Alderfer, R. B. 1946. Seasonal variability in the aggregation of Hagerstown silt loam. Soil Science 62: 151-168.
Bartlett, R. J. 1999. Characterizing soil redox behavior. Teoksessa: Sparks, D. L. (toim.). Soil physical chemistry. 2. p. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-87371-883-6. s. 371-398.
Beare, M. H., Hendrix, P. F. & Coleman, D. C. 1994. Water-stable aggregates and organic matter fractions in conventional and no-tillage soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58: 777-786.
Bohn, H. L., McNeal, B. L. & O’Connor, G. A. 2001. Soil chemistry. 3. painos. New York:
John Wiley & Sons. 307 s. ISBN 0-471-36339-1.
Bärlund, I., Tattari, S., Yli-Halla, M. & Åström, M. 2005. Measured and simulated effects of sophisticated drainage techniques on groundwater level and runoff hydrochemistry in areas of boreal acid sulphate soils. Agricultural and Food Science 14: 98-111.
Carter, M. R. 1992. Influence of reduced tillage systems on organic matter, microbial biomass, macro-aggregate distribution and structural stability of the surface soil in a humid climate.
Soil and Tillage Research 23: 361-372.
Chaney, K. & Swift, R. S. 1986. Studies on aggregate stability. II. The effect of humic substances on the stability of re-formed soil aggregates. The Journal of Soil Science 37: 337-343.
Dent, D. L. & Pons, L. J. 1995. A world perspective on acid sulphate soils. Geoderma 67:
263-276.
Durgin, P. B. & Chaney, J. G. 1984. Dispersion of kaolinite by dissolved organic matter from Douglas-fir roots. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 64: 445-455.
Elonen, P. 1971. Particle-size analysis of soil. Acta Agriculturae Fennica, nro 122. Suomen maataloustieteellisen seuran julkaisuja. Hämeenlinna: Karisto. 122 s.
45 Essington, M. E. 2004. Soil and water chemistry. An integrative approach. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 534 s. ISBN 0-8493-1258-2.
Filella, M., Zhang, J., Newman, M. E. & Buffle, J. 1997. Analytical applications of photon correlation spectroscopy for size distribution measurements of natural colloidal suspensions:
capabilities and limitations. Colloids and Surfaces. A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 120: 27-46.
Goldberg, S., Kapoor, B. S. & Rhoades, J. D. 1990. Effect of aluminum and iron oxides and organic matter on flocculation and dispersion of arid zone soils. Soil Science 150: 588-593.
Goldberg, S., Lebron, I. & Suarez, D. L. 2000. Soil colloidal behavior. Teoksessa: Sumner, M.
E. (toim.). Handbook of soil science. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-3136-6. s. B-195 - B-240.
Grim, R. E. 1953. Clay mineralogy. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 384 s.
Grolimund, D., Borkovec, M., Barmettler, K. & Sticher, H. 1996. Colloid-facilitated transport of strongly sorbing contaminants in natural porous media: A laboratory column study.
Environmental Science & Technology 30: 3118-3123
Gupta, R. K., Bhumbla, D. K. & Abrol, I. P. 1984. Effect of sodicity, pH, organic matter, and calcium carbonate on the dispersion behaviour of soils. Soil Science 137: 245-251.
Hayes, M. H. B. & Swift, R. S. 1978. The chemistry of soil organic colloids. Teoksessa:
Greenland, D. J. & Hayes, M. H. B. (toim.). The chemistry of soil constituents. New York:
John Wiley & Sons. s. 169-320. ISBN 0 471 99619.
Haynes, R. J. 1993. Effect of sample pretreatment on aggregate stability measured by wet sieving or turbidimetry on soils of different cropping history. Journal of Soil Science 44: 261-270.
Haynes, R. J. & Naidu, R. 1998. Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical conditions: a review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 51: 123–137.
46 Heinonen, R. 1992. Maan rakenne. Teoksessa: Heinonen, R. (toim.). Maa, viljely ja ympäristö.
Helsinki: WSOY. ISBN 951-0-17090-9. s. 90-141.
Hillel, D. 1971. Soil and water. Physical principles and processes. New York: Academic Press.
