, A. (1987). Children on the Witness Stand: A Communication/Persuasion Analysis of Jurors’ Reactions to Child Witnesses. Teoksessa Ceci, S., J., Toglia, M., P., Ross, D., F. (toim.), Children’s
Eyewitness Memory (s.155–177).New York: Springer. Haettu osoitteesta https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Levine, T. (2017). Mysteries and Myths in Human Deception and Deception Detection: Insights from Truth-Default Theory. Ewha Journal of Social Sciences, 33(2), 5-28. Haettu osoitteesta
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3128029
Levitt, S. (1997). Using Electoral Cycles in Police Hiring to Estimate the Effect of Police on Crime. American Economic Review, 87(3), 70–91. Haettu osoitteesta
https://primo.uef.fi/discovery/search?vid=358FIN_UOEF:VU1
Lilienfeld, S., O., Lynn, S., J., & Lohr, J., M. (2012). Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology. New York:
The Guilford Press
Lilienfeld, S. O., Lynn, S. J., Ruscio, J., & Beyerstein, B., L. (2010). 50 great myths of popular psychology:
Shattering widespread misconceptions about human behavior. Wiley-Blackwell.
Shattering widespread misconceptions about human behavior. Wiley-Blackwell.