Abundance and seasonal activity of adult Hylobius weevils in reforestation areas during first years following final felling.

106

COMMUNICATIONES INSTITUTI FORESTALIS FENNIAE

ABUNDANCE AND

ACTIVITY

ADULT

REFORESTATION

FIRST

FINAL

BO

LÄNGSTRÖM

SELOSTE

TUKKIKÄRSÄKÄSAIKUISTEN

RUNSAUS JA ESIINTYMINEN

AVOHAKKUUALOILLA PÄÄTEHAKKUUN

JÄLKEISINÄ

HELSINKI 1982

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FORESTALIS FENNIAE

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CommunicationesInstitutiForestallsFenniae(Commun. Inst. For. Fenn.) FoliaForestalia (Folia For.)

Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja

Cover(front^&back): Scotspine(Pinussylvestris L.)isthemost importanttreespecies inFinland.Pinedominated forest

covers about60

per^centofforest landanditstotalvolumeisnearly^700mill.cu.m. Thefront covershows ayoungScots pineandthebackcovera30-metre-high,140-year-oldtree.

COMMUNICATIONS INSTITUTI FORESTALIS FENNIAE

106

BO

LÄNGSTRÖM

ABUNDANCE

SEASONAL ACTIVITY

ADULT HYLOBIUS-WEEVILS

IN REFORESTATION

FIRST

SELOSTE

TUKKIKÄRSÄKÄSAIKUISTEN

JA

PÄÄTEHAKKUUN JÄLKEISINÄ

HELSINKI 1982

LÄNGSTRÖM, B. 1982. Abundance and seasonal activity ^ofadult Hy/obius-vieevils ⁱⁿ reforestation areas

during ^first years following ^final felling. ^Seloste: Tukkikärsäkäsaikuisten runsaus ja esiintyminen ^avohakkuu- aloilla päätehakkuun jälkeisinä ^{vuosina. Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. 106:1—23.}

Adult pine weevil populations ^were sampled in clearfelledareasofdifferent _agesandforestsitetypes inFinland using ^{trapbillets ofScotspineandNorway} spruce. Relativeabundance,host preference, ^seasonal activity ^and population ^structureof Hylobius abietis, H. pinastriandH. piceuswasstudied,as well asthe seasonal course ofattack on pine ^and spruce seed lings.

In general, ^{the weevil abundance decreased from} southtonorth. Fewerweevilswere captured ^onspruce than _on pine billets,and asimilardifference wasob servedbetween moist spruce-dominated ^sitetypesand dry pine-dominated ^{ones. H. abietis dominated in}

most areas, but _was much _more frequent ⁱⁿ pine dominated _areas, and clearly preferred pine ^before spruce billets. H. pinastriwas regularly encountered in moist_areas,and preferred spruce billetswhereasH.

piceus ^was rare, and indifferent regarding ^host preference. ^{Weevil abundance} (i.e. H. abietis) was

high during ^{atleast three seasons} following ^clearfel ling ^{in the south, whereas it in} northerly ^areas reachedone peak ^{in thefirstandanother in4—5sea}

son depending ^onthe generation ^{time ofH. abietis.}

Weevil activity ^{was observed} throughout ^{the season} with a peak ⁱⁿMay—June.^{Theoccurrenceof}juvenile and senile H. abietisindicated a variable generation period ^{and anadult} longevity ^{ofmore than one}year, respectively. ^{The seasonal} activity ^and population

structureofH. pinastri ^{and H.} piceus ^{resembled that} of H. abietis.

Tutkimus käsittelee tukkikärsäkäsaikuisten runsaut taja esiintymistä ^{eriikäisillä ja} metsätyypiltään ^erilai silla avohakkuualoilla. Kärsäkäsnäytteitä ^kerättiin männystä ja ^kuusesta tehdyillä pyyntipölkyillä.Näyt teistäselvitettiin tukkimiehentäin (Hylobius abietis), pienen tukkikärsäkkään (H.pinastri) ja ^{isontukkikär} säkkään (H. piceus) suhteellista _runsautta, puulajin valintaa, esiintymisaikaa ^sekä populaatioiden ^raken

nettakoealueilla. Lisäksi seurattiin tuhojen esiinty mistä männyn ja ^{kuusen taimissa}kasvukauden aika na.

