• Ei tuloksia

Entangled Devices : An ethnographic study of students, mobile phones and capitalism

N/A
N/A
Info
Lataa
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Jaa "Entangled Devices : An ethnographic study of students, mobile phones and capitalism"

Copied!
95
0
0

Kokoteksti

(1)

#4FI4GHFG<8G88??<F<PGHG><@H>F<4AH@8EB 8?F<A><+GH7<8F<A7H64G<BAAH@58E

066+##--#4+

06#0).'&'8+%'5

0'6*01)4#2*+%567&;1(567&'065/1$+.'2*10'5#0&%#2+6#.+5/

B6GBE4?7<FF8EG4G<BAGB58CE8F8AG879BECH5?<67<F6HFF<BAJ<G;G;8C8E@<FF<BAB9 G;846H?GLB97H64G<BA4?+6<8A68FB9G;8-A<I8EF<GLB9 8?F<A><<A 4??

G;8A4 5H<?7<A: +<?G4IHBE8AC8A:8E 4 BA G;8 FG B9 85EH4EL 4G B[6?B6>

8?F<A><

(2)

(EB98FFBE&8<?+8?JLA%BA4F;-A<I8EF<GL

FFB6<4G8(EB98FFBE%<AA4*H6>8AFG8<A-A<I8EF<GLB9 8?F<A><

(EB98FFBE#E<FG<<A4EHA<?4-A<I8EF<GLB9 8?F<A><

(EB98FFBE#E<FG<<A4EHA<?4-A<I8EF<GLB9 8?F<A><

(EB98FFBEE<G=B9+4;?FGES@N5B>478@<-A<I8EF<GL +8A<BE*8F84E6;8??BJ(4H?<<A4*4HG<B-A<I8EF<GLB9'H?H

FFB6<4G8(EB98FFBE%<AA4*H6>8AFG8<A-A<I8EF<GLB9 8?F<A><

AGG<(44>>4E<

E499<G<J4??4G$4H>BAGBE<,4@C8E8&BI8@58E

0?<BC<FGBC4<AB-A<:E49<4 8?F<A><

!+& A<7

!+& C79

(3)

-A<I8EF<GLB9 8?F<A><46H?GLB97H64G<BA4?+6<8A68F

8?F<A><+GH7<8F<A7H64G<BAAH@58E

A8G;AB:E4C;<6FGH7LB9FGH78AGF@B5<?8C;BA8F4A764C<G4?<F@

,;<F8G;AB:E4C;<6E8F84E6;?BB>F4GG;8J4LF<AJ;<6;@B5<?8C;BA8F4E8CE8F8AG

<AG;8F6;BB??<98B9HCC8E F86BA74ELF6;BB?FGH78AGF,;8E8F84E6;4A4?LF8FG;8 49986GFC;BA8F;4I8BAG;8FC4G<4?<GL4A7CBJ8EE8?4G<BAB9F6;BB?,;8E8F84E6;

;4F588AHA78EG4>8A4FC4EGB90,&4,'E8F84E6;CEB=86G4A77E4JF9EB@8G;AB :E4C;<674G4CEB7H687<AGJB<AA<F;HCC8E F86BA74ELF6;BB?F7HE<A:

,;8E8F84E6;6BAF<FGFB9G;E88C88E E8I<8J874EG<6?8F4A74 C4:8FH@@4EL ,;8G;E884EG<6?8FB9G;87<FF8EG4G<BA8K4@<A8G;86BAA86G<BAFB9F6;BB?4A7

@B5<?8C;BA8F9EB@7<998E8AGC8EFC86G<I8F,;89<EFG4EG<6?84A4?LF8FG;8;<FGBE<

64??L4@5<I4?8AGE8?4G<BAF;<C58GJ88AF6;BB?4A7G86;AB?B:L<A6?H7<A:G;8946G G;4GG86;AB?B:L<AF6;BB?F8?7B@JBE>F<A4AG<6<C4G87J4LF,;87<998E8A6858 GJ88A@4AL84E?<8EG86;AB?B:<8F4A7@B5<?8C;BA8F<FG;4GG;<FG<@8FGH78AGF4E8 G;8 BA8F 5E<A:<A: G;8@ GB F6;BB? ,;8 F86BA7 4EG<6?8 4A4?LF8F ;BJ C;BA8F 4E8 CE8F8AG 7HE<A: ?8FFBAF ;BJ 7<998E8AG 4CCF 4E8 HF87 4A7 J;4G C;BA8F @84A GB LBHA: C8BC?8 ,;8 6BA6?HF<BA <F G;4G C;BA8F ;4I8 586B@8 4 94@<?<4E CE8F8A68 7HE<A:?8FFBAF<AG;8E8F84E6;F6;BB?FBG;G;84@BHAGFB9C;BA8HF84A7G;8 J4LFG;8C;BA8F4E8HF87I4EL4@BA:G;8FGH78AGF5HGC;BA8FJ8E8HF87F<:A<9<

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

,;8E8F84E6;8A:4:8F<??8F8?8HM84A7Q?<KH4GG4E<[F6BA68CGB9++&

% GB4A4?LF8G;8FB6<4?4A7CB?<G<64?6BAA86G<BAFB9G86;AB?B:L%B5<?8C;BA8F 4E84CCEB46;874FC4EGB94J<78E6BAG8KG,;8E8F84E6;G4>8F47I4AG4:8B9G;8 6BA68CGFB9C?4G9BE@64C<G4?<F@4A77<:<G4??45BHEBAG8@CBE4EL@B5<?878I<68F 4E8HF87@4<A?LG;EBH:;C?4G9BE@FBJA875L:?B54?6BECBE4G<BAFFH6;4FBB:?8 4685BB>%<6EBFB9GBECC?8(?4G9BE@F6BAA86G<A7<I<7H4?HF8E46G<I<GLBAGB4 74G454F86BAGEB??875LG;8C?4G9BE@BJA8EF74G4<FGB74L4C<IBG4?86BAB@<6 946GBE8AG8ECE<F8FF88>GB6B??86G4F@H6;74G44FCBFF<5?8+6;BB?F4E8FB@8B9

(4)

G;8@BFG<AG8E8FG<A:F<G8F9BE74G48KGE46G<BA9BEG86;AB?B:L6B@C4A<8F,;<F<F J;LJ84E8F88<A:FB@4AL46G<I8?LF88><A:GB8AG8EF6;BB?FC468F<AJ;<6;G;8 CE8F8A68 B9 6B@@8E6<4? 46GBEF ;4F FB 94E 588A G<:;G?L 6BAGEB??87 ,;8 E8F84E6;

4F>F4E8?4E:8G86;AB?B:L6B@C4A<8FDH<8G?L:4<A<A:49BBG;B?7<AF6;BB?FC468F G;EBH:;@B5<?8C;BA8FJ<G;BHG4CB?<G<64?7854G8BAG;8<FFH8

Keywords: school, technology, phones, mobile devices, capitalism, as- semblage, platform capitalism, digitalisation

(5)

8?F<A:<AL?<BC<FGB#4FI4GHFG<8G88??<A8AG<878>HAG4

#4FI4GHFG<8G88??<F<PGHG><@H>F<4AH@8EB

!!

GAB:E49<A8AGHG><@HFBCC<?4<78A@B5<<?<?4<GG8<78A=4>4C<G4?<F@<AL;G88A><8GBH GH@<FG4

!

,P@PIP<GSF><E=4G4E>4FG8?88CH;8?<AG8A?PFAPB?B4?H><B?4<FG8A>BH?H4E=8FF4,HG

><@H>F8FF44A4?LFB<744A@<G8ACH;8?<@8G@HHGG4I4G?HB>>4;HBA88AG<?44=4I4?

G4FH;G8<G4F8>P>BH?HAL;G8L>F<PG4?BHG88A.P<GSF><E=4BAG8;GLBF4A40,&4,' GHG><@HFCEB=8>G<4 =4 CB;=4HGHH >4;78FF4 FHB@4?4<F8FF4 ?H><BFF4IHBF<A4 W GHBG8GGHHA8GAB:E49<F88A4<A8<FGBBA,HG><@HF>BBFGHH>B?@8FG4I8EG4<F4EI<

B<7HFG44EG<>>8?<FG4=4 F<IH<F8FG4L;G88AI8GB BF4FG4

.P<GSF><E=4A>B?@84EG<>>8?<4G4E>4FG8?8I4G>BH?HA=4>PAAL>S<78AL;G8L>F<P 8E<AP>S>H?@<FG4AF<@@P<A8A4EG<>>8?<GHG><<G8>AB?B:<4A=4>BH?HA;<FGBE<4??<

F8FG<E<FG<E<<G4<FG4FH;78GG4=4F<GP8GG8<G8>AB?B:<4HF8<A>44AGB<@<>BH?HFF4B7BG8 GH??4G4I4??4%BA<FG44<8@@<FG4G8>AB?B:<B<FG4>PAAL>PG8EB4I4GF<<AP8GGPBCC<

?44GGHBI4GA8>BH?HHA<GF8.P<GSF><E=4AGB<A8ABF4GHG><@HFG4E>4FG8?88CH;8?<AG8A

?PFAPB?B4BCC<GHAA8<??48E<FBI8??HFG8A>PLGGSP=4?4<GG8<78A@8E><GLFGPAHBE<??8 +8GBG8448GGPCH;8?<AG8A?PFAPB?BBAGHG><@HF>BH?H<FF4I4><<AGHAHGBF4>F<BCC<

GHAG<8A>H?>H4&<<ACH;8?<AG8A>PLGSA@PPEP>H<A>PLGGSG4I4G><AI4<;G8?8I4GBC C<?4<78A>8F>8A@HGG4GHG><@H>F8FF4CH;8?<@8GB?<I4G>PLGSFFP@8E><GGPIPABF4A BCC<GHAA8<FG4 44FG4GG8?H<FF4BCC<?44G>BEBFG<I4GCH;8?<AG8AGPE>8LGGP=4A887HF G<I4G<GF8AP<FLLGGP4<>H<FHHGG4F8>PB@44G<?44,B<F44?G4@4<A<GG<<A>PLGSA4=B<G G4<A8AGLS?PLF=B>4?<<GGL<=4G>HI44AI<8FG< =4<?@B<GHFI<EG44A#B?@4AA8FF44EG<>

>8?<FF4CB;7<G44ACH;8?<AG8A=4@H<78A7<:<G44?<FG8A?4<GG8<78A@BA<H?BGG8<FHHGG4

=4A<<78A4I44@<4>LG>8AGS=PG4E>4FG8?8@4??4L;GPBCC<GHAG<4+4@4??4>HA>PAAL

>S<78A>4HGG4E4>8AGHHHHF<4GB<@<=HH>F<4=4@4;7B??<FHH>F<4>LF88A4?4<FG44>BH

?HAG<?44=4I4?G4FH;G8<G4@4E>><A4GB<@<=4GCPPF8IPG?HB>>4;HBA88F88A=4F44I4G CH;8?<AG8A>4HGG4=4?4AF<=44>BH?HFF4

,HG><@HFFBI8?G44<??8F8?8HM8A=4Q?<KH4GG4E<A>8;<GGP@PP+(&&",%&'

>PF<G8GGP=4G4E>4FG8?88F8A4IH??4G8>AB?B:<4AL;G8<F>HAA4??<F<4>LG>8AGS=P#PA AL>S<GP ?P;8FGLGPPA BF4A4 ?44=8@C44 >B>BA4<FHHGG4 E<GL<F8FG< GHG><@H>F8FF4

><<AA<G8GPPA;HB@<BG44?HFG4>4C<G4?<F@<A=47<:<G44?<F8AGLSA>PF<GG8<F<<A$4<GG8<

78A>PLGGSG4C4;GHHAL>LPPACPPBF<ABB:?8A4685BB><A%<6EBFB9G<AG4<C C?8A>4?G4<FG8AFHHELE<GLFG8AB@<FG4@<??44?HFGB<??4=B<??4L>F<GGP<F8A>PLGGP=PAGB<

@<AG4?<<G8GPPABF4>F<LE<GL>F8A;4??HFF4B?8I44G<8GB>4AG44#BF>474G4BAGPAP CP<IPAP>8F>8<A8A><?C4<?H8GHLE<GL>F8GCLE><IPG;4A>><@44AF<GP@4;7B??<F<@

@4AC4?=BA#BH?HBALE<GL>F<??88EPF><<AABFG4I<@@<FG474G4A>8EHHAC4<>B<FG4=4

(6)

A8CLE><IPG@BA<A>8<AB<A>BH?HG<?B<;<A=B<FF4A<<78A?PFAPB?B4BAC8E<AG8<F8FG<

CLE<GGL>BAGEB??B<@44A,HG><@HF>LFLL><A4I4HGHH>BG8>AB?B:<4 4?4AFHHELE<

GL>F<??8CH;8?<AG8A>4HGG4I4<I<;>44CPPFL>BH?HG<?44A<?@4A8GGP4F<4FG4>PL7PPA

>BH?HGHFCB?<<GG<FG4>8F>HFG8?H4

Avainsanat: koulu, teknologia, puhelimet, mobiililaitteet, kapitalismi, sommitelma, alustakapitalismi, digitalisaatio

(7)

%-019.'&)'/'065

AF<@@P<F8>F<;4?H4A><<GGPPB;=44=<4A<#E<FG<<A4EHA<?44E<G=B9+4;?FGES@<P=4 (4H?<<A4 *4HG<BG4 #E<FG<<A44A GHGHFGH<A #+.A >8FP>BH?HFF4 8EE4A>H>>4 EBFF4%8<GPL;7<FG<><<AABFGHFBH64H?G[AGHG><@H>F<<A=4GPFGPL;G8<FGLS@@8?P;

G<><AIHBF<8A@<GG44A?44=8AGH@44A'AB??HG;4HF>44=PE=8FGPP>4AFF4F<F8@<A44 E8=4=4>8;<G8??P@BA<4FHHAA<G8?@<4,HG><@H>F8F<>H?>88=4G>HI4FG<GB78??4><<A ABFG4I<<AFHHAG<<A=4GHG><@HFL;G8<FSSAGH?88HHF<4=PF8A<P=B<78A>4AFF4FHHAA<

G8??4GH?8I44#<<GBFGPFGP<AABFG4I4FG4L;G8<FSFGP=4><<GBFF<<GP8GGPB?8GI<<@8IHB F<A4;B<G4AHG>4<>><IP<GSF><E=44A<?<<GGLIPG>PLGPAASA4F<4G 8?F<A:<FFPE<G=B9 G4C4F<AF<AHG4<I4AGHG><=4ACB?>HA<4?>HI4<;88FF4>HA 4AAHA8HIB<@<AH4>8F

