Turkey, Russia and India

For better understanding the different circumstances around open innovation activities, moreover challenges which companies face, the overview of case countries financial sit-uation is presented. Turkey is one of the leading economic midpoints connecting Europe and Asia where its location is ideal because of closeness to other emerging economies which further generates exclusive market opportunities (Tatoglu & Demirbag, 2008).

Nowadays, Turkey aims to transform the economic structure towards more innovation promoting environment by supporting domestic companies’ innovation actions and im-plementing special mechanisms in the education system (Kleiner-Schäfer & Liefner, 2021). Still from the Organization Co-operation for Economic and Development (OECD) countries Turkey is under the median value when considering capacities and capabilities to innovate. According to OECD (2021) values of gross domestic spending on R&D, Turkey is on the bottom compared to another OECD countries.

Study by Karahan & Karhan (2013) shows that, over the half companies involved in their research had innovation activities at some capacity and most of innovation activities were made for product innovation. Moreover, Turkey has improved its innovation per-formance but still, compared to European Union countries, Turkey is behind with regard to the number of innovation performance dimensions (Sener & Tunali, 2017). Cornell University, INSEAD and World Intellectual Property Organization’s (2020) published The Global Innovation Index rankings and in that ranking Turkey is ranked as 51^st being over the median value. Cetindamar and Ulusoy (2007) show that with other companies, Turk-ish companies have good collaboration relations but still those existing relations does not have a strong impact on the performance of innovation.

Nowadays, the share of global information creation of emerging economies grows and countries such as Russia get often inspired by the experiences of advanced economies and further have a well-defined spatial proximity (Crescenzi & Jaax, 2017). The remark-able change in Russia in the last century had an important step in the economy. From the Soviet command economy to market-driven economical system was a major transi-tion (Alexeev & Weber, 2013: 1-3). The importance and matchless positransi-tion as a bridge makes Russia a unique case between Asia and Europe. Therefore, the expected econom-ical and innovative development in Russia has been shaping over the years (Sergi, 2019).

As an economical innovative reliability, Russia showed that it lies well below under lead-ing countries and stable around emerglead-ing economies. Therefore, focus on potential de-velopments and gains in the industry does not provide excellent levels of innovation ac-tivities (EBRD, 2012). However, accelerating the processes and growth in the economy cannot be achieved rapidly in Russia due to the lack of involvement business in funding, governmental motivation, and characteristics of management (Plokhov & Suslova, 2019).

Cornell University, INSEAD and World Intellectual Property Organization’s (2020) pub-lished The Global Innovation Index rankings and in that ranking Russia is ranked as 47th which is over the median value. Though, Russian Federation president weighs that

Russia’s important priority is to focus on the development of technology and national science (Sibirskaya, Stroeva, Khokhlova & Oveshnikova, 2014).

After the 1950s, a rapid change in economic developments in India had captured atten-tion from the world. Different numbers of modified techniques in economy policies led profits for India in short term plans (Balasubramanyam, 2019). However, the reform changes that India has faced over the years affected economy to come across difficulties in order to reach the level of developed country status and resulted as remaining in emerging countries (Kanungo, Rowley & Banerjee, 2018). Over the last years, India’s in-vestment in the R&D has been increasing but still public expenditure on R&D, which is just a small amount of GDP, has remained constantly around 0,7 percentage (Chatto-padhyay, 2020). Still, for the index of readiness for frontier technologies, India is ranked as 43^rd, placed in upper-middle score group (UNCTAD, 2021). Additionally, Cornell Uni-versity, INSEAD and World Intellectual Property Organization’s (2020) The Global Inno-vation Index ranking India is 48^th which is over the median value and better than last year’s positions. Furthermore, India’s innovation ecosystem has made a base for innova-tiveness while it is the third in the size of start-up economy (Chattopadhyay, 2020).

The policies that were made to overcome the challenges in economy have failed even though they were considered as sustainable. The latest attempts including 'National Manufacturing Policy' of 2011 and 'Make in India' of 2014 are a few examples of govern-ments' performance to stimulate the industry of India (Kanungo, Rowley & Banerjee, 2018, p. 77-78). Consequently, the whole economic experience that India gained has happened under its own philosophy. The complicated, irregular system of India has been self-organized and has failed in the innovated path because of the economic parameters that can occur (Ramani, 2014, p. 381-382).Scholars argue that the country should be more based on innovative activities which help the demanded economic growth of India (Nair, Guldiken, Fainshmidt & Pezeshkan, 2015). However, the recent population rate of skilled people, which is essential for the possible innovation activities, has shown that current increase in educated workforce is not sufficient enough to assist the growth of

India (Kumar & Puranam, 2012: 127-128). Therefore, in order to take better progress on the way of growth, former prime minister Manmohan Singh has declared from 2010 to 2020 as "Innovation Decade of India" (Nair, Guldiken, Fainshmidt & Pezeshkan, 2015).