# # 1 1 18 18

Lecture #1: History of Lecture #1: History of telecommunications.

telecommunications.

# # 1 1 _{18 18}

C o n t e n t s C o n t e n t s

b b Historical Remarks- Telecommunication Historical Remarks- Telecommunication

b b Historical Remarks-Computers Historical Remarks-Computers

b b International Network Regulation International Network Regulation

• • Service Providers Service Providers

• • Main Main Standardisation Instances Standardisation Instances

• • Standardisation Standardisation Instances in the INTERNET Instances in the INTERNET

History Remarks History Remarks

b b 1813 Telegraph Gauss&Weber 1813 Telegraph Gauss&Weber

b b 1861 Telephone Reis 1861 Telephone Reis

b b 1876 Telephone Bell (Bell System) 1876 Telephone Bell (Bell System)

b b 1877 First Finnish telephone connection in 1877 First Finnish telephone connection in Helsinki

Helsinki

b b 1878 Microphone 1878 Microphone Edison (General Electric) Edison (General Electric)

b b First Telephone Exchange in New Haven, First Telephone Exchange in New Haven, USA USA

b b 1865/6 Transatlantic Cables 1865/6 Transatlantic Cables

# # 2 2 _{18 18}

1960 - beer barrel + sausage skin + knitting needle

History Remarks History Remarks

b b 1884 Radio Telegraph Popov 1884 Radio Telegraph Popov

b b 1892 First Automatic Telephone Exchange 1892 First Automatic Telephone Exchange in La Porte USA

in La Porte USA

b b by by Strowger Strowger

b b 1896 Radio Telegraph Marconi 1896 Radio Telegraph Marconi

b b 1898 First Automatic Telephone Exchange 1898 First Automatic Telephone Exchange in Germany

in Germany

b b 1918 Radio Carrier System /USA 1920 1918 Radio Carrier System /USA 1920 Radio Broadcasting

Radio Broadcasting

# # 3 3 _{18 18}

History Remarks History Remarks

b b 1957 Satellite data transmission 1957 Satellite data transmission

b b 1961 Electronic Telephone Exchange (Bell 1961 Electronic Telephone Exchange (Bell Labs)

Labs)

b b 1968 Digital Telephone Exchange GB 1968 Digital Telephone Exchange GB

b b 1969 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital 1969 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network 2x64k+16k)

Network 2x64k+16k)

b b 1970 Aloha-network (Hawaii) 1970 Aloha-network (Hawaii)

# # 4 4 _{18 18}

History Remarks History Remarks

# # 5 5 _{18 18}

b b 1974 Packet and Circuit Switched data 1974 Packet and Circuit Switched data networks (CCITT X.25 and X.21)

networks (CCITT X.25 and X.21)

b b 1974 1974 Arpanet/ Internet Arpanet / Internet DoD DoD/USA /USA

b b 1976 Optical Fiber in data transmission 1976 Optical Fiber in data transmission

b b 1977 Ethernet 10Mbps Xerox 1977 Ethernet 10Mbps Xerox

b b 1978 ISO/OSI + CCITT x.200 1978 ISO/OSI + CCITT x.200

History Remarks History Remarks

bb

1972 Mobile Networks ARP 1972 Mobile Networks ARP

bb

1981 Mobile Networks NMT 1981 Mobile Networks NMT Nordisk Nordisk MobilTelefon

MobilTelefon

bb

1984 MHS (Message Handling System) 1984 MHS (Message Handling System) CCITT/ISO

CCITT/ISO

• • ODA (Open Document Architecture) CCITT/ISO ODA (Open Document Architecture) CCITT/ISO

bb

1984 Intelligent Networks (AIN Series) 1984 Intelligent Networks (AIN Series) Bellcore

Bellcore

bb

1987 GSM (Groupe 1987 GSM ( Groupe Special Mobile, CEPT) - Special Mobile, CEPT) - Global System for Mobile Communications Global System for Mobile Communications