>HFG8?8@44A>4AFF4F<?HB>>4;HBA8GHG><@H>F8FG4,PFGP4?>B<><AC<G>P=4@BA<G4

;B<A8AL;G8<FGLS=BA>44<>4A4B?8A4EIBFG4AHGG4E=B4@44F<GH>84GB78??4C4?=BA (4?=BA<?B<F<4=4FHEH??<F<44F<B<G4BAG4C4;GHAHG@HGG48?P@PBA4<A4F44AHG>H?>84 E<AA4>>4<AGLSA>4AFF4=4B?8@@8IB<A88GGH>84GB<F<4@@8F8A>PPAG8<FFP'?8A GB78??4><<GB??<A8A@LSF>4<>8FG44<A88??<F8FG4GH8FG4=BG4B?8G@<AH??88E<?4<FG8A GLS@4;7B??<FHH>F<8A>4HGG4G4E=BAAHG'A;<8AB48GGPIB<@@8=4G>44L;G8<FGLSGP F8HE44I4>F<><E=4AC4E<FF4(4H?<<A4GH?<B;=44=4>F8A<I<<@8<F<@CPAP*<<>>4FHB F<GG8?< @<AH4 =HGG8?8@44A >4AFF4F< 'H?HA >4FI4GHFG<8G88A CP<I<??P CH;HGGH4@@8 C<G>PPAF<<GP@<G8A><<AABFG4I44GHG><@HFG4G88G#4AFF4F<GLSF>8AG8?LBA><AB??HG GB78??4 <;4A44 EIBFG4A F<AH4 ><E=B<GG4=4A4 GB78??4 C4?=BA =4 BA @4;G4I44 8GGP IB<@@8 ><E=B<GG44 L;78FFP #4HGG4F< B?8A GHGHFGHAHG HHF<<A ><<AABFG4I<<A GHG><

@HF4?B<;<A+88GGPB?8AIB<AHGGH??4'H?HHAGLSF>8AG8?8@PPA>4AFF4F<C4E<>8EG44 IHB78FF4BAB??HGGB78??4;<8AB4=4<AABFG4I44 4?H4A><<GGPP@LSF+<EC4$4CC4

?4<FG4=B>4GB<@<=BA><A4<>44B;=44=4A<=4=BA>4>4AFF4B?8AB??HG?H>8@4GGB@<FF4 F8@<A44E8<FF4=4>BA98E8AFF8<FF4.P<GSF><E=4F<B?<8AF<@@P<A8A>4FI4GHFG<8G88??<

A8A8GAB:E49<4=B;BAGHGHFGH<A=4F8BAC<G>PPAB??HG8F<>HI4A<$HB@4FF4F<?HB G8GG4I4FF4=4GHEI4??<F8FF4<?@4C<<E<FFPBA4<A4B??HG;LIPGB<@<4.<<@8<F8APB;

=44=<FG4A<;4?H4A><<GGPP 4AAH+<@B?44=BG4<?@4A8A8;>PB?<F<?4<A>44ACPPGLALG 8?F<A:<A L?<BC<FGBA >4FI4GHFG<8G88??<F88A G<878>HAG44A GHG><@HFG4A< G8>8@PPA '?8GB??HG@<AH??8GPE>8PBC8GG4=4=4>4AAHFG4=4,HG><@H>F8FF4F<AP<A8GGPBH 64H?G =4 >BH?H FBC<I4G ;LI<A L;G88A EIBFG4A F<GP @<G8A B?8G C<GPALG 4?4<FG8F<

CHB?G4W=4F<GP@<G8A;4HF>44BAB??HGFB<GG44F4@4FF45PA7<FFP

E<GL<F><<GBF GLSA< 8F<G4E>4FG4=<??8 %<AA4 *H6>8AFG8<A<??8 =4 &8<? +8?JLA<??8

%<AA4<AABFGH<AGHG><@H>F8FG4F<=BIHBF<4F<GG8A>HA8AF<@@P<FGP>8EG44GSE@P F<AF<<;8A#<<GBFB<I4?G4I<FG4>B@@8AG8<FG4=4FHHE8FG4C4A8HGH@<F8FG4GLS;SA<

'?<AGB78??4<?B<A8A>HAFHBFGH<G8F<G4E>4FG4=4>F8A<(EB98FFBE+8?JLA!;4I89B?

?BJ87LBHEJBE>F<A68J;8A46B??84:H8BA;84E<A:@LGBC<6FH::8FG87!

F;BH?7?BB><AGBLBHEJBE>!G;4FB998E87@8@4AL<AF<:;GF7HE<A:G;8F8L84EF 4A7!98?GCE<I<?87:87J;8ALBH4:E887GB58@LCE8 8K4@<A8E,;4A>LBH9BEI8EL

(8)

G;BH:;G9H?6B@@8AGF4A78FC86<4??L8@C;4F<M<A:G;8EB?8B9C?4G9BE@64C<G4?<F@

J;<6;:E84G?L;8?C87@8<A@LJBE>

#BH?HGHFFBF<B?B:<4A =4 CB?<G<<>4A GHG><@HFL>F<>>S #-('$! BA B??HG >BG<A<

IHB78FG4 4FG< #<<GBF "4AA8 %<E4 +4<=4 .<EC< 8?8A4 ,B@@< +4@<E4 8<7<+4E4$<A74%4E<4%4E=4AA4 %4<=48I4=4 4AA8?8=B<G4ALGG4C44A CP<I<GGP<AGLS;HBA88??4#<<GBF+BA=4"44>>B+HF4AA4(8GG8E<$<<?4=4@HHG=B<

;<AB?8AF<8??PGHGHFGHAHG"4AA8??8=4%<E4??8><<GBF?P@C<@PFGP<?@4C<<E<FGP=4L;

G8<FLL78AGHAG88FG4=BG4C<7PGG8L??P 8<7<A>4AFF4<FGH<@@8C<G>PPAF4@4FF4GLS

;HBA88FF4=4I<8G<@@8FHHE8ABF4AIHB78FG4L;78FFPGLSF>8AA8??8FFP@@8 F4@4FF4CEB=8>G<FF4<>4C4?=BABAAP<APIHBF<A4G4C4;GHAHG,H?<@@8@B?8@

@4G;<8@4AH?>BCHB?<F<A4L?<BC<FGB??8=4GHAAHFG8?<@@8;P@@8AGLA8<APGHG><=4A

<78AG<G88GG<P'A@4;G4I44AP;7P@<??4<A8A4@@4GG<?4<A8AF<AHFG4BAGH??HG,B@

@<A><A>4AFF4B?8@@8GHAG8A88GC<G>PPA=4CPPGLA88G>H<AF4GGH@4?G4GLSF>8AG8

?8@PPA I<8E8>>P<F<FFP ;HBA8<FF4 &<<A I4<A B?8@@8 @B?8@@4G IP<GG8?8@PFFP I4<>>4G<8BAB??HGC<G>PAA4 %4<=4A>4AFF4B?8@@8I<8GGPA88G@BAG4;4HF>44

;8G>8P=4>8F>HFG8??88G8E<GL<F8FG<* >BA98E8AFF8<FF4'AA84;<8AB??8GHG><=4A HE4??8=4GH?8I<4L;G8<FGLS>HI<B<G4B7BGG48A%4E=4??8><<GBF@BA<FG4><<AABFG4I<FG4

>8F>HFG8?H<FG4 +4<=4??8 ><<GBF FLIP??<F8FGP 8A8E:88GG<F8FGP =4 ;4HF>4FG4 F8HE4FG4 F8>P4E><CP<IPA<?><>HE<FHH78FG4.<EC<??8><<GBFL;G8<F<FGPIHBF<FG4=4GLS;HBA8GB I8EHH78FG4 F8>P 8E<GL<F8FG< ?4>HI8A8<FGP =BG>4 >4AA4GG8?<I4G ><E=B<GHFGLSA I<<@8 I4<;88FF4+4E4??8><<GBFI<<>BA?BCCH=8AI8EG4<FGH8FG4 4AA8?8??8><<GBFBH64H?G

>8F>HFG8?H<FG4=BG>4BI4G=4G>HA88G=BIHB78FG4

#E<FG<<A4AI8GP@PE<G<64?+B6<B?B:L4A7(;<?BFBC;LB97H64G<BA*!+(

GHG><@HFEL;@PBAB??HGGB<A8AGPE>8P>BG<#<<GBF#E<FG<<A4?<A4,HH?<#4G4E<<A4

@88E4#4??8AA<<A4=4>4<>><@HHGAA<<A4A>4AFF4G4C4F<@@8@8?>8<ACP 8AF<@@P<F8AP GLSCP<IPAPA< =4 <FGH<@@8 8AF<@@P<F8A IHB78A F4@4FF4 GLS;HB A88FF4+<<GP4FG<LFGPILLG8F<BAB??HG@<AH??8GPE>8PP=4@<AH4<?4;7HGG448GGPL;P AP8@@8FPPAAS??<F8FG<=4GH8@@8GB<F<4@@8(<4AGB<IBGG4I4FG<@LSFHE;8<?8@@8 L;78FFP#4G4??8><<GBF>B@@8AG8<FG4=B<78A4IH??4F4<A>4>>BF?HIHAHHG88AHF

>BBA,HH?<=4?<A4B?<I4G8AF<@@P<F<PGHGGH=4A<>B>BG<878>HAA4FF4#<<GBFLFGP ILL78FGP=4;<8ABFG4GHG><@H>F8FG4=BG4G88GG8&8?<FGPPA+4E<A>B<@@8;4HF>B=4 F8<>>4<?H=4 +4E< B?< @<AH??8 GB78??4 E4>4F =4 GPE>8P <;@<A8A=BA>4 >4AFF4 BC<A C4?=BAA<<A7<F>HEF<<I<F8FGP4=4GG8?HFG4AB<GHH78FG4>H<AI4A;8@@HH78FG4><A'A I4<AIP;PAF4AB=4FHEH??8=BG4GHAA8@@8>HA8G8APPB?8>4AFF4@@8

.P<GSF><E=4AG8>8@<A8AB??HGC<G>PCEBF8FF<=4GHAGHH>H<AB?<F<A4?B<GG4AHGF8A

=BC4?=BA>4H8@@<A>H<A>4;78>F4AIHBGG4F<GG8A%BA<GPE>8<FGPG8BE88GG<F<FG4=4

>PLGPAAS??<F<FGP B<I4??H>F<FG4 =HBAG44><A =HHE8AF4 BC<F>8?H G4< 4>G<I<FG<4<>44A<

AF<@@P<FGP>8EG444=4GHFGHG><=4A4GB<@<@<F8FG4GH?<>H<G8A><AGB78??4@4;7B?

?<F8>F< 8?F<A:<A L?<BC<FGBA >4FI4GHFG<8G88??<F8FFP G<878>HAA4FF4 GHGHFGHGGH4A<

4AAH+<@B?4A=4?<A4$4;8?@4AC8EHFG4@<<A#-('$! =4#- GHG><@HFEL;

@<<A?<A4><<GBF8GGPB?8GB??HG?HB@4FF4A<<A;<8AB498@<A<FG<F8AGHG><@H>F8A C8E<AA8GGP =BG4 @8 IB<@@8 IHBEBFG4@@8 =4G>44 'A B??HG ;<8AB4 GLSF>8AA8??P

(9)

>B>8A8<78A <;@<FG8A >4AFF4 =4 ;4;@BGG44 C8E<AA8 =BFG4 B@4 GHG><@HF ABHF88

#4AFF4F< BA B??HG @LSF GB78??4 ;4HF>44 8E<?4<F<FF4 >BA98E8AFF8<FF4 =4 F8@<A44 E8<FF4+<AP=4 4AAHB?8GG8>H@C<><A?HBA88GL@CPE<??8AA8?P@C<@PG=4IP?<GGPIPG GHG><@HFL;G8<FSG =B<FF4 BA B??HG ><I4 B??4 @H>4A4 -??4 %4<=44 ;4?H4A ><<GGPP G8>FG8<FGP=B<78A?H>8@<A8ABA><;8?@S<ALG4<A4@<8?GP=4@BA<FG4><<AABFG4I<FG4 EHB>4CSLGP>8F>HFG8?H<FG4

"HFG<68,;EBH:;7H64G<BA ;H<CCHL>F<>SA>4HGG4CPP7L<@@8>B>8@44AC4?

=BA&<<A+<?G4IHBE8AC8A>8E88A4E=8FF4>H<A@BA<??4>BA98E8AFF<@4G>B<??4><AB?8A A4HGG<AHG LFGPILL78FGPAA8 @<8?8GGS@PFG< ,HH?< "8AA< 4EAB !74 !A4 !<74 ,BH>B=4>4<>><@HHG,HH?<<AGHGHFGH<A=B4<I4A4?HFF48AA8A>H<A>H@C<>44A

@8<FGPB<>8<AG<8F<@<GPG8<@@8(4?=BAI4<>8<G4><A4F<B<G4BAF4GGHAHGAP<78AIHB F<8A4<>4A48<>P@8<FGP>H@C<>44AB?8CPPFFLG>BI<A;8?CB??4'A;P@@8AGPIP=4

@8E><GL>F8??<A8AF4GGH@48GGPB?8@@8ALGIP<GG8?8@PFFPF4@B<;<A4<>B<;<A#H>4 B?<F<HF>BAHG'?8G@<AH??8GBF<GPE>8PLFGPIP=4BA><I44=4G8??48GGPBAI<8?PC4?

=BA4F<B<G4G8;GPIPAPL;78FFP"8AA<A>4AFF4B?8@@8>PLA88GGPE>8<GP>8F>HFG8?H=4 B@4FG44F8@4FG4L?<BC<FGB??4=4F<<;8A?<<GGLI<FGP8CPI4E@HH>F<FG4=4E<<GGP@PGGS

@LL78AGHAG8<FG4+<<GP;HB?<@4GG4@8><A@B?8@@4GIP<GG8?8@@8=4GB<IBAF<AH??8 BAA84 4EABA >4AFF4 B?8@@8 G8;A88G @BA<4 ;4HF>B=4 @4G>B=4 ,B<IBGG4I4FG<

A<<GP=4L;G8<F<PGHG><@HF<78B<G4BA=4G>BFF4I4<A8A8@@PA'?8AFHC8E<?B<A8A>HA CPPF8G=4G>4@44AGLSGPF<ALG;8G<A<<A;<8ABFF4CEB=8>G<FF4 8<>><BAHF8<AB??HG AP<??P@4G>B<??4@H>4A4=4F<AP><AB?8GALGIP<GG8?8@PFFP'AA84IP<GS>F88F<=4

@4;G4I44CPPFGPFHHAA<GG8?8@44AGH?8I<4@8G>H=4!A4??8><<GBF;<8ABFG4IP<GSF><E

=4FG4F<=BFG4B?8AF44AHGC4?=BA>PLGPAASA4CH4I<<@8@8GE8<??P

,8KG@SG8A GHG><@HFCEB=8>G<E<G=B9AA4.8EA8E<%4G<?74*<<GG4$<<F4F8>P

@H>4A4@LSFC4?=BAB??88GE<778%<6;48?4&BBE4=4'?<I<4'?<=PAA<GGPIPP=4 GHEI4??<FG4 G8;7P G8<7PA >4AFF4AA8 GHG><@HFG4 4G4F8FF<BG =B<FF4 L;78FFP GHG

><@@84<A8<FGB4B?<I4G@4;G4I4GHGG4IHHF<GF8??8A<.8EA8E<BAI4E@4FG<F8<;@<

A8A =BA>4 >4AFF4 B?8A 8A<G8A G8;ALG GPGP GHG><@HFG4 L;78FFP ,L>>PPA GB78??4 GLSF>8AA8??P >4AFF4F< ALG =4 GH?8I4<FHH78FF4 #8AGGP=4>FBG GHAGH<I4G ;HB@4GG4 I4FG<>8IL8@@<?GPG<8GP8FFPA<8GGPB?<@@8F<8??P@B?8@@4G+HHE><<GBFGHG><@H>

F88A BF4??<FGHA8<??8 >BH?H<??8 =4 8E<GL<F8FG< AHBE<??8 =B<78A >BH?HCP<I<P F4<@@8 F8HE4G4#<<GBF8GGP=4B<GG84E>84AA8>4AFF4@@8