Kärsäkkäiden runsaus väheni yleensä etelästä poh joiseen siirryttäessä. Kuusipölkyillä pyydystettiin vä hemmän kärsäkkäitä kuin mäntypölkyillä ja^vastaava

erohavaittiin kuusi- ja mäntyvaltaisten hakkuualojen välillä. Tukkimiehentäi oli valtalaji ^{useimmilla koe} aloilla, mutta lajia ^{tavattiin runsaimmin} mäntyä^kas vaneilla hakkuualoilla jasentodettiinselvästi suosivan mäntyä.^Pientä tukkikärsäkästätavattiinsäännöllisesti tuoreilla metsätyypeillä ja lajin ^{todettiin suosivan} kuusta. Isotukkikärsäkäs oli harvinainen eikä erityi sesti suosinut kumpaakaan puulajia.

Etelä-Suomessa tukkimiehentäioli yleinen ainakin kolmena kasvukautena hakkuun jälkeen, ^mutta poh joisempana ^havaittiin esiintymisessä huippu ^ensim mäisenä sekä neljäntenä ^{tai viidentenä} kasvukautena kehitysajan pituudesta riippuen.Kärsäkkäitä esiintyi koko kasvukauden ajan, ^{muttaeniten niitä oli liik} keellä touko—kesäkuussa. Naaraiden sukukypsyyden perusteellapääteltiin,että kehitysajan pituus ^vaihte lee huomattavasti sekä että osakärsäkkäistä elää yli vuoden. Pienenja ison tukkikärsäkkään esiintyminen ja populaatiorakenne ^oli samantapainen ^{kuin tukki} miehentäillä.

Helsinki 1982.Valtionpainatuskeskus ODC 453:145.7x 19-91 Hylobius

ISBN 951-40-0575-9 ISSN 0358-9609

128201626A

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 4

2. MATERIALANDMETHODS 5

21. Study ^areas 5

22. Fieldmethods 6

221. Trap ^{billets 6}

222. Seedlings 7

223. Other techniques 7

23. Laboratory procedure 7

3. HOST PREFERENCE 8

4. WEEVILABUNDANCE 9

41. Abundance inrelation to geographical region 9

42. Abundance inrelation toforestsitetype ¹⁰

43. Abundance inrelation toageofclear felling 10

5. SEASONAL ACTIVITY ₁₁

51. ^Emergenceand flight period ¹¹

52. Occurrenceontrapbillets ₁₁

53. Thecourseofattackonseedlings 13

6. POPULATIONSTRUCTUREINRELATIONTOTHEAGEOFTHESTUDYAREA 15

61. Hylobius abietis 15

62. Hylobius pinastri 15

63. Hylobius piceus 16

7. DISCUSSION 18

71. Host preference 18

72. Abundance ofthe species ¹⁸

73. Seasonal activity 19

74. Population ^structure 20

REFERENCES ₂₁

SELOSTE 23

4 Commun. Inst. For. Fcnn. 106

1. INTRODUCTION

Weevilsofthegenus Hylobius ^Germar, 1817 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) ^are amongst the _most destructive insect pests ofreforestation _areas. The_genushas_ahol arctic distribution, ^{and conifer} plantations

are endangered by ^{these weevils wherever} forestry practice ^{involves clear} felling ^and subsequent planting ^measures (see, e.g.