288 s. ISBN 0-12-348550-9.
Hudd, R. & Leskelä, A. 1998. Acidification-induced species shifts in coastal fisheries off the river Kyrönjoki, Finland: a case study. Ambio 27: 535-538.
Hyvärinen, V. 2003. Trends and characteristics of hydrological time series in Finland. Nordic Hydrology 34: 71-90.
James, B. R. & Bartlett, R. J. 2000. Redox phenomena. Teoksessa: Sumner, M. E. (toim.).
Handbook of soil science. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-3136-6. s. B-169 – B-194.
Jonge, L. W., Kjaergaard, C. & Moldrup, P. 2004. Colloids and colloid-facilitated transport of contaminants in soils: an introduction. Vadose Zone Journal 3: 321-325.
Kirk, G. 2004. The biogeochemistry of submerged soils. Wiltshire: John Wiley & Sons. 291 s.
ISBN 0-470-86301-3.
Kortelainen, P., Saukkonen, S. & Mattsson, T. 1997. Leaching of nitrogen from forested catchments in Finland. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11: 627-638.
Le Bissonnais, Y. 1996. Aggregate stability and assessment of soil crustability and erodibility:
I Theory and methodology. European Journal of Soil Science 47: 425-437.
Li, Z., Horikawa, Y. & Tamagawa, S. 1997. Stability behavior of soil colloidal suspensions in relation to sequential reduction of soils. I. Turbidity of soil colloidal suspensions and change induced by submergence of paddy soils. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 43: 719-728.
Malvern Instruments 2007. Zetasizer Nano user manual. Man0317 Issue 3.1.
McBride, M. B. 1994. Environmental chemistry of soils. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
406 s. ISBN 0-19-507011-9.
47 McCarthy, J. F. & Zachara, J. M. 1989. Subsurface transport of contaminants. Environmental Science and Technology 23: 496-502.
Minh, L.Q., Tuong, T. P., van Mensvoort, M. E. F. & Bouma, J. 1997. Soil and water table management effects on aluminum dynamics in an acid sulphate soil in Vietnam. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 68: 255-262.
Motomura, S. 1962. Effect of organic matters on the formation of ferrous iron in soil. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 8: 20-29.
Myllynen, K., Ojutkangas, E. & Nikinmaa, M. 1997. River water with high iron concentration and low pH causes mortality of lamprey roe and newly hatched larvae. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 36: 43–48.
Nearing, M. A. & Bradford, J. M. 1985. Single waterdrop splash detachment and mechanical properties of soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49: 547-552.
Nichol, W. E. & Turner, R. C. 1957. The pH of non-calcareous near neutral soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 37: 96-101.
Oades, J. M. & Waters, A. G. 1991. Aggregate hierarchy in soils. Australian Journal of Soil Research 29: 815-828.
Panabokke, C. R. & Quirk, J. P. 1957. Effect of initial water content on stability of soil aggregates in water. Soil Science 83: 185-195.
Ponnamperuma, F.N. 1972. The chemistry of submerged soils. Advances in Agronomy 24:
29-96.
Ranville, J. F., Chittleborough, D. J. & Beckett, R. 2005. Particle-size and element distributions of soil colloids: implications for colloid transport. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69: 1173-1184.
Reddy, K. R., D’Angelo, E. M. & Harris, W. G. 2000. Biogeochemistry of wetlands.
Teoksessa: Sumner, M. E. (toim.). Handbook of soil science. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-3136-6. s. G-89 – G-119.
48 Ritsema, C. J., van Mensvoort, M. E. F., Dent, D. L., Tan Y., van den Bosch, H. & van Wijk, A. L. M. 2000. Acid sulfate soils. Teoksessa: Sumner, M. E. (toim.). Handbook of soil science. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-3136-6. s. G-121 – G-154.
Shaw, D. J. 1970. Introduction to colloid and surface chemistry. 2. p. Butterworth & Co.
Publishers. 236 s. ISBN 0 408 70021 1.
Sposito, G. 1984. The surface chemistry of soils. New York: Oxford University Press. 234 s.
ISBN 0-19-503421-X.