(4H?<<A4A*<<>4A,HHE8A(P<I<A&BBE4A=4 4AA4A>4AFF4B?8@@8GLSF>8A A8??88GCBFG;H@4A<FG<F8AGHG><@H>F8AC4E<FF4#<<GBF>4<>8FG4=PAA<GGPIPFGP=4HH 78FG4=B;BAB?8@@8GHGHFGHA88GIHBF<8AI4EE8??4#<<GBFLFGPILL78FGPF<*<<>>4

><<GBF4>4G88@<F8FG4EB;>8H78FG4F<=4<AABFG4F<,HHE8><<GBF?P@C<@PFGPBGG88F G4F<=4L;G8<F<FGPCB;7<AAB<FG4,H?>BBAA<<GP?<FPP(P<I<><<GBF=48GH<FG4<?B<FG4 FHEH<FG4=4?HBGG4@H>F8FG4

$<<F4A>47HA?H>HC<<E<P;4?H4A><<GGPPLFGPILL78FGP=4@BA<FG4GB78??4GPE>8<>F<

>4FI4A8<FG4>8F>HFG8?H<FG4IHBF<8AI4EE8??4'AGB78??<A8A<?BGHAG84G8<7PG=4CH

;H4>4AFF4AA8A<<A@BA8A?4<F<FG44<;8<FG4?>HFLFPL>F8A>4<>8??84AGB<I4G%<>4

<9B =4 >4C<G4?<F@<A GHAA8@4<F8@4A CB;G<@<A8A #<<GBF 8GGP >HGFH<G F8>4?4<F8A

(10)

CBEH>4A>4F44A#<<GBF>4<><??8E4>>4<??8?H>HC<<E<FFP=4F8AL@CPE<??PCLSE<A8<??8 LFGPI<??88I4??8 4AA4??8$4HE<??8%4C8??8%<>4??8(BAGH>F8??8=4+<A<??8+L 7PAGPA<?P@@<GGPPF8HE4G4A<<GP@BA<4CEB=8>G8=4><E=B=4=4F8>4?4<F<4;4A>>8<G4

=B<;<A@8C<<E<?P<F8GB?8@@8IHBF<8A@<GG44AFBG>8HGHA88G"4>H>4G<8GPP@<GPGH

?8I4<FHH78FF4

8GH4%4E>HFG4"H>>44%4E>>H4=4"HFF<4;4?H4A><<GGPPC<G>PFGPLFGPILL 78FGP,8<7PA>4AFF4AA8=48E<GL<F8FG<L;G8<F8FFP4>G<I<F@<FF4BC<A4=4GG8?8@44A=4 CB;G<@44A@<G8A>PLGPAASA=4G8BE<4AL;G88AFBI<GG4@<A8AIB<GB78??4G4C4;GH4 '?8A<?B<A8AA<<FGPGPE>8<FGP4F<B<FG4=B<G4G88GG8=4><<GB??<A8A8GGPB?8AF44AHGB??4

@H>4A4"LE<=4#4E<><<GBFLFGPILL78FGP=4CB;7<AAB<FG4=BG>4=4G>HI4GI4?GF<

>4FG4 GP;PA CP<IPPA !?4E<4 !?>>44 "BBA4FG4 %4E>HFG4 =4 +4@H4 ;4?H4A ><<GGPP 4E>84>4AA4GG8?8I4FG4/;4GF4CC EL;@PFGP@S>><E8<FFH<FG4=4AL>L@4F>H?<<A<FHH 78ACB;G<@<F8FG4

,HG><@H>F8A<F4<4?>HAF4#+. GB;GBE<B;=8?@4AE4;B<GG4@4A4#<<GPA#4F I44F8AG4E=B4@<FG4@4;7B??<FHH>F<FG4=4>BEI44@4GGB@4A4EIB>>4<FG4G<?4<FHH>

F<FG4GHGHFGH4GHG><=4>B??8:B<;<A@H<FF4>4HCHA:8<FF4=4@4<FF4%4G>4AI4EE8??4 GHG><@HFG4A<BI4GE4;B<GG4A88G@LSF+I8AF>4#H?GHE9BA78A"8AAL=4AGG</<;H E<AE4;4FGBF8>P??4=48BE:;EAEBBG;<AFPPG<S 4?H4A><<GGPP;8<GPGHG><@H>

F8A<@4;7B??<FG4@<F8FG4#<<GBF@LSF 8?F<A:<AL?<BC<FGBA#4FI4GHFG<8G88??<F8??8 G<878>HAA4??8GHG><@H>F8A<E4;B<GG4@<F8FG4F8A?BCCHI4<;88FF4

#<<GBFFHIH??8A<=4C8E;88??8A<=BG>4BI4GGH>8A88G@<AH4GHG><@H>F8A4<>4A4

@BA<AG4IB<AE<GL<F><<GBF,HH?4A=4%4E>HA><E=4;L??L??8=BA>4=HHE8??4?4CF8A4 I<<;7L<AA<<A;LI<A0;P878??88A><E=4;L??LG;8EPGGPIPG@<AHFF4<AABAF8?I<GGPP

@<GPF4?4<FHH>F<4><E=B<;<A>PG>8LGLL#<<GBFP<7<??8=4<FP??8>4??<F4EIB<F8FG4?4F G8A;B<GB4IHFG4AAH>4??8FHHE<><<GBFI4A;8@@HH78A=4>4@<F8FG4@4;G4I4??4G4 I4??4=B>4BA@4;7B??<FG4AHGGP@PAGLSA><AI4?@<FGH@<F8A

%<?>4??8><<GBF>4<><FG4>8F>HFG8?H<FG4=BG>4I4E@4FG<BI4GG8;A88GGPFGP><A><E

=4FG4C4E8@@4A#<<GBF?HBGG4@H>F8FG4=4E4>>4H78FG4=4<;4A4FG4FH;G88FG4=BA>4 B?8@@8E4>8AG4A88G$BCH>F<;4?H4A><<GGPP8@8?<P>4<>8FG4@<GPB?8GBC8GG4AHG

@<AH??8=4<?BFG4=BG48?P@PPA<GHBG'?8AG8;ALGGPGP><E=44@8?>8<A>B>B8?P@PF<

4=4A@HGG4ALGF8I<;7B<ABAI4?@<F=44<>44BAG44F8A8@@PA

8?F<A><

AGG<(44>>4E<

(11)

106'065

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 7

1 INTRODUCTION ... 15

*8F84E6;DH8FG<BAF

A4?LF<A:6BAG8@CBE4EL64C<G4?<F@G;EBH:;4FF8@5?4:8F

<:<G4??45BHE4A7C?4G9BE@64C<G4?<F@

&BG8FBAG;8E8F84E6;8E<AG;84FF8@5?4:8

2 MOBILE PHONES AND THE TECHNOLOGISATION OF SCHOOL ... 25 BJG86;AB?B:LJBE>F<AF6;BB?FV4A7;BJG;<F:B8F4:4<AFGB99<6<4?

8KC86G4G<BAF

<778A6HEE<6H?H@4A7G;8EB?8B9G86;AB?B:L<AF6;BB?GB74L

%B5<?8:8A8E4G<BAF6;4A:<A:FB6<4?<G<8F4A7FB6<8G<8F

HEE8AGG;8@8F<AC;BA8E8F84E6;

3 POWER, CAPITALISM AND ASSEMBLAGES ... 39

(EB7H6G<I8CBJ8E4A7;H@4AA4GHE8

<F6<C?<A8F86HE<GL6BAGEB?

"BHEA8LF<AG;68AGHEL64C<G4?<F@9EB@BE7<F@GBCBFG BE7<F@

+6;BB?4A7G;8E8CEB7H6G<BAB9?45BHE

,;8<A6?HF<BAB96;<?7;BB74A7LBHG;<AGBCEB7H6G<BA A4?LF<A:6BAG8@CBE4EL64C<G4?<F@G;EBH:;4FF8@5?4:8F

4 HOW TO RESEARCH MOBILE PHONE USE? ... 54

G;AB:E4C;L<A7<:<G4?<M87F6;BB?FC468F

'A7B<A:I<78B8G;AB:E4C;L

G;<6F

G;AB:E4C;L4G?4E:8

5 ARTICLES ... 69 +6;BB?4A7F@4EGC;BA8FB:A<G<I864C<G4?<F@<AG;86?4FFEBB@1'E<:<A4?

G<G?8#BH?H=4>PAAL>PG,<8GB>4C<G4?<F@<?HB>>4;HBA88FF42

<:<G4??45BHE<AF6;BB?+@4EGC;BA8F4A7G;8<E6BAF8DH8A68F<A

6?4FFEBB@F

(12)

X/;4G<FCH58EGLG;8AY+@4EGC;BA8F4A7,H@5?E<@4:8F4F78E8

G8EE<GBE<4?<F4G<BAF<A4AHCC8EF86BA74ELF6;BB?6?4FFEBB@

6 CONCLUDING REMARKS ... 73

*89?86G<BAFBA@8G;B7B?B:L

(?4G9BE@64C<G4?<F@<AF6;BB?F

,;8HE:8AGA8879BE7<F6HFF<BABAG86;AB?B:L<AF6;BB?F

/;LG86;AB?B:L<AF6;BB?F;BH?758E8:H?4G87

(;BA8477<6G<BA4A76BAG8@CBE4EL64C<G4?<F@

HGHE8FH::8FG<BAF

REFERENCES ... 83

(13)

+561(14+)+0#.27$.+%#6+105

! (44>>4E<#BH?H=4>PAAL>PG,<8GB>4C<G4?<F@<?HB>>4;HB A88FF41+6;BB?4A7F@4EGC;BA8FB:A<G<I864C<G4?<F@<AG;86?4FF EBB@2 ,8B>F8FF4 EHA<?4 # 'AA<F@44 " (4F4A8A GB<@

($(%2&2,4"!"'(-%-,-+,",($1$1$)",%"+&"++,4@C8E8.4F G4C4<AB

!! (44>>4E< *4HG<B ( .4?4F@B . <:<G4? ?45BHE <A F6;BB?+@4EGC;BA8F4A7G;8<E6BAF8DH8A68F<A6?4FFEBB@F*'"' -%,-*'("%',*,"('IB?"HA8

!!! (44>>4E< *4HG<B ( Z/;4G <F CH58EGL G;8A[

+@4EGC;BA8F4A7,H@5?E<@4:8F4F78E8 G8EE<GBE<4?<F4G<BAF<A4AHC C8E F86BA74EL F6;BB? 6?4FFEBB@"+(-*+ ,-"+ "' ,! -%,-*%

(%","+(-,"('

(14)
(15)

0641&7%6+10

,;8 8AG4A:?87 ;<FGBE<8F B9 F6;BB? 4A7 G86;AB?B:L FGE8G6; 546> 4 ?BA: J4L !A 8FF8A68 G;8L 4E8 9<??87 J<G; 6BA9?<6GF J<G; FGBE<8F B9 ;<:; 8KC86G4G<BAF 4A7 FHECE<F<A:94<?HE8F%B5<?8C;BA8F;4I8588AFGH7<879BEA84E?LL84EF,B74L E8F84E6;BA@B5<?8C;BA8F9B6HF8FBA9BE8K4@C?87<746G<6FB?HG<BAF4A77<:<G4?

?84EA<A:G;8CFL6;B?B:<64?4A7A8HEB?B?B:<64?89986GFB9C;BA8HF84A7G;8FB6<4?

4A7FB6<8G4?89986GFB9C;BA8FC4EG<6H?4EGHEAGBB>C?4684EBHA74F@B5<?8

<AG8EA8G 5864@8 J<78?L 4I4<?45?8 ,;<F 6;4A:8F G;8 EB?8 B9 C;BA8F <A F6;BB?

F<:A<9<64AG?L

,;<FE8F84E6;FH::8FGF47<998E8AG9B6HF!4E:H8G;4G@B5<?8C;BA8F@HFG58 E8F84E6;874FC4EGB9J<78E8AG4A:?876BAG8KGFHEG;8E@BE8<G6BH?78I8A58F4<7 G;4GC;BA8FDH8FG<BAG;8I8EL<784B96BAG8KG4F64C<G4?<F@8KC4A7FGB6BI8E4??

:EBHA7F B9 ?<98 4A7 4?? C4EGF B9 G;8 :?B58 @B5<?8 G86;AB?B:<8F BC8E4G8 5L FHEC4FF<A:6BAG8KGF8@5E46<A:78 6BAG8KGH4?<F4G<BABAG8KGF7<FFB?I84A75?8A7

<AGB846;BG;8E,;<F<FJ;L@B5<?8C;BA8F<AF6;BB?5E<A:FB@4ALBG;8E8?8@8AGF

<AGBC?4L,;<FE8F84E6;<F5H<?GBAG;8ABG<BAG;4GC;BA8HF87B8FABGG4>8C?468

<A4I46HH@!A946G8KG8AF<I89B6HFBA<A7<I<7H4?C;BA8HF8@4L6BA684?G;8946G G;4G<A7<I<7H4?<GL<F5H<?G<AE8?4G<BAGBFB6<8GL86BAB@L4A78AI<EBA@8AG,;<F<F 4?FBJ;4GG;<FE8F84E6;FH::8FGFJ;<?8G4?><A:45BHGF6;BB?FLBHA:C8BC?84A7 G86;AB?B:LJ8F;BH?74?FBG4?>45BHGG;<A:F4A746GBEF6B@C?8K?L8AG4A:?87J<G;

G;8@,F8F84E8G;<A:FFH6;4F;<FGBELCB?<G<6F86BAB@L8AG8ECE<F8F64C<G4?<F@

6;<?7;BB7LBHG;?84EA<A:4A7CBJ8E

,;<F<F4FGBELB98AG4A:?8@8AGF4FFGBE<8FB96BAG8@CBE4ELJBE?7FB9G8A4E8

!AG;<FFGBELG;868AGE4?8?8@8AGF4E8F6;BB?F@B5<?8C;BA8FLBHA:C8BC?864C

<G4?<F@6;<?7E8A[F4:8A6<8FG;8EB?8FB9G86;AB?B:<8F<A6BAG8@CBE4EL86BAB@<8F 4A7CBJ8E4CC4E4GHF8FL@4CC<A:BHGG;8J4LF<AJ;<6;@B5<?8C;BA8F9<:HE8

<AF6;BB??<I8FB9 L84EB?7HCC8EF86BA74ELF6;BB?FGH78AGF<AGJB<AA<F;

GBJAF!8K4@<A8G;86BAA86G87?<I8F@4ALB9HF4E8?<I<A:

(;BA8F4E8G;8E8<AG;86?4FFEBB@F<AF6;BB?F<A6BEE<7BEF4A754:F<ACB6>

8GF,;8L;4I8F?<CC87<AGBG;8?<I8FB9LBHA:C8BC?8DH<G8F84@?8FF?L4A7G;8 F6;BB?FB9G8A7BABG@<A7,;8<784FB9G;87<:< ?84C7<:<G4?<M4G<BAB9?84EA<A:

4A77<:<G4?A4G<I8F4E8J8?6B@874F58?BA:<A:GBG;8JBE?7B94A8J:8A8E4G<BA /;4G<AG8E8FGF@84A7J;4G<F?8FF466BHAG879BE<AE8F84E6;4A7CBCH?4EHA78E FG4A7<A:F<FJ;4G8?F86B@8F4?BA:J<G;G;8C;BA8FFG86;AB?B:<8FG;8L6B@8 J<G;54::4:8J<G;8K<FG<A:4A7CBG8AG<4?8AG4A:?8@8AGF!AF6;BB?G;<FG4>8FC?468 J<G;<AG;8FB6<8G4?<AFG<GHG<BAB9G;8F6;BB?G;4G;4F<GFC4EG<6H?4EGE47<G<BAF4A7 F8GG?87J4LF,;HFG;<F<F4FGBELB9HA9B?7<A:F<AG;<FC4EG<6H?4EF8GG<A:6BAA86G

<A:A8JG;<A:FGB846;BG;8E

(16)

FG;8J4LFB9:8A8E4G<A:86BAB@<6CEB9<G6;4A:8G;8FB6<8GL<FE8FGEH6GHE87 46GBE<8F@BI84EBHA7G;8:?B584A77<F4CC84E9EB@G;8C4EGFB9G;8JBE?7J;8E8 G;<FFGBELG4>8FC?468!AG;8C?468B9EHA 7BJA6<GLA8<:;5BE;BB7F9?BHE<F;A8J E8FG4HE4AGFJBE>FC468F4A76B9988;BHF8F,;8F8F8EI84FI8;<6?8F9BE4A8J><A7 B94C?4G9BE@64C<G4?<F@J;8E8CEB7H6GF4E8ABGBA?LG;<A:F5HG@BB7F<784F<@

4:8F4A7GE8A7F,;8F84E8G;<A:FG;4GC8BC?8:8A8E4G84A7CH5?<F;IB?HAG4E<?L4A7 J<??<A:?L J<G;BHG 4?J4LF :8GG<A: C4<7<:<G4?C?4G9BE@FCEBI<78 @84AF 9BE 4C CEBCE<4G<BA4A7;8?CGB64CGHE8G;8I4?H8G;4G<FCEB7H687'AFGH78AGF[C;BA8F G;8F8C?4G9BE@F;4I84?FB8AG8E87G;8F6;BB?