Browne 1968, ^Eidmann 1974). ^In general, these^weevils breedⁱⁿfresh coniferstumps, and the adults feed on the thin bark of conifers. Thus, the changes ⁱⁿ forestry practice ^{whichhavetaken} place during ^this centuryhavecreated optimal breeding ^con ditions for theseweevils by providing ^them with an abundance of breeding ^material (stumps) ^{and food} (seedlings). ^{It is} therefore not surprising ^{that this} problem

was first recognized ^{in Central} Europe where rational reforestation techniques havebeenusedsince the beginning ^ofthe 19th century (Ratzeburg 1839). ^Somedec ades later, pine ^weevil damage ^{was alsore} ported ^fromSweden (Holmgren 1867) ^and Finland (Blomqvist 1883).

Since then, manypapershavebeen pub lished on different _aspects regarding ^the biology, ^economic significance ^andcontrol of Hylobius-weevils (for references, ^see Escherich 1923, Christiansen 1971a, Eid

mann 1971, 1974). ^{Mostofthesedealwith} the large pine weevil, Hylobius ^{abietis L.,} which is the most common species ⁱⁿ Europe ^and widely distributed ⁱⁿ Asia, ^as well. Hylobius pinastri Gyll. ^and Hylobius piceus ^{De G.} are less well known, ^{and of} minor economic importance. ^{All three} species ^{occur in} Fennoscandia (Lindroth

1960, Silfverberg 1979)- ^H. piceus ^{is the} only ^holarctic species, ^and should, ^accord ing ^{to Smith} (1956), belong ^{to the} genus Hypolomyx ^{LeConte 1876.}

From the late 1950 s and throughout ^the 19605, pine ^weevil damage was kept ^at a tolerable level by means of _a preventive

treatment of seedlings ^before planting, using DDT, ^{lindane orother} persistent ⁱⁿ secticides (for references, see Skogsstyrelsen

1978). However, ^{in the} 1970 s the ^{use of} insecticides _was drastically ^{restricted in}

Sweden andFinland owing ^toafearofen vironmental pollution. Although ^lindane is still permitted ^{for this} purpose in Fin land, ^{and the} new pyrethroids give good protection against pine ^weevil damage (cf.

Eidmann 1979 a), increasing ^{research inter}

est has been devoted to integrated ^meas

ures of control and _{pest management} schemes (cf. ^Eidmann 1979b, ^Selander

1979).

Successful _{pest management} implies a

thorough knowledge ^{of the} biology, population dynamics ^{andbehaviourof}the species to be controlled. Although ^much research has been made on the pine ^wee vils, ^{there is still} surprisingly ^{little known} e.g. about the seasonal activity ^and population ^{structure of the weevils under} varying environmental conditions. Some information on the occurrence of the three weevil species ^{has been} given by Sylven (1927) ^{and Ozols} (1967), ^{and additional} information regarding ^{H. abietis has been} given by ^{several authors} (see e.g. Fischer 1932, ^Swaine 1951, ^Schwenke 1956, Eid

mann 1968, 1974, Christiansen 1971b, Solbreck and Gyldberg 1979)-

Thepresent paperdescribes: firstly, ^the relativeabundance ofadults ofH. abietis, H. pinastri ^andH. piceus ⁱⁿreforestation

areas inrelation tothe latitude, ^{forest site} type and _age of the _areas, and secondly, the seasonal activity ^and population ^struc

ture of theadult weevils ⁱⁿdifferent _geo graphical regions ^{in Finland.}

This study wascarried outattheFinnishForest Re searchInstitute, and _was partly supported by ^agrant from the Foundation for Research of Natural Resour cesinFinland. The study ^{wouldneverhavecometrue} withoutthe co-operation of people ^within the practi cal forestry. ^{Their skillful assistance is therefore} gratefully acknowledged.

Professor Paavo Juutinen ^followed my work with keen interest,and I am greatly ^{indebted tohim for} criticism ofthe manuscript ^{as well as for assistance} during ^the procedure ^offinal editing ^and publication.

Iamalso indepted ^{toDr. ErkkiAnnila fortheuseof} partofhisfield data _aswell asfor_commentsonthe manuscript. My ^{thanks are also due to Professor} Hubertus H. Eidmann and Dr. ChristerSolbreck for valuable commentsonthe manuscript. ^Iam grateful

to Mrs. Christina Sjöberg ^for typing, ^{and to Mrs.}

Therese Gustafson for making improvements ^{to the} English.

