Compilation of products

 Animal food: “Organic waste reused directly for animal feeding, with or without processing.” (D. Wilson et al., 2015, p. 75)

 Ash: waste product generated after combustion of MSW.

 Biogas: “A mixture of gases, predominantly methane and carbon dioxide, produced by the process of anaerobic digestion.” (Vögeli, 2014, s. 5)

 Biowaste: “Organic Fraction Of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW): The biodegradable fraction of municipal solid waste.” (Vögeli, 2014, s. 6)

 Char: “The chars may be used directly as fuels, briquetted to produce solid fuels, used as adsorptive materials such as activated carbon, upgraded to produce a higher grade activated carbon, or crushed and mixed with the pyrolysis oil product to produce a slurry for combustion. The calorific value of the chars are relatively high, char derived from municipal solid waste has a calorific value of about 19 MJ/kg, tyre char about 29 MJ/kg and wood waste produces a char of calorific value about 33 MJ/kg. As such, the chars could be used as a medium grade solid fuel.” (Williams, 2005, p.331)

 Compost: “Compost is the output of a biological process that converts biodegradable waste to a humus-like material. The principal use is to improve soil quality, as compost improves its biological and physical properties, for example enhancing water retention and resistance to erosion, which is particularly valuable in arid climates. It also has some value as fertilizer”(D. Wilson et al., 2015, p. 75)

 Digestate: “The solid and/or liquid material remaining after undergoing anaerobic digestion; often still high in nutrient content (see effluent).(…) Effluent: The liquid that remains after a treatment or separation process; it refers to liquid which has gone through some type of clarification, settling, or biological process, flowing out of the digester.”

(Vögeli, 2014, s. 5;6)

 Electricity: out-put product resulting from waste treatment technologies with energy recovery.

 Ferrous metals (Steel scrap): metals containing iron.

 Gases: all type of gases produced during waste treatment and disposal, except biogas and landfill gas.

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 Glass waste: “Bottles, broken glassware, light bulbs, colored glass” (Hoornweg et al., 2012, p. 16)

 Heating: out-put product resulting from waste treatment technologies with energy recovery e.g. CHP plants.

 High-BTU gas: Gas resulting after purification of LFG, “by removal of inert constituents using adsorption, absorption, and membranes.” (EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008, p. 2).

 Inorganic matter: “Material, such as grit, inorganic salts, metals, glass etc., which is not degraded by microorganisms.” (Vögeli, 2014, s. 6)

 Landfill gas (LFG): “A mixture of gases (predominantly methane and carbon dioxide) produced through microbial activity in anaerobic conditions during the degradation of waste that is landfilled or dumped.” (Johannessen, 1999, p. 8)

 Leachate: “Polluted liquid produced as a result of rain or other water percolating through waste that is landfilled or dumped.”(Johannessen, 1999, p. 8)

 Medium-BTU gas: Gas resulting after purification of raw LFG using dehydration and filtration (EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008, p. 2).

 Metal waste: “Cans, foil, tins, non-hazardous aerosol cans, appliances (white goods), railings, bicycles” (Hoornweg et al., 2012, p. 16).

 Mixed waste: mixed and unsorted MSW.

 Nonferrous metals: “copper, brass, stainless steel, aluminium, zinc, etc.” (Neidel et al., 2013, p. 15)

 Oil: (output of solid waste combustion) “the properties of the pyrolysis oil fuel may not match the specifications of a petroleum-derived fuel and may require modifications to the power plant or upgrading of the fuel. In some cases the oil product is described as a liquid but, depending on the feedstock and the pyrolysis process conditions, it may represent either a true oil, an oil/ aqueous phase, separated oil and aqueous phases or, for some waste feedstocks, a waxy material. (…) The oil may be used directly as a fuel, added to petroleum refinery stocks, upgraded using catalysts to a premium grade fuel, or used as a chemical feedstock. The composition of the oil is dependent on the chemical composition of the feedstock and the processing conditions.” (Williams, 2005, p. 332)

 Organic matter: “Material from animal and vegetable sources which can be degraded by microorganisms.” (Vögeli, 2014, s. 7)

 Other inert materials: ewaste, nano waste, hazardous waste, medical waste, C&D, WEEE, disaster waste, marine litter.

 Paper and cardboard: “Paper and cardboard are sheets of cellulose fibres with a number of chemicals, added to modify the properties and quality of the sheet. (…) for paper recycling it is important to distinguish between types of paper, which are final use products such as newspapers, magazines, corrugated medium, tissue paper, and grades, a term used for waste paper. (…) Paper grades are classes of waste paper that define their quality and for recycling and facilitate its trade, and effectively organizing its collection, sorting, and preparation as feedstock in papermaking.” (Villanueva & Eder, 2011, p. 9; 13).

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 Plastic waste: refuse material made of “highly polymerized compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen, made from substances such as petroleum and natural gas.”(P.W.M.I. Plastic Waste Management Institute, 2009, p. 10) Categorization of plastic waste: bottles and tubes; packs and cups; trays and blister pact; bags; caps and stoppers;

cellophane and film; boxes and cases; and others. (P.W.M.I. Plastic Waste Management Institute, 2009, p. 9)

 Prepupae: the last larval stage of the Black Soldier Fly, “in which their bodies are rich in protein and fat, thus making them an excellent component of animal feed”

(Eawag/Sandec, 2008, p. 20)

 Recovered cellulose fibre: Recovered cellulose from paper waste.

 Recovered Plastics: preprocessed or processed clean plastic material ready to be remanufactured or reused.

 Recyclables: dry waste that can be recycled e.g. paper and cardboard (no contaminated with organic waste), plastics, metals, etc.

 Refuse derived fuel RDF/SRF: “RDF usually refers to the segregated high calorific fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW), commercial or industrial process wastes. Other terms are also used for MSW derived fuels such as Recovered Fuel (REF), Packaging Derived Fuels (PDF), Paper and Plastic Fraction (PPF) and Process Engineered Fuel (PEF).

REF, PDF, PPF and PEF usually refer to a source-separated, processed, dry combustible MSW fraction (e.g. plastics and/or paper) which are too contaminated to be recycled. It has a higher calorific value, lower moisture content and lower ash content (on combustion) than RDF derived from mixed waste fractions.” (Gendebien et al., 2003, p.22)

 Slurry: “A semi-liquid mixture of organic material, microorganisms and water.” (Vögeli, 2014, s. 7)

 Tar: “A dark, thick flammable liquid distilled from wood or coal, consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons, resins, alcohols, and other compounds. It is used in road-making and for coating and preserving timber.” (Oxford University Press, 2017).

 Textiles and leather waste

 Vermicast: “Worm castings containing high concentrations of nitrates, potassium, calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium and can be applied instead of chemical fertilizers in some agricultural practices. Castings also contain many worm eggs which continue to enrich the soil when it is applied.” (Hoornweg et al., 1999, p. 35)

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