/;<?8ABGG;89B6HFB9G;8FGBELG;8CEBIB64G<I8DH8FG<BAB9J;LG86;7B8FABG JBE><AF6;BB?64AF8GG;8FGBELB9G;<FE8F84E6;<A@BG<BA;4A:8F<A64C<G4?<F@

4A7@B78FB9CEB7H6G<BA4E8E89?86G87<AG;8G86;AB?B:<8F4A7GBB?FJ8HF8!A4 BH64H?7<4AF8AF8G;8L4E84?FB8AG4A:?87J<G;I4EL<A:G86;A<DH8FB9CBJ8EF F6;BB?BC8E4G8F<A6BA=HA6G<BAJ<G;5BG;G;864C<G4?<FG86BAB@L4A7G86;A<DH8FB9 CBJ8E G;8 49BE8@8AG<BA87 6;4A:8F @4A<98FG 4F 6BA9?<6GF 58GJ88A F6;BB?F 4A7 G86;AB?B:L,86;A<DH8FB9CBJ8EG;4GBC8E4G8466BE7<A:GBG;8?B:<68?8HM878 F6E<58F4F6BAGEB?6?4F;4A7BI8E?4CJ<G;GE47<G<BA4?7<F6<C?<A4ELCBJ8E@86;4 A<F@FB9F6;BB?<A:+<@<?4E?LBE7<FG@B78FB964C<G4?<FGCEB7H6G<BA6?4F;J<G;

CBFG BE7<FGFH6;4F7<:<G4??45BHE4A7C?4G9BE@64C<G4?<F@,;8E89BE8G;86BA9?<6G 58GJ88AF6;BB?4A7G86;AB?B:LCHGF<AC?4L4?FBG;86BA9?<6GF58GJ88A7<998E8AG G86;A<DH8FB9CBJ8E4A7G;86BA9?<6GF58GJ88A7<998E8AG@B78FB9CEB7H6G<BAF G;<FE8F84E6;?BB>F4GF<A:H?4E8I8AGFG4><A:C?468<AF6;BB?4A7<GF8I8EL74L<A G8EF86G<BAF J<G; G86;AB?B:L <G F<GH4G8F G;8@ <A G;8 J<78E 6BAG8KGF B9 64C<G4?<FG CEB7H6G<BA4A7CBJ8EG86;A<DH8F

'5'#4%*,1740';

@C<E<64??LG;<FFGH7L<F54F87BA4G;E88 L84E8G;AB:E4C;<6E8F84E6;<AGJB<AA

<F; HCC8E F86BA74EL F6;BB?F 7HE<A: ,;8 74G4 CEB7H6G<BA ;4F 588A 64EE<87BHG4FC4EGB94E8F84E6;CEB=86GG;4G8ADH<E87<AGBG;8HF8B9@B5<?878I<68F

<AHCC8EF86BA74ELF6;BB?F,;8CEB=86G:4G;8E87E8F84E6;8EFJ<G;I4E<BHF<AG8E 8FGF+B@89B6HF87BA<AG8E46G<BAF4A7G;86;4A:<A:J4LFB9E847<A:4A7JE<G<A:

BG;8EFBAG;8J<78E<@C?<64G<BAFB9@B5<?878I<68F<AF6;BB?F%L4CCEB46;;4F 588A:H<7875L4A<AG8E8FG<A;BJ64C<G4?<F@49986GF4A79E4@8FG;8?<I8FB9G;BF8

?<I<A:<AF+64A7<A4I<4AFB6<8G<8F,;<F<AG8E8FG?847F@8GB?BB>4GG;<A:F?<>8 CBJ8E@86;4A<F@F4:8A6<8FBEEBHG8FB986BAB@<6I4?H89BE@4G<BA!A@LI<8J J;4GFG4EGFBHG4FFB@8G;<A:F88@<A:?LF@4?? F64?84A7@<6EB ?8I8?FGH78AGFHF

<A:@B5<?8C;BA8F<AF6;BB?;4F4A<AGE<64G84A7ABJ474LFCE46G<64??L<@@87<4G8 6BAA86G<BAGB?4E:8 F64?8:?B54?C;8AB@8A4FH6;4F<A8DH4?<GLAG;EBCB68A8BE G;8466H@H?4G<BAB9J84?G;+B@8B9G;8F86BAA86G<BAF;4I88K<FG879BE4?BA:

G<@8FB@8;4I88@8E:87BA?LE868AG?L!A@LI<8JE8F84E6;<ABHE8I8EL74L?<I8F

;4F5BG;46;4A684A74AB5?<:4G<BAGB8A:4:8J<G;G;<F<AG8E6BAA86G87A8FF,;8

(17)

B5F8EI4G<BAF!CE8F8AG;8E8J<??<AG;8GE47<G<BAB9DH4?<G4G<I84A78G;AB:E4C;<6 E8F84E6;58C4EG<6H?4E4A7ABA :8A8E4?<M45?8

,;8J4L<AJ;<6;G;<FE8F84E6;<F6BA7H6G874A7;BJG;8FGBEL<FGB?758:<AF 9EB@G;8<AF<:;GFB9AA4,F<A:4FCE8F8AG<A;8E5BB>-+!*((&,,!

'(,!/(*%,F<A:<AG8EEB:4G8FG;86B@C?8KJ4LFB9<AG8EGJ<A878K<FG8A68BA BHEC?4A8GGB74L+G4EG<A:9EB@@4GFHG4>8@HF;EBB@FJ;<6;9?BHE<F;<A<A78G8E

@<A4G8C?468F4EBHA7G;8:?B58F;85H<?7F4A4A4?LF<FB986BFLFG8@F74@4:875L 64C<G4?<F@4A7@H?G<FC86<8F<AG8E78C8A78A68,;8@HF;EBB@F5E<A:GB:8G;8E<A 7HFGE<4? 9BE8FGEL C<6>8EF J;B?8F8??8EF BHG?4JF 6H?<A4E<FGF 6BB>F @L6B?B:<FGF 4A75BE78EC4GEB?F,;8CEB68FFHA9B?7F<AC4G6;8F4FX4@BF4<6B9BC8A 8A787 4FF8@5?4:8FB98AG4A:?87J4LFB9?<98J<G;846;9HEG;8EBC8A<A:<AGB4@BF4<6B9 G8@CBE4? E;LG;@F 4A7 FC4G<4? 4E6FY ,F<A: ,;<F <F ;BJ ,F<A: 5E<A:F GB:8G;8EG;8I4E<BHFC;8AB@8A44A7?BB>F4GG;8J4L<AJ;<6;G;8L6B 8K<FG4A7 6BAFG<GHG8846;BG;8E,F<A:[F4CCEB46;;4F<AFC<E87@8GB?BB>4G@B5<?8G86;AB?

B:<8F <A F6;BB? <A 4 F<@<?4E @4AA8E ,;8F8 8AG4A:?8@8AGF 4E8 ;BJ C;8AB@8A4 HA9B?7AG4A:?8@8AGF4E8G;BF8<AJ;<6;DH8FG<BAF?847GB@BE8DH8FG<BAF4A7 846;8FG45?<F;876BAA86G<BABC8AFHCA8JBA8FFE8F84E6;8EFJ8@HFG5894<G;

9H?GBG;8F86BAA86G<BAF

!A BE78E GB 466B@C?<F; G;8 ,F<A: <AFC<E87 G4F> B9 @4CC<A: 6BAA86G<BAF 58 GJ88AF6;BB??45BHE64C<G4?<F@G86;AB?B:L4A7CBJ8E!HF84CBFG FGEH6GHE4?<FG G;8BE8G<64?4CCEB46;<AFC<E875L%<6;8?BH64H?G<??8F8?8HM84A7Q?<KH4G G4E<,;EBH:;4A8G;AB:E4C;<6@8G;B7B?B:<64??8AF!F;BJ;BJJ;4GG4>8FC?468

<AG;86?4FFEBB@<F6BAA86G87GBG;86;4A:8F<AG;8@B78FB9CEB7H6G<BA4A764C

<G4?466H@H?4G<BA!A-+!*((&,,!'(,!/(*%,F<A:4F>F;BJ<G<FCBF F<5?8GBFGH7L64C<G4?<F@GB74LW4A7CEBCBF8FG;89B??BJ<A:4AFJ8E

X1V25L6B@5<A<A:6?BF84GG8AG<BAGBG;8JBE?7<A4??<GFCE864E<GLJ<G;

DH8FG<BAF45BHG;BJJ84?G;<F4@4FF87 BJ@<:;G64C<G4?<F@?BB>J<G;

BHG4FFH@<A:CEB:E8FF!G@<:;G?BB>C4G6;L,!('',*,"('(/%,!

"+)(++"%-+.%-)*(-"'-')%''),!+"+))*()*", (*)",%Y,F<A:!G4?<6F<ABE<:<A4?

,F<A:[F4CCEB46;?847F@8GB?BB>4G6;<?7;BB74F4A4E8A4J;8E8A8J6BAA86 G<BAF58GJ88A6;<?7E8A4A786BAB@L4E858<A:6E49G87!AG;<FE8FC86GG;<FFGH7L

<F4FGBELB9A8J4E84FB9?<98586B@<A:FBHE68FB964C<G4?466H@H?4G<BA4A7CEB9<G :8A8E4G<BA,4><A:<AFC<E4G<BA9EB@8GH.<E8A[F4A7"HFF<.P;P@P><[FJE<G<A:

BAHE54A86BAB@<8F!9<A7GE468FB94A8@8E:<A:9BE@B9CEB7H6G<BAFB@8;4I8 64??87" ",%%(-*!A68AG8EF4EBHA74E8 4EE4A:8@8AGB9GE47<G<BA4?EB?8FB9 JBE>8E4A78@C?BL8E<AG;8<AG8EA8GJ;8E84A<A6E84F<A:4@BHAGB9CEB7H6G<I8

?45BHE<F64EE<87BHGIB?HAG4E<?L4F,<M<4A4,8EE4ABI4F4LFB@C4A<8F F88>GB5H<?7C?4G9BE@FJ;8E8C8BC?864A8KCE8FFG;8@F8?I8F5H<?7FB6<4?A8G JBE>F4A7CEBI<786BAG8AG,;846GH4?6BAG8AGCEBI<7<A:<FFB@8G;<A:G;8HF8EF

(18)

7BIB?HAG4E<?L4A79BE9E88,;8<784B9I4?H8CEB7H6G<BAJ;8E8G;846GH4?CEB7H6 8EF4E8ABG6B@C8AF4G87@4L4CC84E4:4<AFGBHEGE47<G<BA4?<784F5HG<F46GH4??L4 C8EF<FG<A:9468GB964C<G4?<F@G;4G<F6BAFG4AG?LA8:BG<4G<A:<GFE8?4G<BAF;<CJ<G;

J;4G<F<ABA8J4LBE4ABG;8EBAG;8BHGF><EGF4A7<AG;8C8E<C;8E<8F58<GE8CEB 7H6G<I8?45BHE4A764E8878E<6<BEABA ;H@4ACEB7H6G<BA,F<A:

,;<F5E<A:FHCG;8CBF<G<BAB9G;8F6;BB?!G;4F4?J4LF;474E8?4G<BAF;<CGB CEB7H6G<I8?45BHE5HGGE47<G<BA4??L4F4C?468J;8E89HGHE8?45BHE9BE68<FCE8 C4E8787H64G87FBEG874A7F8?86G87+<@B?46GH4?CEB7H6G<I8?45BHE;4F ABGG4>8AC?468<AF6;BB?!F<GH4G8G;86;4A:8G;4G<FG4><A:C?468<AGBG;86BAG8KG B9 CBFG BE7<FG 64C<G4?<FG CEB7H6G<BA J;<6; ;4F J<GA8FF87 G;8 CEB?<98E4G<BA B9

@B78FB9CBG8AG<4??LCEB7H6G<I8?45BHEF!J<???4G8E7<F6HFF?45BHE64AGB74L G4>8C?4684?@BFG4ALJ;8E84A7<A4?@BFG4AL9BE@!FH::8FGFB@8B9<GG4>8F C?468<AF6;BB?6?4FFEBB@F<AG;89BE@B9@B5<?8C;BA8HF8 BJ8I8EABG4??

@B5<?8C;BA8HF8<F?45BHEW<G<F4?FB4A<@CBEG4AGFB6<4?46G<I<GLJ;8E8LBHA:

C8BC?85H<?7E8?4G<BAF;<CF4A76BHAG8E CH5?<6FA8:BG<4G8J<G;CBJ8E@86;4A<F@F 4A75H<?74:8A6L

'5'#4%*37'56+105

%LE8F84E6;4<@<FGB4CCEB46;@B5<?8C;BA8HF8<AF6;BB?4F9B64?CB<AG<AJ;<6;

FGH78AGFG86;AB?B:<8F4A764C<G4?<F@6B@8GB:8G;8E,BG;<F8A7!;4I8CEB7H687 I<78B8G;AB:E4C;<674G4B9FGH78AGFHF<A:G;8<EC;BA8F<AF6;BB?5BG;7HE<A:?8F FBAF4A7E868FF8F!AHAE4I8??<A:G;8>ABGFB9G;<F8AG4A:?8@8AG,F<A:!

4@:H<7875LG;89B??BJ<A:E8F84E6;DH8FG<BAF

-+,"('+<GH4G<A:@B5<?8C;BA8F<AGBG;86BAG8KGB96B:A<G<I864C<G4?<F@!