# # 6 6 _{18 18}

History Remarks History Remarks

# # 7 7 _{18 18}

bb

1989 HTTP/HTML in 1989 HTTP/HTML in Cern Cern by Tim by Tim Barners Barners -Lee -Lee

bb

1991 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode 155 1991 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode 155 Mb/s)

Mb/s)

bb

1991 IN CS.1 (Intelligent Networks) by ITU and 1991 IN CS.1 (Intelligent Networks) by ITU and ETSI ETSI

bb

1994 WWW (World Wide Web) 1994 WWW (World Wide Web)

bb

1998 GPRS (General Packet Radio System) 1998 GPRS (General Packet Radio System)

bb

2001 UMTS (Universal Mobile 2001 UMTS (Universal Mobile

Telecommunication System)

Telecommunication System)

Global Telecom Markets Global Telecom Markets

00 500 500 1000 1000 1500 1500 2000 2000 2500 2500 3000 3000 3500 3500 4000 4000 4500 4500 5000 5000

1990

1990 19921992 19941994 19961996 19981998 20002000

Systems Systems Services Services

10

(billions) USD

# # 8 8 _{18 18}

Computers: History and Computers: History and Development Development

b

Early computer machines and inventors:

F abacus - 3kY B.C. Asia Minor, sliding beads in a rack, still in use;

F numerical wheel calculator “Pascaline” (1642) of Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662) developed for the taxation duties of his father;

F multiplying Pascaline (1694) of Leibniz (1646 - 1716)

F early real computer of Charles Babbage (1791 -1871) matching the mathematical capabilities on the machines: repeatedly

performing simple steps with no errors. After 10 years of work Babbage created the first general purpose computer with

perfocards of machine instructions - “Analytical Engine” together with the Lord Byron’s daughter Augusta Ada King, countess of

Lovelace which became the firs female computer programmer.

F First American computer is due to Herman Hollerith (1860 - 1929).

He created a machine to serve for the U.S census in 1889.

Perfocards of 80 punches ware used to store data information rather than instructions. Hollerith grounded the firm TMC

(Tabulating Machine Company) that became later (1924) IBM.

{ {

Systems Systems of gears of gears and dials and dials

# # 9 9 _{18 18}

Computers: History and Computers: History and Development Development

bb

Modern computers and their inventors: Modern computers and their inventors:

FF first all-electronic digital computer first all-electronic digital computer (two-state tubes) applying(two-state tubes) applying Boolean

Boolean [binary] algebra is created in 1940 by John V. [binary] algebra is created in 1940 by John V. Atanasoff Atanasoff (1903(1903 - 1995) in Iowa State University (U.S.).

- 1995) in Iowa State University (U.S.).

FF first German computer Z3first German computer Z3 is created in 1941 for military purposes is created in 1941 for military purposes (airplanes and missiles design) by

(airplanes and missiles design) by Konrad ZuseKonrad Zuse..

FF first all-electronic calculator first all-electronic calculator Mark I is created by IBM/HarvardMark I is created by IBM/Harvard engineer Howard

engineer Howard Aiken Aiken in 1944. It calculated the ballistic charts ofin 1944. It calculated the ballistic charts of U.S. Navy and employed electronic relays.

U.S. Navy and employed electronic relays.

FF ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) -1944 - ofENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) -1944 - of Eckert

Eckert and and Mauchly Mauchly accepted the concept of electronic tubes (18000accepted the concept of electronic tubes (18000 vacuum tubes + 70000 resistors) and binary logic for implementation vacuum tubes + 70000 resistors) and binary logic for implementation of general purpose computing (1000 times faster than

of general purpose computing (1000 times faster than MarkIMarkI).).

FF EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) desgned in Universitydesgned in University of Pennsylvania by John

of Pennsylvania by John von Neumann von Neumann in 1945 first applied thein 1945 first applied the concepts of memory both for data and stored program, central concepts of memory both for data and stored program, central processing unit and “conditional control transfer” (i.e. OS).

processing unit and “conditional control transfer” (i.e. OS).