Längström, ^B. 5

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

21. Study ^areas

In 1970,fieldstudieswerecarried outin threeclear felled forestsites in Tuusula and in one locality ^at Somerniemi (Fig. 1). ^The following year, the field studies were extended to cover several reforestation areasofdifferent geographical regions ^{in Finland as} well as different forest site types and age classes of clear fellings. ^Threemain study ^{areaswereselected for} detailed studies regarding ^{the seasonal} activity ^and population structure ofthe pine ^{weevils. Theseareas}

wereTuusula(asin 1970), Juupajoki ^andKivalo, and they ^{were selected withinthe} regions ^of2-year-,^2—3- year-, and3-year-generation periods ^ofH.abietis,re

spectively (cf. Bejer-Petersen ^{et al. 1962). Within} these study areas, arange of clear felled sites _was selected covering ^thefirst three,fiveorsix vegetation periods (after ^thefinal felling) ^atTuusula, Juupajoki and Kivalo, respectively. In addition, some study

areasofdifferent forest site types ^wereincluded.

Besides these main study areas, weevils werecol lected in reforestation areasof different forest site types indifferent partsofFinland (see Fig. 1). Nearly all ofthem were o—2-year-old0—2-year-old ^clear fellings, except the northern ones (Laanila) ^{which were} recently thinned stands. Basic data on the study ^{areas are} given ^{in Table 1} (for legends ^toforestsite types, ^see e.g Lehto 1964).

Fig. ^1. Study ^areasofthe present investigation. Large ^{circles indicate main} study ^areaswith plots covering ^re forestation areasofdifferent _agesandsmallcirclesshow plots ^{ofdifferent site} typeclasses.Regionswith dif ferent generation ^{times of}H. abietis are separated by ^lines.

Kuva 1.Tutkimusalueet. Isotympyrät^{osoittavateriikäisiä} hakkuualoja käsittäviäpääkoealueita, pienetympyrät eri metsätyyppejäkäsittäviä alueita. Tukkimiehentäin kehitysaikavyöhykkeet merkitty viivoilla.

6 Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. 106 Table 1. Description ^of study ^areas.

Taulukko 1. Tutkimusalueiden kuvaus.

* CT,VT,MT,OMT,EMT,^HMTareCalluna-,Vaccinium-,Myrtillus-, Oxalis-Myrtillus-, Empetrvm-Myrtillus and Hylocomtum-Myrttllus-types, respectively.

22. Field methods

221. Trap billets

Freshly ^{cutbilletsofScots}pine(PinussylvestrisL.) andNorway_spruce(Piceaabies (L.) Karst.) ^wereused

astrap billets toattract pine ^{weevils. Theuseof}trap

billets isanoldcontrolmethod and large ^catchescan be obtained providing ^{that billets are fresh.} Many modifications ofthismethod have been designed (Es cherich 1923, Sylven ^1927. Trägirdh ^{1939, Saalas}

1940, Butovitsch 1955, Novak 1965 a, Eidmann 1974), ^but today ^{the method has little} support ^{as a} control method (cf. ^Eidmann 1979a). However, ^the method has been employed ^to sample ^{adult weevil}

Year/ locality/ Period of ^Forest site Mixture of ^tree Clear felled study area felling type» species (estimated ^area,ha

fromstumps)

Vuosi /paikkakunta! Hakkuukausi Metsätyyppi Puulajikoostumus Hakkuualan koealue (kantojen perusteella) koko, ha

pine spruce decid.

mänty kuusi lehtip.