4F> ;BJ G;8<E CE8F8A68 <A F6;BB? 49986GF G;8 E8?4G<BAF;<CF 58GJ88A F6;BB? 4A7 JBE>,;<FDH8FG<BA<F4AFJ8E87<A4EG<6?8F4A7

-+,"('-F<A:G;86BA68CGB97<:<G4??45BHE!4F>;BJ@B5<?8C;BA8HF8<A 6?4FFEBB@6;4A:8FG;86BA68CG<BAB9F6;BB?4F4CH5?<6FC468,;<FDH8FG<BA<F 4AFJ8E87CE<@4E<?L<A4EG<6?8

-+,"('/<G;G;8;8?CB98?8HM8[F6BA68CGFB978E8 G8EE<GBE<4?<F4G<BA!

4F> ;BJ @B5<?8 C;BA8F 6;4??8A:8 G;8 CE8I4<?<A: G8EE<GBE<4?<G<8F <A 4 6?4FFEBB@

,;<FDH8FG<BA<F4AFJ8E87<A4EG<6?8

(19)

0#.;5+0)%106'/214#4;%#2+6#.+5/6*417)*#55'/

$.#)'5

X,;8E8<FAB7<998E8A6858GJ88AJ;4G45BB>G4?>F45BHG4A7;BJ<G<F@478Y 8?8HM8H4GG4E<

,;86BA68CGB9++&% <F68AGE4?GBG;<FE8F84E6;!A<G<4??L!8A6BHAG8E87<G<A

<??8F8?8HM8Q?<KH4GG4E<[F!(-+'%,-+<AJ;<6;G;8L<AGEB7H684F F8@5?4:8F4A7G;8<EE;<MB@4G<66BAA86G<BAF4F@B78FB9BE:4A<M4G<BAG;4G8K6887

;<8E4E6;<64?4A7FG45?84EE4A:8@8AGFA868FF4EL9BEG;87<F6<C?<A4ELCBJ8EBH 64H?G 78F6E<58F +88<A: C;8AB@8A4 4F 4FF8@5?4:8F EHAF C4E4??8? J<G; J;4G 8?8HM8 FH::8FGF <A ;<F 8FF4L' ,! )(+,+*"),+ ,( ,! +(","+ ( (',*(%

8?8HM8!A<G8?8HM84A4?LM8FA8J9BE@FB9CBJ8EG;4GAB?BA:8E;4I8 A8879BEG;89<K87?B:<6FB97<F6<C?<A4ELCBJ8EBH64H?G4?FB7<F6HFF8FG;<FF;<9G

<A;<FB??R:878E4A68?86GHE8FB9 -*",,**",("*)()-%,"('

%4ALB9G;88?8@8AGFG;4G8?8HM87<F6HFF8FHA78EG;86BA68CGB96BAGEB?4E84?FB G4>8AHC5LBH64H?GJ;B4CCEB46;8FG;8@G;EBH:;G86;A<DH8FB9F86HE<GL

FF8@5?4:8F4E8J4LFB9HA78EFG4A7<A:G;8JBE?74A7;BJG;<A:FBE:4A<M8<A

<G8?8HM84A7H4GG4E<<AGEB7H684FF8@5?4:8F4F4?G8EA4G<I8FGBF88<A:8AG<G<8F4F

<A7<I<7H4? 4A7 HA6;4A:<A: !AFG847 B9"' G;8L 8@C;4F<M8(&"' J;<6;

G4>8FC?468<A4FF8@5?4:8F4F8AG<G<8F=B<ABG;8EF4A79BE@6B@CBF<G8FG;4G4E8

@BE8G;4AG;8FH@B9G;8<EC4EGFF&<6>$88JE<G8F8?8HM84A7H4GG4E<F88>

GBXC8EFH478HFGBFGBC4F><A:DH8FG<BAF45BHG9<K87;H@4AA4GHE8GBFGBCF88<A:

?<98<AG8E@FB96B@C?8G<BAYFF8@5?4:8F64A58G;BH:;GB94F?<A8F G;4GFJ<E?GB:8G;8E9BE4J;<?84A778C8A7<A:B9G;8<E78:E88B96BAF<FG8A6L5E84>

4C4EGGB9BE@BG;8E4FF8@5?4:8FF$88JE<G8FG;<FI<8JX:<I8FHF4C<6GHE8B9

;H@4A?<98J;8G;8E47H?GBE6;<?74F4A<AIB?I8@8AG<A@H?G<C?8586B@<A:FY$88 FF8@5?4:8F4E8ABG;H@4A 68AGE<64A78?8HM84A7H4GG4E<8@C;4 F<M8G;8946GG;4G;H@4AF;4I84?J4LF8AG8E87<AGB6B@C?<64G874FF8@5?4:8FJ<G;

ABA ;H@4A46GBEF,;8<EB9G8A DHBG878K4@C?8<FG;84FF8@5?4:8B9;H@4A4A7

;BEF8J;<6;6;4A:8FG;8EB?8B95BG;:<I<A:G;8@A8J64C45<?<G<8F4A77HG<8F /;8A4G;<E78?8@8AGFH6;4F4C?BH:;=B<AFG;<F4FF8@5?4:8<G;4F9HEG;8E6BAF8 DH8A68FFH6;4FG;85<EG;B9@B78EA4:E<6H?GHE88?8HM8H4GG4E<

,;8JBE74FF8@5?4:8<FE<4A%4FFH@<[FA:?<F;GE4AF?4G<BA9BEG;8E8A6;

JBE7 '&',8?8HM84A7H4GG4E<HF8<A!(-+'%,-+,;8E8<F4A

<@CBEG4AG4FC86G<AG;8BE<:<A4?G8E@G;4G<FF?<:;G?L?BFG<AGE4AF?4G<BAF(H4E 4A7/<F8CB<AGBHG '&',E898EFGBG;86B@<A:GB:8G;8EB9

;8G8EB:8ABHF8?8@8AGFABGGBG;8E8FH?GB9G;<F6B@<A:GB:8G;8EA4FF8@5?4:8

<FABGFG4G<65HGG;8CEB68FFB9G;<A:F6B@<A:GB:8G;8E!AFB@8E847<A:F4FF8@

5?4:8F64EEL4E898E8A68GBFG<???<98B5=86GF5EBH:;GGB:8G;8E5HGE8@4<A<A:FG4G<6 '&',;BJ8I8E7<998EF9EB@G;<F<AGJB4FC86GF9<EFG?LG;<A:F;4I8ABG588A 5EBH:;GGB:8G;8E5L4A4HG;BE4A4EG<FGBE4AL:<I8AFH5=86G4A7F86BA7?LG;<A:F

(20)

7BABGE8@4<AFG<??FF8@5?4:8F4E8FC887F4A79?BJFAG4A:?87<AG;8@4E86BA GE47<6GBEL9BE68FCH??<A:<A7<998E8AG7<E86G<BAF

8?8HM84A7H4GG4E<JE<G8G;4GJ87BABG>ABJJ;4G4A4FF8@5?4:8<FHAG<?

J89<A7BHGJ;4G<G7B8F8?8HM8H4GG4E<!ABG;8EJBE7F4FF8@

5?4:8F;4I8AB9<K878FF8A684A764A58>ABJABA?LG;EBH:;G;8<EBC8E4G<BAF ,F<A:789<A8F4FF8@5?4:8F4FBC8A 8A787:4G;8E<A:FG;4G7E4:CB?<G<64?

86BAB@L<AF<78G;8@4A7X64AABG;<789EB@64C<G4?4A7G;8FG4G8G;8L4E8F<G8F 9BEJ4G6;<A:;BJCB?<G<64?86BAB@LJBE>FY,;<F@84AF45BI84??G;4G86BAB@L 64AABG58F8C4E4G879EB@G;8FB6<8GL4A78K4@<A874F47<F6BAA86G87C;8AB@8 ABA!G<F<AG;<FI8<AG;4G!CEBCBF8G;4G@B5<?8C;BA8HF8<AF6;BB?F;BH?7ABG BA?L 58 4CCEB46;87 4F FH6; <G 7E4:F BG;8E G;<A:F J<G; <G 4A7 64AABG 58 F8C4 E4G879EB@G;8@'A?L49G8E9B??BJ<A:G;8@BI8@8AGFJ<G;<AG;8F84FF8@5?4:8F 64AJ84CCEBK<@4G8G;8<E89986GF

"%46:E8:BE/<F8CB<AGFGBG;86BA68CG[FCBFF<5<?<G<8F<AFGH7L<A:G86;AB?B :<8F/<F8?4LFBHGG;E88CBFF<5?8J4LFB9?BB><A:4G@B5<?8C;BA8F9<EFG?LF88<A:

;H@4AF4A7C;BA8F4FF8C4E4G88AG<G<8F4A7FGH7L<A:8<G;8EG86;AB?B:<64?78I8?

BC@8AGFBEG;8<E89986GFBA;H@4AFF86BA7?LF88<A:G86;AB?B:<8F4F6BAG8KGH4?

BE 8@587787 <A J;<6; 64F8 G;8 9B6HF <F BA G;8 8@587787 CE46G<68F B9 HF<A:

C;BA8F4A7G;8E8<FABC;BA8HF8BHGF<78B946BAG8KG4A7G;<E7?LF88<A:6BAA86 G<BAF58GJ88A;H@4AF4A7G86;AB?B:<8F4F*,"-%,"('+G;4G6BAA86G?<>8GE4<?8EF B94GEH6> 4??!AG;8G;<E7<AFG4A68ABA8B9G;84EG<6H?4G87<F4CE<@4EL FH5=86G4F846;<A9?H8A68FG;8BG;8EFA74F"8AA<98E+?46>CB<AGFBHGXG;8HA<

G<8F9BE:874A75EB>8A<AG;<F8KC4A787HA<I8EF84E8ABGF<@C?LC;LF<64?B5=86GF FH6;4FGEH6>F5HG6B@C?8K6BAA86G<BAFB98?8@8AGFG;4G4E8G;8@F8?I8F4EG<6H?4 G<BAFY+?46>,;868AGE4?<784<FG;4G6BAA86G<BAF64AABG58Z7<F 8@

587787[4FG;8<784B98@587787CE46G<68F6BH?7FH::8FG,86;AB?B:<8F4E8ABG BA?LHF87<A6BAG8KG5HG4E86BAFG<GHG87<A<G/<F8

F /<F8 JE<G8F 4CCEB46;<A: G86;AB?B:<8F G;EBH:; 4FF8@5?4:8F

?847FHFGB4F>DH8FG<BAF?<>8X BJ;4FG;8@B5<?8C;BA8588A4EG<6H?4G87GBC4E G<6H?4ECBCH?4G<BAFLBHG;5HF<A8FF8F BJ7B8FG;8@B5<?8C;BA84EG<6H?4G8GB 7<F6BHEF8F4A7CB?<6<8FB9A8B?<58E4?<F@FGE8FF<A:<A7<I<7H4?F8?9 8KCE8FF<BAY /<F8FH::8FGFG;4GJ86BH?7C8E;4CF?BB>4G@B5<?8C;BA8FG;EBH:;G;8?8AFB9 G;8E8:<@8B9@B5<?8CE<I4G<M4G<BAF!A*4L@BA7/<??<4@F[4A4?LF<FG8?8 I<F<BA6BAA86G87J<G;4FB6<8G4?4FF8@5?4:8G;4G8@C;4F<M87G;8CE<I4G8FC;8E8B9

;B@8/<F8FH::8FGF?BB><A:4G@B5<?8C;BA8FG;EBH:;4A4FF8@5?4:8XG;4G8@

C;4F<M8F@B5<?<GL4HGBAB@LCE<I4G<M4G<BA4A7<A7<I<7H4?8@CBJ8E@8AGG;EBH:;

A8B?<58E4?<F@Y

XA7FBJ84E8ABG=HFG784?<A:J<G;4A4FF8@5?4:85HG4E8:<@8B94F F8@5?4:8FJ;<6;<AG;864F8B9G;8A8J9BE@B9@B5<?8CE<I4G<M4G<BA

<A6?H78FABGBA?LG;8@B5<?8C;BA85HG4?FBG;84EE4LB9F8?9 F8EI<68BE F8?9 6;86>4FF8@5?4:8F4A7@4ALBG;8EFHG846;4FF8@5?4:8<F8AG8E87

<AGB?B64??L!C<6>HCG;8@B5<?8C;BA84A79?<C<GBC8A@L5B7L6;4A:8F

(21)

FC887 C4G; 4A7 6BAF<FG8A6L ! 8AG8E <AGB 4A 4FF8@5?4:8 B9 ?4A:H4:8 4 6B??86G<I84FF8@5?4:8B98AHA6<4G<BA1V2J;<6;@4>8FFB@8FG4G8@8AGF CBFF<5?84A7BG;8EFABGY/<F8

,;<FE8F84E6;9B6HF8FBAFGH78AG @B5<?8C;BA8 6?4FFEBB@4FF8@5?4:84F4A8K 4@C?8B9<AG8EF86G<A:4FF8@5?4:8FG;4G64A589BHA7<AF6;BB?!;4I8E847C;BA8 HF8<A6?4FFEBB@F4F4A4FF8@5?4:8G;4G@B5<?<M8F87H64G<BA4?C?4AA8EFCB?<G<64?

<AG8E8FG:EBHCFG86;AB?B:L47IB64G8F6;<?7E8AG846;8EF47I8EG<F8EF@4E>8G8EF CEB7H6GC?4AA8EFC4E8AGF6B78E6;<?7E8A64C<G4?<F@4:8A6L49986GFCBJ8E@86;

4A<F@F F6;BB? 6HEE<6H?H@F 4?? 4G BA68 ,;8F8 8AG8E <AGB @H?G<C?8 4FF8@5?4:8F FH6;4FC;BA8@4AH946GHE<A: 64C<G4?<AI8FG@8AGF @<A8E4?@<A<A:F6;BB?CE<I4G

<M4G<BA 7<:<G4?<M4G<BA C?4G9BE@64C<G4?<F@!A4EG<6?8J;<?8?BB><A:4GBA8FGH 78AG HF<A: ,H@5?E BA G;8<E C;BA8 7HE<A: 4 ?8FFBA G;8 6BA68CG B9 4FF8@5?4:8

;8?C87@8GB5E<A:GB:8G;8EG;88?8@8AGFCE8F8AG<AG;88A6BHAG8E

!HF878?8HM8H4GG4E<[F6BA68CGFB978 4A7E8 G8EE<GBE<4?<F4G<BAGB?BB>4G G;8 @BI8@8AGF 58GJ88A 4FF8@5?4:8F (;BA8F 8AG8E 6?4FFEBB@F 4F 4FF8@5?4:8F 4A7 4?FB 6E84G8 BCCBEGHA<G<8F 9BE 78G8EE<GBE<4?<F4G<BA BAGB BG;8E 4FF8@5?4:8F !A 8?8HM8H4GG4E<[FG;<A><A:478G8EE<GBE<4?<F4G<BA<F9B??BJ875L4E8G8EE<GBE<4?