# # 10 10 _{18 18}

Computers: History and Computers: History and Development Development

bb

Computer generations: Computer generations:

FF first first generation - (1945 - 1956) - pioneer designs with electronicgeneration - (1945 - 1956) - pioneer designs with electronic vacuum tubes. Applicable for specific tasks, limited versatility and vacuum tubes. Applicable for specific tasks, limited versatility and speed.

speed.

FF second generation - (1956 - 1963) - based on electronic transistors,second generation - (1956 - 1963) - based on electronic transistors, implement first operating systems and stored programs. This

implement first operating systems and stored programs. This generation introduced also the first programming languages, generation introduced also the first programming languages, translators and compilers

translators and compilers

FF third generation - (1964 - 1971) - technological revolution due tothird generation - (1964 - 1971) - technological revolution due to

integrated circuits and printed circuit boards. Computer architecture integrated circuits and printed circuit boards. Computer architecture includes developed software, multitasking operating system,

includes developed software, multitasking operating system, programming libraries and run-time control tools.

programming libraries and run-time control tools.

FF fourth generation - (1971 - ...) - development of the IC technology to LSI,fourth generation - (1971 - ...) - development of the IC technology to LSI, VLSI, ULSI that includes thousands and millions of components on VLSI, ULSI that includes thousands and millions of components on chip (e.g. 8MB memory IC), microprocessors and microcomputers;

chip (e.g. 8MB memory IC), microprocessors and microcomputers;

revolution in communication technologies leads to parallel and revolution in communication technologies leads to parallel and distributed processing.

distributed processing.

FF fifth generation - (80’s - ...) - incorporating components of thefifth generation - (80’s - ...) - incorporating components of the

artificial intelligence (speech and image recognition and synthesis...

artificial intelligence (speech and image recognition and synthesis...

# # 11 11 _{18 18}

International Network Regulation - International Network Regulation - Service Providers Service Providers

bb

Common carriers (USA, >2200 approved by Common carriers (USA, >2200 approved by

Federal Communication Commission: AT&T, Bell, Federal Communication Commission: AT&T, Bell, GTE...)

GTE...)

bb

National National PTTs PTTs (government monopoly) (government monopoly)

bb

ISPs ( ISPs ( Internet Service Providers Internet Service Providers Internet Service Providers Internet Service Providers ) mostly private ) mostly private

bb

Satellite Communication Services Providers - Satellite Communication Services Providers - usually divisions of National

usually divisions of National PTTs PTTs (big countries, (big countries, KPN (the Netherlands), India, etc.) -

KPN (the Netherlands), India, etc.) -

• • TV/Radio broadcasting, TV/Radio broadcasting,

• • Military/Navy area, Military/Navy area,

• • Data Communications Data Communications

–– example: Intersatexample: Intersat ( (geostationary geostationary orbit)orbit)

–– terrestrial receivers:terrestrial receivers:VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminals)VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminals) (“dishes”)

(“dishes”)

–– Sat-To-Sat communicationsSat-To-Sat communications

# # 12 12 _{18 18}

International Network Regulation - International Network Regulation - Main Standardization Instances Main Standardization Instances

bb

CCITT (after 1993 CCITT (after 1993 ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ) - International ) - International

consultative committee for telegraphs and consultative committee for telegraphs and

telephones - intergovernmental organization (US telephones - intergovernmental organization (US presented by the Department of States)

presented by the Department of States)

bb

ISO - Union of the national standardization ISO ISO ISO - Union of the national standardization instances

instances ( ( ANSI ANSI ANSI ANSI , , , , DIN DIN DIN DIN , , , , SFS SFS SFS SFS , , , , …) divided in …) divided in

TCs (for computers TC97, now TCs (for computers TC97, now JTC1 JTC1 JTC1 JTC1 and and subcommittees: for telecommunications subcommittees: for telecommunications

JTC1/SC6 JTC1/SC6 JTC1/SC6 JTC1/SC6 ) )

bb

IEEE, IEEE IEEE IEEE , ACM ACM ACM ACM

# # 13 13 _{18 18}

Organizations in

Organizations in interna interna - - tional tional standardization standardization

b b ITU-International Telecommunication ITU-International Telecommunication Union

Union

b b JTCI-ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 JTCI-ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1

b b ISO-International Organization for ISO-International Organization for Standardization