Sposito, G. 1989. The chemistry of soils. New York: Oxford University Press. 277 s. ISBN 0-19-504615-3.
Suarez, D. L., Rhoades, J. D., Lavado, R. & Grieve, C. M. 1984. Effect of pH on saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil dispersion. Soil Science Society of America Journal 48: 50-55.
Thompson, A., Chadwick, O. A., Boman, S. & Chorover, J. 2006. Colloid mobilization during soil iron redox oscillations. Environmental Science and Technology 40: 5743-5749.
Tisdall, J. M. & Oades, J. M. 1982. Organic matter and water-stable aggregates in soils. The Journal of Soil Science 33: 141-163.
Toivonen, H. & Huttunen, P. 1995. Aquatic macrophytes and ecological gradients in 57 small lakes in southern Finland. Aquatic Botany 51: 197-221.
Turner, B. L., Kay M. A. & Westermann D. T. 2004. Colloidal phosphorus in surface runoff and water extracts from semiarid soils of the western United States. Journal of Environmental Quality 33: 1464-1472.
Turtola, E., Alakukku, L., Uusitalo, R. & Kaseva, A. 2007. Surface runoff, subsurface drainflow and soil erosion as affected by tillage in a clayey Finnish soil. Agricultural and Food Science 16: 332-351.
49 Uusitalo, R., Turtola, E., Kauppila, T. & Lilja T. 2001. Particulate phosphorus and sediment in surface runoff and drainflow from clayey soils. Journal of environmental quality 30: 589-595.
van Mensvoort, M. E. F. & Dent, D. L. 1997. Acid sulfate soils. Teoksessa: Lal, R., Blum, W.
H., Valentine, C., Stewart, B. A. (toim.). Methods for assessment of soil degradation. Boca Raton: CRC Press. s. 301-333.
Vinten, A. J. A., Yaron, B. & Nye, P. H. 1983. Vertical transport of pesticides into soil when adsorbed on suspended particles. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 31: 662-664.
Visser, S. A. & Caillier, M. 1988. Observations on the dispersion and aggregation of clays by humic substances, I. Dispersive effects of humic acids. Geoderma 42: 331-337.
Yli-Halla, M., Puustinen, M. & Koskiaho, J. 1999. Area of cultivated acid sulphate soils in Finland. Soil Use and Management 15: 62-67.
Yli-Halla, M., Mokma, D. L., Wilding, L. P. & Drees, L. R. 2008. Morphology, genesis and classification of acid sulfate soils of Finland. Teoksessa: Lin, C., Huang, S. & Li, Y. (toim.).
Proceedings of the joint conference of the 6th international acid sulphate soil conference and the acid rock drainage symposium. Guangzhou: Guangdong Press Group. s. 224-228.
Zaher, H. & Caron, J. 2008. Aggregate slaking during rapid wetting: Hydrophobicity and pore occlusion. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88: 85-97.
50 LIITE 1. Näytteen partikkelien massan laskeminen partikkelilaskurin
antamasta tuloksesta
Luokat (yksikkö µm):
1-2 2-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-40
40-50
50-100
100-150
150-200
>200
Jokaisesta luokasta laskettiin luokkakeskiarvoon perustuva pallon tilavuus kaavalla 4
3
Jokaisen luokan partikkelimäärä kerrottiin luokkakeskiarvosta saadulla pallon tilavuuden arvolla ja eri luokkien partikkeleiden tilavuudet laskettiin yhteen. Jotta tilavuuden yksikkö (µm3) saatiin muutettua cm3:eiksi, luku kerrottiin 10-12:lla. Näin saatu tilavuus kerrottiin partikkelitiheydellä 2,65 g cm-3.
51 LIITE 2. Erodoituvan kolloidiaineksen määrän laskeminen
sadanta: 660 mm/v = 6,6 dm/v valunta: 46 % sadannasta
valunta (ha-1v-1): 6,6 dm * 0,46 * (1000 dm)2 = 3 036 000 dm3 = 3 036 000 l
Eroosio kilogrammoina vuodessa hehtaaria kohti saadaan, kun kummankin horisontin osalta kerrotaan valunta, osuus maaprofiilin massasta ja eroosio keskenään ja nämä summataan yhteen:
52 LIITE 3. Aggregaattien stabiilisuusmittausten varianssianalyysien
tulokset
ANOVA-taulukot on tehty SPSS-tilasto-ohjelmalla.