<M4G<BAF.<E8A.P;P@P><JE<G8X,;86BA7<G<BA9BEG;88KC4AF<BA 4A7E8CEB7H6G<BAB9G;8E8?4G<BAF;<CB964C<G4?<F46BAFG4AGF;<9G<A:B95BHA74E<8F 46BAG<AHBHF78G8EE<GBE<4?<F4G<BAJ;<?8G;8E8CEB7H6G<BAB964C<G4?4FB6<8G4?CBJ8E E8?4G<BAE8DH<E8F6BAGEB?B99E88@BI8@8AG<ABG;8EJBE7FE8G8EE<GBE<4?<M4G<BAY

/;4GG;84FF8@5?4:85E<A:F<F4J4LGB?BB>4G;8G8EB:8ABHF8?8@8AGFBE?<A8F 8AG4A:?87 <A 4 F<GH4G<BA J<G;BHG 4FF<:A<A: 4 CE878G8E@<A87 ;<8E4E6;L BA G;8@

+8I8E4??<A8FB978G8EE<GBE<4?<F4G<BABC8AHC<A4A4FF8@5?4:8G;8A6BAA86GJ<G;

E8G8EE<GBE<4?<F4G<BAFBAGBBG;8E4FF8@5?4:8F

+)+6#..#$174#0&2.#6(14/%#2+6#.+5/

,JB9HEG;8E6BA68CGF4E868AGE4?GBG;84A4?LF<FB964C<G4?<F@G4><A:C?468<AG;<F G;8F<F<EFG?LG;<FE8F84E6;<FF<GH4G87<AJ;4G+EA<68>64??F)%,(*&)

",%"+&,;<FE898EFGB6B@C4A<8FG;4GCEB7H68A8GJBE>C?4G9BE@FBAJ;<6;HF8E 46G<I<GLG4>8FC?468,LC<64??LG;8F86B@C4A<8F;4I898J8@C?BL88F5HGB66HCL 4 F<:A<9<64AG F86GBE B9 FGB6> @4E>8G I4?H8 4A7 CEB9<G :8A8E4G<BA ,;8 C?4G9BE@

@B78?;4F:4<A87GE46G<BA8FC86<4??L49G8E<AG8EA8GHF8;4F@BI87GB@B5<?878 I<68FJ<G;G;85<::8FG6HEE8AG?L58<A:47I8EG<F<A:C?4G9BE@FG;8?<>8FB9BB:?8 4A74685BB>!A477<G<BAGB47I8EG<F<A:C?4G9BE@F+EA<68>?<FGF6?BH7C?4G9BE@F

@4MBA /85 +8EI<68F BB:?8 CC?8 %<6EBFB9G <A7HFGE<4? C?4G9BE@F +<8

@8AF8A8E4??86GE<6CEB7H6GC?4G9BE@F+CBG<9L(4A7BE44A7?84AC?4G9BE@F -58E<E5A5!AC?4G9BE@64C<G4?<F@HF8E46G<I<GLG4>8FC?468BA4CEBCE<8G4EL C?4G9BE@J;<6;@84AFG;4GG;8C?4G9BE@BJA8E;4F6BAF<78E45?86BAGEB?BI8EJ;4G HF8EF64A7B4A7G;4G8I8ELG;<A:G;8L7B?84I8F474G4GE468B@C4E87GB84E?<8E

(22)

9BE@FB964C<G4?<F@G;86B@C4A<8FABJ;4I8;H:84@BHAGFB974G4BAG;8<E6HF GB@8EF!G<FG;<F74G4G;4G;4F?4G8?L586B@84@4=BEFBHE68B947787I4?H8

9G8E F G;8 6;4A:8F <A 64C<G4?<F@ ;4I8 588A 4CCEB46;87 G;EBH:; @4AL 6BA68CGF6B:A<G<I864C<G4?<F@>ABJ?87:864C<G4?<F@G;84GG8AG<BA86BAB@LG;8 F;4E<A:86BAB@LG;8:<:86BAB@LBEG;8FHEI8<??4A6886BAB@LBEG;8CHECBF8F B94A4?LF<A:C;BA8HF8<AF6;BB?!;4I8GHEA87GB+EA<68>[FABG<BAB9C?4G9BE@

64C<G4?<F@J;<6;;8789<A8F8FC86<4??LG;EBH:;G;88@8E:8A68B94A8J><A7B94 E4J@4G8E<4?74G4+EA<68>X+<@C?LCHGJ8F;BH?76BAF<78E,GB 58G;8E4J@4G8E<4?G;4G@HFG588KGE46G874A7G;8,".","+B9HF8EFGB58G;8 A4GHE4?FBHE68B9G;<FE4J@4G8E<4?"HFG?<>8B<?74G44E84@4G8E<4?GB588KGE46G87 E89<A874A7HF87<A4I4E<8GLB9J4LF1V24G4;4I86B@8GBF8EI84AH@58EB9

>8L 64C<G4?<FG 9HA6G<BAF G;8L 87H64G8 4A7 :<I8 6B@C8G<G<I8 47I4AG4:8 GB 4?:B E<G;@FG;8L8A45?8G;86BBE7<A4G<BA4A7BHGFBHE6<A:B9JBE>8EFG;8L4??BJ9BE G;8BCG<@<F4G<BA4A79?8K<5<?<GLB9CEB7H6G<I8CEB68FF8FG;8L@4>8CBFF<5?8G;8 GE4AF9BE@4G<BAB9?BJ @4E:<A:BB7F<AGB;<:; @4E:<AF8EI<68F4A774G44A4?LF<F

<F<GF8?9:8A8E4G<I8B974G4<A4I<EGHBHF6L6?8Y+EA<68>

!ABG;8EJBE7F<AC?4G9BE@64C<G4?<F@HF8E46G<I<GL<F4FBHE68B974G4J;<6;<A

<GF8?964A58HF879BECEB9<G:8A8E4G<BA,;<F64A;4CC8AI<447I8EG<F<A:4FJ<G;

BB:?8BE4685BB>BE@BE8<A7<E86G?L;8?C<A:GB6E84G8A8JCEB7H6GFBE8A4 5?<A:G;89?8K<5<?<M4G<BAB9G;8?45BE9BE68,;8GE47<G<BA4?@B78?<AJ;<6;46B@

C4ALF8??F4CEB7H6GGBG;86BAFH@8EF7B8FABG4CC?LGBC?4G9BE@F5864HF8G;8 BJA8EFB9G;8C?4G9BE@F6BAG<AH8GB58A89<G9EB@HF8E46G<I<GLBAG;8C?4G9BE@?BA:

49G8E G;8 HF8E ;4F CHE6;4F87 G;8 CEB7H6G ,;8 <@CBEG4A68 B9 G;8 74G4 :4G;8E87 G;EBH:;G;8C?4G9BE@64A58F88A<AG;8946GG;4G6B@C4A<8F6B@@BA?LB998EFB@8 B9G;8<EC?4G9BE@F9BE9E884F<FG;864F8J<G;FB6<4?@87<4C?4G9BE@F4685BB>

!AFG4:E4@BEFB@8BB:?8F8EI<68F@4<?GBA4@8498J

,;<FE8F84E6;HF8FG;86BA68CGB9C?4G9BE@64C<G4?<F@GB4A4?LF8G;8E8?4G<BA F;<C58GJ88A@B5<?878I<68F4A7LBHA:C8BC?8,;8946GG;4GFGH78AGF[C;BA8HF8

<A F6;BB? :8A8E4G8F 74G4 9BE 6B@@8E6<4? C?4G9BE@F E4<F8F <AG8E8FG<A: DH8FG<BAF J;<6;!J<??G46>?8?4G8E<A6;4CG8E,;<F<F4?FBJ;8E8G;86BA68CGB9" ",%

%(-*6B@8F<A!GE898EFGBG;8I4?H8CEB7H6<A:46G<I<GLHF8EF8A:4:8<AJ;<?8 BC8E4G<A:<A<AG8EA8G!HF8G;87<FG<A6G<BAH6;F4A7+8I<:A4A<@4>858 GJ88A7<:<G4?JBE>G;846G<I<GLG4><A:C?4684A77<:<G4??45BHE<GFI4?BE<M87C4EG ,;8DH8FG<BAB9J;8G;8EC;BA8HF8<F?45BHE<F<A78876B@C?8K5HG<AG;86BAG8KG B9G;<FG;8F<FG;89B??BJ<A:CB<AGF@HFG586BAF<78E87<EFG?LHF8E46G<I<GL6?84E?L CEB7H68FI4?H89BE8AG8ECE<F8F!G<FG;8E89BE84I4?H8 CEB7H6<A:46G<I<GLWG;BH:;

ABG?45BHE<AG;8GE47<G<BA4?F8AF8F<A68<G6?84E?L<FABG8K6;4A:879BE4J4:8/8

@HFGG;8A4F>J;8G;8EHF8E46G<I<GLBA@B5<?878I<68F4A7FB6<4?@87<4DH4?<9<8F 4F?45BHE4G4??'A84E:H@8AG<FG;4GBA?LG;86B@C4A<8FJ;B6E84G84?:BE<G;@F 4A7@4<AG4<AG;8C?4G9BE@F8A:4:8<A?45BHE4A74E87H?L6B@C8AF4G87,;8HF8EF

@4>8494<E8K6;4A:8J;8E8G;8L4E8:<I8A49E88C?4G9BE@4A7<AE8GHEA;4A7BI8E

(23)

G;8<EHF8E74G4,;<FE4<F8FGJBDH8FG<BAF<FHF8E46G<I<GLIB?HAG4EL4A7;BJ?4 5BE<BHF<F<G!AG;8?<:;GB96HEE8AGE8F84E6;G;84AFJ8EGBG;89<EFGDH8FG<BA<F A8:4G<I84FJ;<?8G86;A<64??LCBFF<5?8BCG<A:BHGB9FB6<4?@87<44A7BG;8EC?4G 9BE@F<FB9G8AFB6<4??L7<99<6H?G4A764EE<8F4FB6<4?6BFG,;8E89BE8J;<?8ABG@4A 74GBEL<G<FABG6B@C?8G8?LIB?HAG4EL8<G;8E*8:4E7<A:G;8F86BA7DH8FG<BAE8 F84E6;FH::8FGFG;4GHF8EF4E8<A6E84F<A:?LF88<A:@B5<?878I<684A7FB6<4?@87<4 HF84FDH<G8?45BE<BHF4A7G<@8 6BAFH@<A:

!A6BA6?HF<BA!58?<8I8G;4GG;8E84E8:EBHA7FGB6BAF<78EC;BA8HF84F7<:<G4?

?45BHE!G<F68EG4<A?L4I8ELFC86<9<69BE@B9?45BHEJ;<6;<F6?BF8?L6BAA86G87GB C?4G9BE@64C<G4?<F@ BJ8I8EG;8946G4?BA8G;4GG;<F><A7B9?45BHE<F6BAFG4AG?L G4><A:C?468<A6?4FFEBB@F@4>8F<G5BG;HACE86878AG874A7JBEG;78G4<?87FGH7L FG;8GE47<G<BA4?ABG<BAFB9J4:8?45BHEBEA868FF4EL?45BHEG<@84E8@<FF<A:!

J<?? ?4G8E 6;4CG8E FH::8FG 4A4?LM<A: 7<:<G4? ?45BHE G;EBH:; 8?8HM8 4A7 H4GG4E<[F6BA68CGB94FF8@5?4:8

16'5106*'4'5'#4%*'4+06*'#55'/$.#)'

9B6HFBA4FF8@5?4:8F4?FB8AG4<?F4E8 CBF<G<BA<A:B9G;8E8F84E6;8E,;8E8 F84E6;<GF8?96BAFG<GHG8F4A4FF8@5?4:8<AJ;<6;G;8;<FGBE<8F4A76BAA86G<BAFB9 G;8E8F84E6;8EC?4L4C4EG,;<FC4EG<6H?4EE8F84E6;4A7G;8DH8FG<BAF!E4<F8;4I8 46BAA86G<BAGB@L546>:EBHA7!ABE78EGBF<GH4G8@LF8?9!J4AGGB5E<89?L9B6HF BAG;8J4LF<AJ;<6;G;<FCEB=86GJ4F5BEA,;BH:;BA8B9@L9<EFG 46478@<6 899BEGFJ4F4F@4??E8F84E6;C4C8E@84A7@L9E<8A7#4E<JEBG8GB:8G;8EBA@B5<?8 C;BA8E8?4G87A8JF6BI8E4:8@B5<?878I<68F;4I8ABG588A8FC86<4??LF<:A<9<64AG

<A@L?<98B<A6<78AG4??L<G<FABGG;EBH:;G;8@5HGG;EBH:;G;8<784B9<A78C8A7 8AGF6;BB?JBE>G;4G!8AG8E87<AGBG;<FE8F84E6;

9G8EFGH7L<A:FB6<B?B:L4A7?<G8E4GHE8!JBE>874F4<AA<F;G846;8E<AF86 BA74EL4A7HCC8EF86BA74ELF6;BB?F,;8E8BH64H?G[FE8F84E6;BAG86;A<DH8FB9 CBJ8E?847@8GB?BB>4GF6;BB?4F4F<G8B9FC86<9<6CBJ8EE8?4G<BAF4??

'=4>4A:4F!A<G<4??L!J4AG87GBE8F84E6;CBJ8EE8?4G<BAF<AF6;BB?4A7G;8 CEB7H6G<BAB94A8AGE8CE8A8HE<4?FH5=86G<I<GL%BABA8A 4G<FG4BFG4EHA<?4 H<7875LBH64H?G!;LCBG;8F<M87G;4GFH5=86G<9L<A:CE46G<68F4E87<F C8EF87G;EBH:;BHGG;8J;B?8<AFG<GHG<BA4?945E<6<AFG847B958<A:?B64?<M87<AF<78 4AL:<I8AFH5=86GBE?84EA<A:6BAG8AG,;<F@478<G7<99<6H?GGB>ABJJ;8E8GBFG4EG I8AGH4??LG;8<AG8E8FG<ACBJ8EE8?4G<BAF4A7FH5=86G<9<64G<BAJBH?7?847@8GB J4E7F8?8HM84A764C<G4?<F@!J8AGF84E6;<A:9BEFGH78AGF[<A78C8A78AGJBE>

4F!9<:HE87<GJBH?7584F><??G;4GJBH?7;4I8GB588@C;4F<M874FJBE><A:?<98 J4FE4C<7?L6;4A:<A:4A7G;845<?<GLGB:H<78BA8F8?9J4F586B@<A:68AGE4? BJ 8I8EJ;4G!E4A<AGBJ4FG;8CE8I4?8A68B9C;BA8F4A7G;8<EF<:A<9<64A688FC86<4??L 4F4F<G89BEFGH78AGF[BJAG<@84A7<A7<I<7H4?JBE>

F!J4F4CCEB46;<A:F6;BB?4F4C4EGB9FB6<8G4?CBJ8EFGEH6GHE8F<ABG;8E JBE7F4F4C?468G4F>87J<G;6E84G<A:CE8C4E<A:4A76;BBF<A:9HGHE8JBE>9BE68

(24)

9BEG;858A89<GB94A<A7HFGE<4?64C<G4?<FGFB6<8GL!5864@8<AG8AF8?L<AG8E8FG87<A G;8@4GE<KB9CBJ8EE8?4G<BAFC?4L<A:BHG<AG;8@<6EB ?8I8?B98I8EL74LF6;BB?

