To display the land ownership data on the BEAR, it was decided to show the division between state ownership and other landowner groups (private companies, municipalities, church, forest commons, trusts, private landowners etc.) as a whole.
It was not possible to produce a map with a more detailed division between these different landowner groups in the BPAN project because the necessary data were not available (at an affordable price), for instance from Finland.
For the BPAN map, in Sweden the various landowner groups presented on publicly available landownership maps were classed as either “state” (including the state military territories) or “other owners”. The lands of the state forestry company Sveaskog were classified as “state” ownership areas.
In Finland, a 1:100 000 scale shape file including the division between the state-owned lands and lands state-owned by other groups was used as such. Most of the state-owned land in the BEAR part of Finland (as in Finland as a whole) is under Metsähallitus (Finnish Forest and Park Service) possession. Among the “other owners” group much of the land is company owned, or owned by forest commons, though all the above-mentioned owner groups are represented.
In Norway the lands of the forest enterprise Statskog SF are marked as state land in the BPAN maps and statistics, along with other state-owned lands. The history of Statskog SF as a state forest owner goes back to 1860. Its principal activities are forestry and land-use management on behalf of the Norwegian Government.
Statskog SF is the landowner of about 20% of the Norwegian mainland surface, including the PAs located on state land.
In Finnmark (Norway) the leading landowner is Finnmark Property (FeFo). FeFo is a legal entity managing land and natural resources in the county of Finnmark.
The FeFo area covers approximately 95% of the county. Updated borders for the FeFo lands were not available for the BPAN project, but this has no significance as the FeFo lands are classified under “other owners”, and thus there is practically no state-owned land in Finnmark. Most of the area classified under “other owners” in the BEAR part of Norway outside Finnmark, is private land. However, some areas may also be in public ownership, i.e. owned by the county or municipality.
In the BEAR part of Russia the forestry lands and state reserve lands were marked as state-owned. Most agricultural land was classified as private.
Map 19, Table 62, and Figs. 53 and 54 show the distribution of land ownership in the BEAR by country. The land ownership structure in Russia differs significantly from that of the Nordic countries in the total domination of state land ownership (96,3%). In the Nordic countries, the proportion of state land ownership exceeds 50% only in the BEAR part of Finland, and is below 40% for Sweden and below 25% for Norway. This fundamental difference partly explains the differences in the total area, structure and composition between the PA networks of Russia and the Nordic countries.
Nar'yan Mar Arkhangelsk Petrozavodsk
70°E 60°E
Bar ents E ur o- Ar ctic R egion
SYKE, Transparent World, BPAN Project, 2013(c) The Norwegian state-owned land and forest enterprise and Finnmarkseiendommen (c) Statskog SF (c) Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (c) Metsähallitus, 2011 (c) T
ransparent World
(c) Maanmittauslaitos (c) Lantmäteriet (c) Norwegian Mapping Authority
Border of the Barents Region
U G
NorrbottenLapland Northern Ostrobothnia Kainuu
Murmansk Region Republic of KareliaRepublic of KomiNenets Autonomous District
NORWEGIAN
Landowner State Other 0100200300400 km
Map 19. Land ownership in the Barents Region. u
!
SYKE, Transparent World, BPAN Project, 2013
(c) The Norwegian state-owned land and forest enterprise and Finnmarkseiendommen (c) Statskog SF
(c) Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (c) Metsähallitus, 2011
(c) Transparent World (c) Maanmittauslaitos (c) Lantmäteriet (c) Norwegian Mapping Authority
Border of the Barents Region GU
of Karelia Republic of
Komi
144 Reports of the Finnish Environment Institute 29 | 2014
Norway Sweden Finland Russia BEAR
State 27 291 64 925 85 237 1 265 360 1 442 813
Other landowners 85 574 100 447 75 555 48 732 310 308
Table 62. Land ownership by BEAR part of country and for the BEAR as a whole, km2.
0 200 000 400 000 600 000 800 000 1 000 000 1 200 000 1 400 000 1 600 000
Norway Sweden Finland Russia BEAR
State
Other landowners km2
0 20 40 60 80 100 %
Norway
Sweden
Finland
Russia
BEAR
State
Other landowners Fig. 53. Distribution of land ownership in the BEAR, by country and for the BEAR
as a whole.
Fig. 54. Distribution of land ownership in the BEAR, as proportions of the total land area of the BEAR part of each country and the BEAR as a whole.
145 Reports of the Finnish Environment Institute 29 | 2014
Table 63 and Figs. 55 and 56 show the distribution of land ownership in the BEAR by administrative region. Some variation between regions in the frame of the general country trend can be observed. Among the Nordic countries, Lapland (Finland) has the highest proportion of state land ownership (over 67,4%), while in all the other Nordic BEAR administrative regions the share of state lands is below 50%. In Russia, the Arkhangelsk Region (excl. Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land archipelagos) has the highest share of non-state land ownership (12,5%). Most of these lands are agricultural, currently collective or private property. In other Russian BEAR regions the share of non-state land ownership is below 2%.
0 50 000 100 000 150 000 200 000 250 000 300 000 350 000 400 000 450 000 Nordland
Troms Finnmark Västerbotten Norrbotten Northern Ostrobothnia Lapland Kainuu Republic of Karelia Republic of Komi Murmansk Region Nenets Autonomous District Arkhangelsk Region (mainland) Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land
NorwaySwedenFinlandRussia
State
Other landowners
km2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 %
Nordland Troms Finnmark Västerbotten Norrbotten Northern Ostrobothnia Lapland Kainuu Republic of Karelia Republic of Komi Murmansk Region Nenets Autonomous District Arkhangelsk Region (mainland) Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef Land
NorwaySwedenFinlandRussia
State
Other landowners Fig. 55. Distribution of land ownership in the BEAR, by region.
Fig. 56. Distribution of land ownership in the BEAR, as proportions of the total land area of the region.
146 Reports of the Finnish Environment Institute 29 | 2014
Norway Sweden Finland Russia
Nordland Troms Finnmark Västerbotten Norrbotten
Northern Ostro-
bothnia Lapland Kainuu Republic of
Karelia Republic of
Komi Murmansk
Region
Nenets Autonomous
District Arkhangelsk Region
Novaya Zemlya and Franz Josef
Land
State 16 735 10 555 0 13 423 51 502 8 469 66 634 10 134 169 866 411 097 142 076 176 595 269 087 96 639
Other landowners 21 643 15 323 48 608 45 939 54 507 28 939 32 300 14 316 2 604 6 391 1 292 0 38 445 0
Table 63. Land ownership by region, km2.
Old-growth forest in the buffer zone of the Kostamuksha Strict Nature Reserve(zapovednik), in the Republic of Karelia, Russia. Photo: Anna Kuhmonen
147 Reports of the Finnish Environment Institute 29 | 2014 2.7