1970 Tuusula A 1969—70 ^{VT 10} 2,5

B 1968—69 VT 10 1,0

C 1968—69 VT-CT 10 1,0

1971 Tuusula

(A, B, D 1970—71 VT-CT 10 2,0

C as above) (1968—69)

E 1970—71 MT 2 8 2,0

1971 Bromarv A 1970—71 MT 4 6 1,5

B 1968—69 MT 5 5 1,5

1971 Somerniemi A 1970—71 MT-VT 2 8 0,5

B 1970—71 MT 3 7 0,5

C 1969—70 VT 10 2,0

D 1969—70 MT-VT 1 9 1,5

1971 Liljendal ^{1968—69 VT 10 2,0}

1971 Rautjärvi A 1970—71 VT 10 5,0

B 1970—71 MT 1 7 2 2,0

C 1969—70 MT-VT 5 5 50,0

D 1969—70 MT 10 50,0

1971 Juupajoki A 1970—71 MT-VT 10 4,5

B 1970—71 MT 10 4,5

C 1969—70 MT 10 6,5

D 1968—69 OMT-MT 10 2,5

E 1968—69 VT-CT 10 1,5

F 1967—68 MT + 10 12,5

G 1966—67 MT 10 3,3

H 1969—70 MT-VT 10 5,7

1971 Ruovesi A 1970—71 MT 2 8 20,0

B 1970—71 OMT 3 7 ^>

1971 Haapajärvi ^A 1970—71 MT 2 4 4 ^>

B 1970—71 VT 8 2 ?

1971 Kivalo A 1970—71 HMT 5 3 2 17,0

B 1969—70 ^HMT 9 1 120,0

C 1968—69 EMT 10 22,0

D 1967—68 ^{HMT 8 2} 125,0 E 1966—67 HMT 7 3 100,0

F 1965—66 HMT 8 2 80,0

1971 Kolari 1970—71 EMT 10 1,0

1971 Laanila A 1970—71 EMT 8 2 thinning

B 1968—69 EMT 7 3

Lingström, ^B. 7

populations (Swaine 1951,^Eidmann 1968,Christian sen 1971a, Löyttyniemi ^{and Hiltunen} 1976).

In 1970, ^twodifferent techniques were used. In early May, ^fourgroupsoftrapbillets,each comprising offourfresh pine ^billets,were placed onthe ground

at20m spacing ^inscarified patches ^{andcoveredwith} freshpinetwigs. Allbilletswere50cmin length,^and the diameter ranged ^from 5 to 10cm. Only ^billets with thin bark were used. These billets and the covering twigs ^were changed ⁱⁿ early July ^{and late} August. ^{The billets were} inspected ^{twice a week} throughout ^the summer, all weevils being ^collected from the bark surface, and from the ground ^below thebillets. Similar billetswerealso dipped ^inawater emulsion oflindane (0,3 ^% a.i.), ^{and these billets}

were placed out at ^a distance of 20 m from the untreated billets.Thesebillets werenot changed, ^but otherwise the procedure was similar tothat of the untreated ones.

In1971,thesame procedure ^{wascarried outinthe} main study areas (Tuusula, Juupajoki ^and Kivalo).

This time the untreated pine ^billets (two ^billets per group) were changed ^more frequently (every ^third week). ^Inthe remaining study plots, lindane-treated pine ^and sprucebilletswerelaidout according ^tothe above procedure (four groups comprising ^{oftwo bil} lets of each species ^at every locality). ^{These billets}

were not changed, ^and inspection ^took place ^I—2 times a month throughout ^{the summer.}

222. Seedlings

In some study ^areas seedlings ^{of Scots} pine ^and Norway spruce^were planted ⁱⁿ spring, ^and inspected for pine ^weevil damage throughout ^{the first}vegeta tion period.

In 1970, 50 transplants ^of pine (1 ⁺¹ bare-root)

were planted ^atTuusula, site A (see ^Table 1), ^be

tweenthegroupsoftrap billets,and50 plants ^atthe one-year-old ^clear felling (B). The seedlings ^were planted ^withoutsoilscarification onthefirst of June, and thereafter inspected ^{twice aweek for} pine ^weevil damage using a four-grade classification: 0 = no

damage, 1 = slight damage (less ^than 5 feeding patches, altogether ^notexceeding ^{20 mm}

2

), ^{2 =} moderate damage ^(5—10 feeding patches, ranging form20—100 mm

2

), ^{3 =} heavy damage(more^than

10feeding patches, altogether exceeding 100 mm 2

).