?<98BEBH64H?GCBJ8E7B8FABGBC8E4G8G;EBH:;:E4A7:8FGHE8F(BJ8EE8?4G<BAF C?4LBHG<A8I8EL74L<AG8E46G<BAF4A74E8CE8F8AG<AG;8G86;AB?B:<8FJ8HF8&8J 6B@@HA<64G<BAG86;AB?B:<8F8AG8E<A:G;86?4FFEBB@49986GG;8CBJ8EE8?4G<BAF4A7 CEB68FF8FB9FH5=86G<I4G<BAG;8G86;AB?B:<8FJ8HF84?FBCEB7H684A7FH5=86G<9L HFJ8586B@8FH5=86GFJ<G;4A7G;EBH:;G86;AB?B:<8F$BB><A:788C8E<AGBC;BA8 HF8 <G F88@87 G;8L ;47 4 CBG8AG<4? 9BE DH8FG<BA<A: G;8 CBJ8E E8?4G<BAF <AF<78 F6;BB?G;8E8?4G<BAF58GJ88AF6;BB?4A7<GFBHGF<784A74?FBG;8E8?4G<BAF58GJ88A F6;BB?4A7?45BHE(;BA8HF85BG;5EBH:;GLBHA:C8BC?8GB4A4E84G;4GJ4FBHG F<78F6;BB?6BAGEB?4A7J;8E8G;<A:F?<>87<:<G4??45BHEGBB>C?4684A75EBH:;G FB@8G;<A:9BE8<:A<AF<78G;8F6;BB?J;<6;4F47<F6<C?<A4EL<AFG<GHG<BA;47588A FBFGE<6G45BHG<GFBJA5BHA74E<8F 8E8<GJ4F94687J<G;FB@8G;<A:<G6?84E?L 6BH?7ABG6BAGEB?5HGC8E;4CF<G4?FB7<7ABG9H??LJ<F;GB7BFBW49G8E4??J8J8E8 784?<A:J<G;468AGE4?C4EGB99HGHE8?45BHEF><??FG;8F6;BB?J4F@84AGGBC4FFBA

(25)

1$+.'2*10'5#0&6*'6'%*01.1)+5#6+101(

5%*11.

!ABE78EGB?BB>4GG;8EB?8B9@B5<?878I<68F<AF6;BB?J8@HFG9<EFG:B546>4 98JFG8CF4A74F>DH8FG<BAF45BHG5BG;G;8;<FGBE<8FB9G86;AB?B:L4A7F6;BB?<A

<A?4A7,;<F6;4CG8E58:<AFJ<G;45E<89?BB>4GG;8;<FGBELB9@B5<?8G86;AB?B:<8F 4A784E?<8EE8F84E6;BAG;8@4A74A8KC?BE4G<BABAG;8I4E<BHFG;8@8FG;4G;4I8 E868AG?L588A8A:4:87<AE8F84E6;,;<F;8?CFGBF<GH4G8@LJBE><AG;86BAG8KGB9 6BAG8@CBE4ELE8F84E6;EB@;8E8!@BI8GB?BB>4GG;8FC86<9<6<AG8EF86G<BAFB9 G86;AB?B:L4A7F6;BB?J;<6;4FJ864A?4G8EF88;4I84FC86<4?E8?4G<BAF;<C

4'.7&'%*11.#5#6'%*01.1);

,86;AB?B:L <F 8KC8E<8A687 <A 4A 4FF8@5?4:8 !G 64AABG 58 F8C4E4G87 9EB@ <GF 6BAA86G<BAFBEEBJ<A:4ABG<BA9EB@.<A6<4A88FCE8GJ86BH?7F4LG;4G J8 4CCEB46; G86;AB?B:L 4F ;H@4AF J<G; G86;AB?B:L ,4@@< B;G<

,4@@<*4HG<B 4E4J4L,86;AB?B:LCEBCBF8FG;<A:FGBG;BF8 J;B8A:4:8J<G;<G:H<7<A:G;8<E46G<BAF@BI8@8AGF4A76BAA86G<BAF!A946G F6;BB?<F4?FB4C4EG<6H?4E><A7B9G86;AB?B:L4FFB6<B?B:LB987H64G<BA;4FF;BJA

!AG;8JBE>FB9+<@B?4*<AA88G4?BE4??J864AF88G;8 J4LF<AJ;<6;F6;BB?<A:6BAA86GFJ<G;FB6<8G4?FGEH6GHE8FG;8A887FB9G;8?45BHE

@4E>8G 4A7 ?B64? ;<FGBE<8F EB@ 4 G86;AB?B:<64? CB<AG B9 I<8J F6;BB? :EBHCF 6;<?7E8A466BE7<A:GBG;8<E4:84A7;B@8477E8FF:H<78FG;8<E@BI8@8AGF4A7 5B7L CBFGHE8F G;EBH:; 4E6;<G86GHE8 4A7 9HEA<GHE8 78F<:A HE>8 EBFI8ABE FH::8FGF68EG4<A4668CG45?8@B78FB9<AG8E46G<BAYE4<F8;4A7GBFC84>Y 4A77<FG<A:H<F;8FG;8@9EB@G;8HA4668CG45?8Y?84I86?4FF<95BE87YG;EBH:;4 FLFG8@B9E8J4E7FCHA<F;@8AGF4A7E8C8G<G<BAFI8AGH4??L<GCEB7H68F4FBEG<A:

B9 FGH78AGF :E4787 466BE7<A: GB G;8<E 6B@C4G<5<?<GL J<G; F6;BB? ;4E7J4E8 4A7

<78B?B:L 4A7 :<I8A 68EG<9<64G8F J<G; I4EL<A: CBJ8E B9 CHE6;4F8 <A G;8 BHGF<78 JBE?7EB@G;8CB<AGB9I<8JB9@B5<?8G86;AB?B:<8F@4ALB9G;8<EBC8E4G<A:

CEBGB6B?F477E8FFG;8F4@8<FFH8F<A47<998E8AG@4AA8E,;8LGBB6BAA86GJ<G;G;8 A887FB9G;8?45BHE@4E>8G4A764C<G4?<FGCEB7H6G<BA4EE4A:8HF8EF4A7:E4AGGHEAF B9<AG8E46G<BA,;8LGBBFH::8FG@BI8@8AGF4A7CBFGHE8FG;BH:;<A47<998E8AG

@4AA8E<A9BE@875LG;8@BI8@8AGFB96?BF846DH<AG4A68F47I8EG<F<A:BE94FG8FG EBHG8FJ<G;?84FGGE499<6

,;EBH:;G;<FG;BH:;G8KC8E<@8AGJ864A4CCEB46;G;86HE<BHF;<FGBE<64?946G G;4G F6;BB?F 4A7 G86;AB?B:<8F ;4I8 588A G;EBH:;BHG G;8 786478F 6BAF<78E87 4 :BB7@4G6;9BE846;BG;8EFE8F84E6;8EF;4I87B6H@8AG87G<@84A7G<@84:4<A

;BJ8I8EG;8F8HA<BAF;4I8ABGGHEA87BHG4FG;8LJ8E8@84AGGB58H54A +8?JLA ,LC<64? <FFH8F <A6?H78 4 G86;AB?B:L <F FHCCBF87 GB GE4AF9BE@

(26)

F6;BB? 4A7 :8GF J<78?L 47BCG87 5HG ;4E7?L 4ALG;<A: 6;4A:8F 5?46>5B4E7 4 G86;AB?B:L<F6BAF<78E874:BB7@4G6;9BEF6;BB?5HG<GFHF8<FC?4:H875L@<ABE G86;A<64? 7<99<6H?G<8F J;<6; 6BAF<78E45?L ;4E@ <GF 8I8EL74L HF89H?A8FF GI 4A7 I<78B4G86;AB?B:L;4FG;8CBG8AG<4?GBE47<64??LGE4AF9BE@?84EA<A:;BJ8I8E<GF 8I8EL74L HF8 <F E87H687 GB BA?<A8 DH<MM8F 4A7 6?4FFEBB@ IBG8F G45?8GF 4 G86;AB?B:L <F 4I4<?45?8 GB 4?@BFG 8I8ELBA8 4A7 <F F4<7 GB @4>8 ?84EA<A: @BE8 899<6<8AG5HG8A7FHC58<A:@BFG?LHF879BE?8<FHE846G<I<G<8F@B5<?8C;BA8

!AG;89B??BJ<A:!G4>84?BB>4GG;8GEBH5?87;<FGBELB9F6;BB?4A7G86;AB?B:L

!CEBCBF8G;4G4F 4AAH+<@B?4+<@B?48G4?FH::8FGFG;88A7HE4A684A7 FG45<?<GL B9 F6;BB? <F B9G8A HA78E8FG<@4G87 ,;8E8 8K<FGF 4 9HA74@8AG4?

7<F6BAA86G<BA 58GJ88A G;8 J8?? ?4<7 BHG C?4AF B9 G;8 F6;BB? 78I8?BC8EF 4A7 G86;AB?B:L 47IB64G8F 4A7 G;8 8I8EL74L E84?<GL B9 G;8 F6;BB? G;4G ;4F 588A 6BAFGEH6G87G;EBH:;@BE8G;4A4;HA7E87L84EFB9GE47<G<BA4A7E8C8G<G<BA

196'%*01.1);914-5+05%*11.5?#0&*196*+5)1'5

#)#+0561((+%+#.':2'%6#6+105

&8<? +8?JLA FH::8FGF G;4G BA8 B9 G;8 E84FBAF 9BE J;L G86;AB?B:L 4A7 F6;BB?;4I8588A6BAF<78E87FH6;4:BB7@4G6;?<8F<AF88<A:F6;BB?<A:4FG;8 7<FC8EF<BAB9>ABJ?87:8%4AL8I8AGF<AG;8;<FGBELB9G86;AB?B:<64?78I8?BC

@8AG;4I8F;4E87G;<F4<@G;8CE<AG<A:CE8FFE47<BG8?8I<F<BAC;BGB6BC<8EF4??

@478FCE847<A:<A9BE@4G<BA84F<8E4A7J8E8F88A4FG;<A:FG;4GJBH?7;8?CF6;BB?

GBJ4E7F<GFA4GHE4?:B4?F BJ8I8E4FCE8I<BHFE8F84E6;;4FF;BJAG;8E8?4G<BA F;<C 58GJ88A F6;BB? 4A7 G86;AB?B:L ;4F 588A 6B@C?8K +8?JLA H54A ,86;AB?B:<64?<AABI4G<BAF4E8F88A4F4A4GHE4?9<G9BEF6;BB?4A75EBH:;G

<AJ<G;G;8<AG8AG<BAB9FB?I<A:C874:B:<64?4A787H64G<BA4?<FFH8F/<G;<AG;<F 9E4@8JBE>G86;AB?B:<8F4E8CE8F8AG874F4CB?<G<64?4A7<AG8E8FG 9E88FB?HG<BAFG;4G 64A;8?CF6;BB?FBHGB97847?B6>F64HF875LFB6<8G4?CEB5?8@FFH6;4F<A8DH4?<GL EHA<?4 BJ8I8E4E8?8I4AGDH8FG<BA<FJ;8G;8EG86;AB?B:<8F;4I88I8E 8AG8E87G;8F6;BB?<AG;89BE@G;4GJ4F<@4:<A874A7;BJB9G8AG;8L46GH4??L

;4I8G;8<AG8A7876BAF8DH8A68F+8?JLA

8C8A7<A:BAG;8I<8JCB<AGG;889986GG86;AB?B:L;4FBAF6;BB?64A58CBF<

G<I8BEA8:4G<I8,86;AB?B:L64A58FB@8G;<A:G;4GF4I8FG;8F6;BB?BE<GF9<A4?

7BJA94??,;<F7<?8@@4<F4:4<A4CC4E8AGGB74L4F7<:<G4?G86;AB?B:<8F4E8CE8 F8AG874FGBB?F9BEFB?I<A:F6;BB?F[6HEE8AGCEB5?8@FGG;8F4@8G<@8G86;AB?

B:<8F 64A 4?FB 58 F88A 4F G;8 6H?CE<G 58;<A7 JBEF8A<A: E847<A: F><??F +8?JLA

!AG;8;<FGBELB9F6;BB?<A:@4ALG86;AB?B:<64?<AI8AG<BAF;4I8588AF88A 4F9HA74@8AG4??LGE4AF9BE@<A:G;8J;B?8<AFG<GHG<BAFG4EG<A:9EB@G;85?46>5B4E7

!A G;8 <AGEB7H6G<BA B9 G;8 5?46>5B4E7 <AGB G;8 6?4FFEBB@F J4F F88A 4F 4 G;E8F;B?7@B@8AG9BEF6;BB?F+8?JLA94@<?<4E?BBCB9;LC8;BC84A7 7<F4CCB<AG@8AG ;4F 9B??BJ87 G;8 G; 68AGHEL[F C<IBG4? G86;AB?B:<8F ?<>8 G;8

@BI<8E47<BG8?8I<F<BABE6B@CHG8EFH54A

(27)

!A6E84F<A:7<:<G4?<F4G<BA4A7G;8:EBJ<A:CE8F8A68B9I4E<BHF7<:<G4?G86;AB?B :<8F<A8I8EL74LF6;BB??<98;4F588AF88AJ<78?L<AG;8HEBC84A6BAG8KGE47 5HEL,;B@CFBA+8??4E!A<A?4A747BCG<BAB97<:<G4?G86;AB?B:<8F

<FCE8F8AG874F4>8LGB@4<AG4<A<A:G;8(!+FH668FFG;887H64G<BAFLFG8@;4F 8A=BL87<AG;8?4FG786478<:<G4?<F4G<BA<F78F6E<587<AG8E@F589<GG<A:49BE68B9 A4GHE84FFB@8G;<A:G;4G<F<A8I<G45?84A7A84E?L<@CBFF<5?8GBE8F<FG+44E<

+PAGG<,;<F4FE88A9<8?7E8@4E>F<FB9G8A4984GHE8B9G86;AB?B:<

64?7<F6HFF<BA4AL6BAI8EF4G<BA45BHGG;89HGHE8FJ8F88>4E8E89E4@874F6;B<68F 58GJ88AI4EL<A:?8I8?FB9G86;AB?B:<64?78I8?BC@8AG

GLC<64?6BA9?<6G4CC84EF58GJ88AG86;AB?B:L;BJG86;AB?B:LF;BH?758HF87 4A7 ;BJ <G 46GH4??L <F HF87 (44>>4E< '9G8A E8F84E6; ;4F CB<AG87 GB G;8 HAJ<??<A:A8FF B9 FGH78AGF <A 47BCG<A: A8J G86;AB?B:<8F !A G;<F F8AF8 @B5<?8 C;BA8F6BH?7C8E;4CF587<998E8AGFGH78AG47BCG<BA<FABG4A<FFH8<AG;8<E64F8 ,;8E8@<:;GFG<??58BG;8E?<@<GF9BE8K4@C?8G;8C8E68<I87HF8FG846;8EF4A7FGH 78AGF;4I89BEG;8C;BA8F'E4F"454E<%4;<E<DHBG87<A+8?JLA CHGF<G<9J864AABG9<A74C?4689BE7<:<G4?@87<4<AF6;BB?G;8LJ<??G4>8G;8 C?468B9F6;BB?8AG<E8?L,86;AB?B:LF88@FGB46G4F464G4?LFGG;4G5E<A:FHC68A GE4?G;8@8F45BHGF6;BB?<A:+HCCBEG<A:G86;AB?B:L47BCG<BAJ<G;G;84E:H@8AG B9<GCEB7H6<A:58GG8E?84EA<A:9BE68FHFGB4F>J;4GJ8@84A5L?84EA<A:4A7;BJ 7BJ8789<A8G;8CHECBF8B9G;8F6;BB?!9?84EA<A:<FBA?LG;8F<@C?87<FGE<5HG<BA B9>ABJ?87:8G86;AB?B:<8F@4LJ8??584>8LCB<AG5HG<AG;4G64F8G;8<AG8EA8G JBH?74?FBCE8F8AGG;85<::8FG6;4A:8<A?84EA<A:G;4G;4F8I8EG4>8AC?4684A7 98JF88@GB4:E88BAG;<F

+&&'0%744+%7.7/#0&6*'41.'1(6'%*01.1);+05%*11.