Märkäseulonnassa irronnut maa-aines (Ø < 250 µm) partikkelilaskimella mitattuna A-horisontti
Source
Type III Sum
of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Corrected Model ,994(a) 9 ,110 3,236 ,015
Intercept 52,123 1 52,123 1527,822 ,000
glukoosi ,001 1 ,001 ,030 ,864
Intercept 2,358 1 2,358 792,028 ,000
glukoosi ,005 1 ,005 1,703 ,207
Märkäseulonnassa irronnut maa-aines (Ø < 250 µm) gravimetrisesti mitattuna A-horisontti
Source
Type III Sum
of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Corrected Model 3,093(a) 9 ,344 5,427 ,001
Intercept 100,467 1 100,467 1586,572 ,000
glukoosi ,000 1 ,000 ,002 ,966
53
Intercept 7,291 1 7,291 576,249 ,000
glukoosi ,037 1 ,037 2,904 ,104
Märkäseulonnassa irronnut kolloidiaines (Ø < 2 µm) dynaamisella valonsironnalla mitattuna A-horisontti
Source
Type III Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Corrected Model 4920768293(a) 9 546752033 1,380 ,261
Intercept 335274636228 1 335274636228 846,238 ,000
glukoosi 33210168 1 33210168 ,084 ,775
vko 3549833816 4 887458454 2,240 ,101
glukoosi * vko 1337724309 4 334431077 ,844 ,514
Error 7923886409 20 396194320
Total 348119290931 30
Corrected Total 12844654703 29
a R Squared = ,383 (Adjusted R Squared = ,105)
B-horisontti
Source
Type III Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Corrected Model 5892143680(a) 9 654682631 4,332 ,003
Intercept 63805332163 1 63805332163 422,164 ,000
glukoosi 429059581 1 429059581 2,839 ,108
vko 1909837314 4 477459329 3,159 ,036
glukoosi * vko 3553246785 4 888311696 5,877 ,003
Error 3022775992 20 151138800
Total 72720251836 30
Corrected Total 8914919672 29
a R Squared = ,661 (Adjusted R Squared = ,508)
Märkäseulonnassa irronnut kolloidiaines (Ø < 2 µm) gravimetrisesti mitattuna A-horisontti
Source
Type III Sum
of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Corrected Model 14012,075(a) 9 1556,897 22,892 ,000
Intercept 70044,672 1 70044,672 1029,907 ,000
glukoosi 196,608 1 196,608 2,891 ,105
vko 8226,475 4 2056,619 30,240 ,000
glukoosi * vko 5588,992 4 1397,248 20,545 ,000
Error 1360,213 20 68,011
Total 85416,960 30
Corrected Total 15372,288 29
a R Squared = ,912 (Adjusted R Squared = ,872)
54 B-horisontti
Source
Type III Sum
of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Corrected Model 11978,225(a) 9 1330,914 9,445 ,000
Intercept 24361,143 1 24361,143 172,882 ,000
glukoosi 4978,286 1 4978,286 35,329 ,000
vko 4372,533 4 1093,133 7,758 ,001
Märkäseulonnassa irronneen kolloidiaineksen (Ø < 2 µm) Z-keskikoko A-horisontti
Source
Type III Sum
of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Corrected Model 1920667(a) 9 213407,481 6,260 ,000
Intercept 37118341 1 37118340,867 1088,841 ,000
glukoosi 56463 1 56463,408 1,656 ,213
vko 762943 4 190735,651 5,595 ,003
glukoosi * vko 1101261 4 275315,329 8,076 ,000
Error 681796 20 34089,779
Corrected Model 583779(a) 9 64864,350 4,999 ,001
Intercept 26466468 1 26466468,280 2039,918 ,000
glukoosi 99775 1 99774,867 7,690 ,012
vko 466114 4 116528,581 8,982 ,000