AtSomerniemi(D, Table 1), 320 pine plants (1 ⁺¹ bare-root)and asimilarnumber of

spruce plants ⁽²⁺

1 bare-root) ^were planted ^ina screening experiment for testing ^ofthe efficiency ^ofinsecticide treatments

against pine ^weevil damage. ^The seedlings ^were planted ^{in scarified} patches ^onthe19Mayandtheex

periments ^were inspected once a month including August.Atotal of86 dead weevils werefound and collectedclose tothelindane-treated plants. Grading ofweevil damage ^{was done} according ^{to the} pro cedure described above.

In 1971, atotal of200 pine ^and spruce seedlings

were planted ^{in four} study ^{areasatSomerniemi} (cf.

Table 1), ^25ofeach species in_every locality. Theseseed lings ^{(1 + 1bare-root} pine, ^{2 + 1bare-root} spruce)

were dipped in 0,6% lindane (a.i.), ^and were

planted in scarified patches ^{on 19 May 1971.} They

were inspected according ^{tothestandardroutine,and} the scarification patches ^were carefully ^{searched for} dead weevils, of which _atotal of88 were found.

AtJuupajoki,40 pine ^{and 40} spruce plants (2+1 bare-root pine; ^{2+2bare-root spruce) were} planted in 5 study areas (B, ^{C, D,F, G,seeTable 1)close to} the trap billets. By ^accident, only ^the pines ^were treatedwith 0,6 % lindane (a.i.). ^The planting was madeinscarified patches during ^thelast days of May, and the plants ^were inspected ^{in accordance to the} standard procedure throughout ^{the summer.}

223. Other techniques

In 1970, four plywood ^boxes (measuring 60x30 cm) ^were placed ^over pine ^{roots tocatch} emerging pine ^weevils. Altogether 11 specimens ^of pine ^weevils

were collected from May 1971 to September ^1971.

Simultaneously ^{with these studies, Annila (1975)} trapped hibernating specimens ^{ofPissodes validirost} ris Gyll. ^{in a} nearby ^stand ofPinus_contorta. Heused

7emergence frames (1 ^{x1 m in} size) ^and captured ⁶³ Hylobius-vjztwh during May and June 1971. These weevils have been included in the present study.

Flying pine ^{weevils were} trapped ^{in window} traps.

Thismethod hasbeen widely ^{used to}trapbarkbeet les (see _e.g. Annilaetal. 1972),and the underlying assumptions ^{have been discussed in Southwood} (1978). ^In 1971, 18 window traps ^wereput ^oversix fresh pine stumps^atTuusula (study areaAand E,^cf.

Table 1). ^The traps^were ofstandard design (50^x60 cm acrylic sheets placed ^{over a} trough containing

waterand liquid _soap as wetting ^{agent),and were} emptied ^{atleastoncea weekfrom} early ^Mayto early September.

23. Laboratory procedure

All weevils were transferred to the laboratory ^and frozen onthe same day ^{as the} sample ^{was taken.}

The pine ^weevils wereidentified and sexed accord ing ^{to external characters} (cf. ^Schwenke 1956, Eid mann 1974). ^{The same sex characters ofH. abietis} (i.e. ^{the median} depressions ^{onthefirst andlast vi} sible abdominal sternites in the male)were alsovalid for H.pinastri^and H. piceus. All femalesderiving fromthe experimentswith untreated trap billets _were dissected, andthe stateofsexual maturity ^wasinves tigated using aclassification corresponding to thatof Christiansen (1971b). ^The following groups^weresep arated: la = juvenile (short ovarioles,nooocytes),lb

= developing juvenile (extended ^{ovarioles, de} veloping ^{oocytes), 2 = fertile(largeovarioles,}oocytes in oviducts, corpora^lutea present), 3 ⁼ senile (ex

tended ovarioles,nooocytes, corpora^luteapresent), 4 = redeveloping ^{(as class 2, but} corpora ^lutea present). ^In 1971, the males werealso dissected but no reliable basis for classification could be obtained (cf. ^Novak 1965b). ^Before being ^{dissected the beetles}

werealso classified as"young", "intermediate" and

"old" according ^tohowmuch ofthe yellow ^scaleson the elytra ^had worn off (cf. Schwechten 1933). Many weevils were observed to contain nematodes and some larvae of hymenopterous parasitoids werealso seen.