61&#;

,86;AB?B:L<AF6;BB?<FB9G8ACBF<G<BA87BA4AB@4A[F?4A758GJ88A<A478DH4G8 4GG8@CGF4G@4><A:?84EA<A:G86;AB?B:LC4EGB9FGH78AGF[4A7G846;8EF[8I8EL74L CE46G<68 4A7 G;8 7<FGE46G<A: HF8 B9 FGH78AGF[ BJA G86;AB?B:<8F ,4?><A: 45BHG G86;AB?B:L?847FHFGBBG;8EDH8FG<BAFFH6;4FJ;4G7BJ86BAF<78E5L?84EA<A:

!A G;8 9B??BJ<A: ! 5E84> 7BJA FB@8 B9 G;8 <@C4FF8F B9 G86; FC886; <A F6;BB?

6BAG8KG5LHF<A:G;86BA68CGB9;<778A6HEE<6H?H@4F4;8HE<FG<678I<68*8CBF<

G<BA<A:G;8DH8FG<BAB9J;4GJ846GH4??L?84EA<AF6;BB?@4>8F<GCBFF<5?8GB4?FB E86BAF<78EG;8EB?8B9G;8C;BA8F<AF6;BB?

,;8BE<FGFB9!"'-**"-%-&CEBCBF8G;4G<ABE78EGBHA78EFG4A7F6;BB?<G

;4FGB584CCEB46;874FC4EGB9G;8FB6<8GLF"46>FBACB<AGFBHG9<EFG4A7 9BE8@BFGF6;BB?FF88@GBG846;C4G<8A68J4<G<A:4A74A4EG<9<6<4?C8E<B7<M4G<BAB9 G<@8,;8F8G;<A:FG;4G64AABG589BHA7<AG;86HEE<6H?H@5HGJ;<6;A8I8EG;8?8FF 9BE@G;854F<FB98I8EL74LEBHG<A8F4A7CE46G<68F4E864??87G;8;<778A6HEE<6H?H@

!AG;<F?<A8B9G;BH:;GF6;BB?G846;8FG;EBH:;<GFCBJ8E@86;4A<F@F4A7G;8J4LF

<A J;<6; <G BE:4A<M8F FGH78AG ?<I8F F *<AA8 JE<G8F F6;BB?F BC8E4G8

(28)

G;EBH:;G;8<784B9<@C?<87<A7<I<7H4?<F@6E84G<A:G;8<??HF<BAG;4GC8BC?8BC8E 4G<A: <A F6;BB?F 4E8 9E88 GB FGH7L G846; 4A7 C8E9BE@ BG;8E 46G<BAF J<G;BHG G;8

<AG8E98E8A68B96?4FF:8A78E8G;A<6<GLBEF8KH4?<GL <778A6HEE<6H?H@;<AGFG;4G

<GJBH?758@<FG4>8AGBG;<A>G;4GF6;BB?FB@8;BJ94<?FGB46;<8I8G;8B99<6<4?

:B4?F4FF<:A87GB<G<AG;86HEE<6H?H@FAG<>4<A8A*<AA8#BF><

JE<G8XG;8CHECBF8B9G;8F6;BB?<AFG<GHG<BA@<:;GABGA868FF4E<?L58GB@4>8C8B C?86E84G<I84A7<A78C8A78AGBEGB78I8?BC846;C8EFBA4?<GL<A6B@C?8KJ4LF5HG GB<AFG847:H<784A79BE68FGH78AGF<AGBG;8FB6<8G4?;<8E4E6;<8FB9G;87<I<F<BAFB9 CBJ8E4A7?45BHEY!AG;88I8EL74L?<98B9F6;BB?FFB6<8G4?FGEH6GHE8FG;4GE846;

94E58LBA7G;8F6;BB?4E86BAFG4AG?L<AC?4LEB47L/<??<FEB@

G;<FC8EFC86G<I8G;8HF8B9G86;AB?B:L:4<AFA8JFG84@,;8CE8F8A68B97<:<G4?

78I<68F<A6?4FFEBB@F@4LG846;HF@4ALG;<A:F8I8A<9G;8<EZ87H64G<BA4?[58A89<G

<FHA78E7854G8

E868AG 7<F6HFF<BA <A 4 ?4E:8 <AA<F; A8JFC4C8E %4?@58E: +44I4

?4<A8ACEB587G;847I4AG4:8F4A77<F47I4AG4:8FB97<:<G4?<M4G<BA<AF6;BB?

,;<F5EBH:;GBHG4AH@58EB9<AG8E8FG<A:<AF<:;GFG;8@BFGCEB@<A8AG58<A:G;4G 7<:<G4?<M4G<BA J4F 78GE<@8AG4? GB ?84EA<A: BHG6B@8F ,JB <@CBEG4AG DH8FG<BAF

@HFG584F>87J;4G<FG;87<:<G4?<M4G<BA7<F6HFF87;8E84A7;BJ4E8?84EA<A:BHG 6B@8F789<A87+<@C?L6;4A:<A:G;8F8GJBI4E<45?8F;4F4:E84G<@C46GBAG;8 E8FH?GF*8:4E7<A:G;89<EFGDH8FG<BA7HE<A:@LE8F84E6;<G;4FF88@87G;4G7<:<

G4?<M4G<BAG4>8F@4AL9BE@F<AF6;BB?G;8GJB@4<ABA8F58<A:G;8:BI8EA@8AG

?87GBC 7BJA7<:<G4?<M4G<BA4A7G;8@BFG?LFGH78AG <A<G<4G875E<A:<A:B9BJA78 I<68F<AGBF6;BB?FB@8G<@8F64??870',;8F8GJB;4I8I8EL7<998E8AG6BA F8DH8A68F,;8<A6E84F<A:E8?<4A68BA0'@4LCBG8AG<4??L8AGJ<A8FGH78AGF[

?<I8F8I8E@BE86?BF8?LJ<G;64C<G4?<FGI4?H8CEB7H6G<BABE@87<:<G4?<M4G<BA4A7 G;88AG4A:?<A:B9FGH78AGF[C8EFBA4??<I8FHF8E<78AG<G<8F4A774G4<AGB:?B54?9<

A4A6<4?7<:<G4?86BAB@L6B@C4A<8F4E8GJB7<998E8AGG;<A:F4?GB:8G;8E,;89BE@8E 7B8FABGA868FF4E<?L78@4A7G;8?4GG8EBA?L<9J8FB786<78

*8:4E7<A:G;8F86BA7CB<AGG;8DH8FG<BAB9?84EA<A:BHG6B@8F<F?BA: 7854G87 BE4FB6<B?B:<FGBA8B9G;8@BFG<@CBEG4AGDH8FG<BAF<FJ;4G7BJ8@84A5L

?84EA<A:'9G8AG;89B6HF<FBA9BE@4??84EA<A:6BAG8AGF BJ8I8E4FJ8;4I8 F88A G;8 G;8BEL B9 ;<778A 6HEE<6H?H@ FH::8FGF BG;8EJ<F8 !9 J8 47BCG G;<F 4C CEB46;J8@HFG4?FB?BB>4GG;8DH8FG<BAB9J;4GJ8?84EA<A47<998E8AG@4AA8E 9EB@G;8C8EFC86G<I8B9;<778A6HEE<6H?H@J;4G7<:<G4?<M4G<BAG846;8FHF<F4A 8I8E :EBJ<A:<AG<@46LJ<G;6BECBE4G846GBEF<A6E84F<A:7<99<6H?GLGBF;<8?7BHE C8EFBA4?74G44A7<78AG<GL4A74A<A68AG<I8GBF;4E8BHE46G<BAFGBBG;8EF<AG;8 A8G

$4G8?LJ8;4I8F88AG;8@H?G<C?<64G<BAB946GBEFBAG;887H64G<BA4?9<8?7!A

<A?4A7F6;BB?<A:;4FGE47<G<BA4??L588A6BAF<78E87FB@8G;<A:G;4GG;8CH5?<6F86 GBEG4>8F64E8B94A7CE<I4G846GBEF;4I8ABG588A94IBE45?L?BB>87HCBA+<@B?4

#4H>B.4E=B#4?4?4;G<+4;?FGES@,;8E4C<7G86;AB?B:<F4G<BAB9E868AG L84EF;4F5EBH:;G@4AL:?B54?8AG8ECE<F8FGBG;<F9<8?7FH6;4F%<6EBFB9GCC?8

(29)

BEBB:?8!A477<G<BAGBG;8F86B@C4A<8F5H<?7<A:6B@CHG8EFG45?8GF4A7@B5<?8 C;BA8FG;4GFGH78AGF4A7G846;8EFHF8G;8L4?FB7<E86G?LB998EFGH7L@4G8E<4?FBE 8I4?H4G<BA GBB?F 9BE G;8 F6;BB?F !A 6B??45BE4G<BA J<G; HA<I8EF<GL E8F84E6;8EF

%<6EBFB9G ;4F CH5?<F;87 4 GBB? ;8?C<A: G846;8EF GB 8I4?H4G8 G;8<E G846;<A:

%<6EBFB9GEB@GB4HA<I8FEF<GLG846;8EGE4<A<A:9<8?7F6;BB?

64EE<87 G;8 G<G?8 B9 4A CC?8 <FG<A:H<F;87 +6;BB? 9BE <GF <AABI4G<I8 HF8 B9 G86;AB?B:L - ,;8E89BE8 4AL 7<F6HFF<BA BA 87H64G<BA4? FC468F @HFG GB74L 466BHAG 9BE G;8 <A6E84F<A: AH@58E B9 G86;AB?B:<64? 46GBEF /<G; G;8F8 G86;AB?B:<8FG;8<AA<F;F6;BB?FC468<F58<A:<A6E84F<A:?L7<I<787<AGB5?B6>F :BI8EA875L7<998E8AG8AG8ECE<F8F4A7G;8<A9?H8A68B96B@C4A<8F?<>8%<6EBFB9G BE BB:?8 <F :EBJ<A: /<G; G;8 7<F6HFF<BA BA 7<:<G4?<F4G<BA 58<A: @BFG?L 6BA68EA87BAG;847I4A68@8AGB9G;8[7<:<G4??84C[G;8F8C;8AB@8A4;4I8ABGL8G 588AJ<78?L7<F6HFF87BAG;8?8I8?B987H64G<BACB?<6L

!G@HFG58ABG87G;4GG;8G86;AB?B:<F4G<BAB987H64G<BAG4>8FC?468BA@4AL 9EBAGF4A7<FABG4@BAB?<G;,;8G4F>9BEE8F84E6;<FGB466BHAG9BEG;87<I8EF8 J4LF<AJ;<6;G;8CEB68FF8FHA9B?7!AG;8<AA<F;64F8G;E88@4<A4CCEB46;8F F;BH?758CB<AG87BHG,;89<EFG4CCEB46;<FG;8GBC ;84IL4CCEB46;%<6EBFB9G;4F 6;BF8AJ;8E8<G6B BC8E4G8FJ<G;G;847@<A<FGE4G<BA4A7G;8F6;BB?F4A7F88>FGB 7E<I8CEB:E4@FG;4G<AGEB7H68!BE*<AGBF6;BB?F%<6EBFB9G;4F4?FBG4E:8G87 G846;8EF 4A7 F6;BB?F J<G; C?4G9BE@F G;4G CEB@<F8 @BE8 899<6<8AG 47@<A<FGE4G<BA 4A76BHEF8C?4AA<A:'9<A7<I<7H4?6B@C4A<8F<GCEB545?L;4FG;8?BA:8FG;<FGBEL 4A7 6?BF8FG 6B??45BE4G<BA J<G; <AA<F; 87H64G<BA4? 4HG;BE<G<8F ,;8 F86BA7 4C CEB46;<F4:E4FFEBBG ?8I8?<AG8:E4G<BAB9G86;AB?B:<8F<AGB6?4FFEBB@F,;8@BFG B5I<BHF8K4@C?8B9G;<F<FBB:?84A7G;8J4LF<AJ;<6;<GFC?4G9BE@F4A74CCF FH6; 4F BB:?8 ?4FFEBB@ BB:?8 E<I8 @4<? 4A7 BB:?8 B6F ;4I8 588A G4>8A<AGB8I8EL74LHF8<A@4AL6?4FFEBB@F/;<?8BB:?84?FB6B BC8E4G8FJ<G;

F6;BB?F4A787H64G<BA4?4HG;BE<G<8F<GFFH668FF5H<?7F?4E:8?LBAG;8946GG;4G<GF 4CCF4E894@<?<4E4A74?E847LCE8F8AGBAFGH78AG78I<68FBB:?8B998EFGBB?FG;4G 4E86BAF<78E87E8?4G<I8?LF4984A784FLGBHF84A7F<A689<A7<A:58GG8E4?G8EA4G<I8F B9G8A78@4A7FG<@84A7899BEGG;<F<FF88A4F4:BB76B@CEB@<F8,;8G;<E74C CEB46;64A58F88A<AG;8?4E:8AH@58EB9F@4??CE<I4G88AG8ECE<F8FF88><A:GB 8AG8EG;8@4E>8G,;8LB998ECEB@<F8FB9@BE8899<6<8AG?84EA<A:@4><A:G846;8EF[

?<I8F84F<8EBE5E<A:<A:CH5?<6<GLGBG;8899BEGFB9<AA<F;G846;8EF,;89<8?7B9 A8J8AGE8CE8A8HEF<FFG<??9E4:@8AG874A7<G<F7<99<6H?GGBCE87<6GG;8<EFH668FF +8?JLA

GG;8@B@8AG@H6;78C8A7FBACB?<G<64?786<F<BAF4A7J;8G;8EFB6<8GL78 6<78FGB<AG8E98E8<AG;8@4E>8G<M4G<BAB9F6;BB?F<A4@BE878G8E@<A87J4L??

G;E88:EBHCFB998E46;4??8A:<A:5HG8KGE8@8?L<AG8E8FG<A:9<8?79BEE8F84E6;8 64HF8B9G;8E8?4G<I8?B64?4HGBAB@LB987H64G<BA4?4HG;BE<G<8F.4E=B#4?4?4;G<

@HA<6<C4?<G<8F;4I86BAG46GFJ<G;7<998E8AG8AG8ECE<F8F4A7G;EBH:;7<998E 8AG6;4AA8?F+B@8B9G;8<A9BE@4G<BA94??FHA78E@4E>8G6BA9<78AG<4?<GL4A7<F

Viittaukset

LIITTYVÄT TIEDOSTOT

Sähköisen median kasvava suosio ja elektronisten laitteiden lisääntyvä käyttö ovat kuitenkin herättäneet keskustelua myös sähköisen median ympäristövaikutuksista, joita

communication; digital tool; prevention; public health campaign; risk identification; screening; social media; study recruitment;.. type 2 diabetes;

Poliittinen kiinnittyminen ero- tetaan tässä tutkimuksessa kuitenkin yhteiskunnallisesta kiinnittymisestä, joka voidaan nähdä laajempana, erilaisia yhteiskunnallisen osallistumisen

Based on this, three social representations de- scribing the Finnish media audience are formulated: the traditional media con- sumer, the active citizen and the digital native. The

Users’ content curation is an important feature of social media platforms, and one that directs viewers to how users construct their online worlds. In these worlds, MPBs have

Luhmann suggests a logical, evolution-dependent connection between writing and printing, on the one hand, and symbolically generalised communication media on the other,

31 Sarah Deutsch’s No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880-1940 (1987) is an excellent study of women’s work

Pour légitimer les ravages causés par les armées d'Accad ( —Ištar), Enhedu'anna en appelle à An et Enlil qui auraient donné l'ordre de punir et de détruire les cités en révolte