Standardization

b b IEC-International Electronical IEC-International Electronical Committee Committee

b b ISOC-Internet Society ISOC-Internet Society

b b ATM Forum ATM Forum

# # 14 14 _{18 18}

Organizations in regional Organizations in regional standardization standardization

bb

ETSI-European Telecommunications Standards ETSI-European Telecommunications Standards Institute

Institute

bb

T1-Committee for telecommunications Industry T1-Committee for telecommunications Industry Association (USA)

Association (USA)

bb

TIA -Telecommunications Industry Association TIA -Telecommunications Industry Association (USA)

(USA)

bb

IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics IEEE-Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer (USA)

Engineer (USA)

bb

TTC-Telecommunications Technology Council TTC-Telecommunications Technology Council (Japan)

(Japan)

bb

RCR-Research & Development Center for Radio RCR-Research & Development Center for Radio Systems (Japan)

Systems (Japan)

# # 15 15 _{18 18}

Main Standardization Instances of Main Standardization Instances of the Internet the Internet

bb

IAB IAB IAB IAB (Internet Activity Board, 1983 ARPANET; later (Internet Activity Board, 1983 ARPANET; later Internet Architecture Board) split in 1989 into Internet Architecture Board) split in 1989 into

bb

à à IRTF IRTF (Internet Research Task Force), IRTF IRTF (Internet Research Task Force),

bb

à à IETF IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) IETF IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

b b ++ ++ ISOC (Internet ISOC ISOC ISOC (Internet SOCiety SOCiety ) )

# # 16 16 _{18 18}

4/3/00 17

Standardization Documents Standardization Documents

b b ISO adoption procedure passes: ISO adoption procedure passes:

• • Committee Draft Committee Draft Ü Ü

• • Draft International Standard Draft International Standard Ü Ü

• • International Standard International Standard

b b ISO issued >5000 standards incl. OSI ISO issued >5000 standards incl. OSI

b b IAB (Internet standardization) IAB (Internet standardization)

• • RFCs: series of technical reports (>2500 up to now e.g. RFCs RFCs RFCs : series of technical reports (>2500 up to now e.g.

RFC 2022 RFC 2022 RFC 2022

RFC 2022: about PGP : about PGP with MIME coding, with MIME coding, RFC 2694: about RFC 2694 RFC 2694 RFC 2694 : about DNS algorithm extensions)

DNS algorithm extensions)

• • formal process: formal process:

–– RFC RFC Ü (professional interest to the RFC)Ü (professional interest to the RFC)

–– Proposed Standard Proposed Standard Ü (working implementationÜ (working implementation

independently tested by several different institutions) independently tested by several different institutions) –– Draft StandardDraft Standard

# # 17 17 _{18 18}

4/3/00 18

References References

b b Computers: History and Development Computers: History and Development

b

b Jones Telecommunications & Multimedia Encyclopedia :Jones Telecommunications & Multimedia Encyclopedia : http://www.

http://www.digitalcenturydigitalcentury.com/.com/encycloencyclo/update/comp_/update/comp_hdhd.html.html

b b Telecom History: Telecom History: Telecom History: Telecom History:

b

b http://www.http://www.webbconsultwebbconsult.com/1800.html.com/1800.html

b

b http://www.http://www.webbconsultwebbconsult.com/1900.html.com/1900.html

b

b http://www.http://www.webbconsultwebbconsult.com/1920.html.com/1920.html

b

b http://www.http://www.webbconsultwebbconsult.com/1930.html.com/1930.html

b

b http://www.http://www.webbconsultwebbconsult.com/1940.html.com/1940.html

b

b http://www.http://www.webbconsultwebbconsult.com/1950.html.com/1950.html

b

b http://www.http://www.webbconsultwebbconsult.com/1960.html.com/1960.html

b

b http://www.http://www.webbconsultwebbconsult.com/1970.html.com/1970.html

b

b http://www.http://www.webbconsultwebbconsult.com/1980.html.com/1980.html

bb

Regulations: Regulations:

# # 18 18 _{18 18}