The latter oneswere collected for later identification.

8 Commun. ^Inst.For. Fenn. 106

3. HOST PREFERENCE

Thetotal catchof pine ^{weevilsobtained} with the trap billet-technique was 6 483 specimens, ^{and of these 89,2 % were H.}

abietis, 10,3 % H. pinastri ^{and 0,5 % H.}

piceus.

The three Hylobius-spedes ^{were not} equally distributed over the pine ^and spruce trapbillets (Fig. 2A). Although ^H.

abietiswas the dominating species ^on pine and spruce billets, ^the percentage of this species ^was considerably ^{lower on spruce,} where nearly ^{30 % oftheweevils were H.}

pinastri. Chi-square analyses ^{ofthe weevil} frequencies ^on pine ^{and sprucebillets con} firmed that the species ^{were not} equally

distributed_on the billets (2x2 contingen cy table, excluding ^H. piceus: x ⁼

287,5***, ^{d.f. =} 1). ^Further Chi-square analyses ^showedthat many^more H. abietis

were attracted _to pine (n ⁼ 1999) ^thanto spruce billets (n ^{= 798;} x 2 = ^615,7***, d.f. = 1) ^whereasan opposite patternwas

found ^for H. pinastri (n

pine

= 126, n spruce

= 273; x 2 = 54,2***, ^{d.f. =} 1). Thus, ^it

can be concluded thatH. abietis preferred pine billets, ^whereasH. pinastri preferred spruce.

A very similar distribution _was found amongst theweevilsfoundaroundthelin dane-treated seedlings ^{at Somerniemi in}

1970—71 (Fig. 2B). ^{However, the catches} ofH. pinastri on pine (n ⁼ 10) ^and spruce plants (n ⁼ 11) ^{did notdiffer} significant ly, ^whereas x

2

"anaH'sis again ^confirmed that H. abietis _was significantly more at

tracted to pine (n ⁼ 130) ^{than to spruce} (n ⁼ 20) (x^{2 = 80,7***, d.f. =} 1).

Fig. ^{2. Percent}distribution ofH. abietis (black), H.pinastri (shaded) ^and H. piceus (white) captured ^attrap billets (A), ^{and foundaround lindane} treated seedlings ^(B)of pine ^and spruce, respectively. ^Totalsare given ⁱⁿ brackets.

Kuva 2. Tukkimiehentäin (musta), pienen tukkikärsäkkään (vinoviivoitus) sekä isontukkikärsäkkään (valkoinen) pyyntipölkyiltä ^saatujen (A) ^jalin

daanilla käsiteltyjen ^taimien ympäriltä kerättyjen ^(B)aikuistenprosentti

nen jakautuminen männynjakuusen kesken. Yksilöiden kokonaismäärät suluissa.

Längström, ^B. 9

2 128201626A

4. WEEVIL ABUNDANCE

41. Abundance in relation to

geographical region

The relative abundance of pine ^weevils in the study areas is expressed as the average number of weevils per group of lindane-treated _trap billets of pine or spruce during ^the trapping period. Only

the study ^{areas with} comparable ^numbers

of pine ^and spruce billets are included.

Figures ^{3A and} 3B ^{show that the weevil} abundance decreases from south _to north.

Furthermore, ^{the catches}were always larger

on pine ^than on spruce billets. Theratios betweenthe species ^varied considerably, ^al though ^{H. abietis dominated in} most

study ^areas, especially ^on pine ^{billets. In}

some study ^areas, however, ^H. pinastri ^was

Fig. 3.Abundance of pine ^{weevils inthe} study ^{areas.Thecirclesshowthe}average numberofweevils pergroup oftrapbillets of pine ^{(A) and}spruce (B)during^June—July 1971.PercentagesofH.abietis,H.pinastriand H.piceusareindicatedasblack,shaded andwhite circle _sectors, respectively. Dataderive fromplotswith equal ^{numbers of} pine ^and spruce billets.

Kuva3 Tukkikärsäkkäiden runsauskoealueilla. Ympyrätosoittavat kärsäkkäiden lukumäärää männyn (A) ja kuusen (B) pyyntipölkkyryhmää ^kohtikesä—heinäkuussa 1971. Tukkimiehentäin. pienenjaisontukkikär säkkään prosenttijakautuma esitettymustan, vinoviivoitetuntaivalkoisen ympyrän^{sektorina. Aineistokäsit} tää vain nekoealueet, joilla ^{oli sama} määrä mänty- ja kuusipölkkyjä.

10 Commun. Inst. For. Fcnn. 106

nearly as frequent as H. abietison spruce billets, and atKivalo the former outnum

bered the latter species. ^H. piceus ^{was ab}

sent in themost southerly study ^{areas and}

was accounted for ⁱⁿvery low numbers in most localities, _except at Kivalo wherethe largest capture of this species was made.

42. Abundance in relation to forest site type

The average catches of Hylobius-weevils

were, in general, higher on the drier and pine-dominated ^{forest sites than on the}

more damp ^and spruce-dominated ^ones (Fig. 4). ^{Since these results were derived} from pine billet-data, they primarily ^reflect the abundance of H. abietis, although there was a clear tendency ^{towards an in}

crease of H. pinastri ^with increasing ^site quality (1,5, ^5,5, 13,6 ^and 22,5 ^{% in}CT VT, MT-, ^{MT+ and} MT-OMT, respective

ly)-

Fig. ^{4. Abundance of} pine ^{weevils (per}group oftrap billets) in relation to the forest site type and dominant tree species.

Kuva4. Tukkikärsäkkäiden _runsaus (pyyntipölkkyryh

mää kohti) metsätyypinja valtapuulajin ^mukaan.

43. Abundance in relation to age of clear felling

In southern Finland, ^{the relative abun} danceof pine ^{weevilsremainedat thesame} level throughout ^{the first three} growth pe riods (Fig. 5). ^{In centraland northernFin} land, the average catches decreased in the second year and then increased in

year 3 and 4, respectively. ^{This increase took} place ^inthe year when the majority ^ofthe

new generation ^was expected ^to emerge (cf. Bejer-Petersen ^{et al.} 1962). ^{It is also}

Fig. 5.Abundance ofpine^weevils (pergroup of trap billets) ^{in relation to} geographical region (A ⁼ N. Finland, 3-year-development period, ^{B = S.}

Finland,2—3-year-development period ^{and C =} S.Finland,²-year-development period; ^cf. Fig. 1) and age ofclear felling. Broken-line-column indi cates deviating ^{forest site} type.

Kuva y Tukkikärsäkkäiden_runsaus (pyyntipölkkyryh

mää kohti) ^{eriikäisillä} hakkuualoilla eri kehitysai kavyöhykkeissä (A = Pohjois-Suomi, i-vuotinen kehitysaika, ^{B =} Etelä-Suomi,2—i-vuotinenke hitysaika jaC^- Etelä-Suomi,2-vuotinen kehitys aika-, vrt. kuva 1). Katkoviivoitus osoittaa poik keavaa metsätyyppiä.

noteworthy ^thattheaveragecatch forcom

parable study ^areaswas higher ^inthesouth thaninthe _more northerly areas, although high population ^levels may ^occur in the north, as well, ^{iftheforestsite}type issuit able (Kivalo ¹⁹⁶⁸—69).