genotype, environment, growing practices, harvest,storage and marketing. The literature contains only few investigations concerning different fertilization practices in carrot cul-tivation. Most investigations ofcarrot fertili-zation deal with the effects of increasing amountsof nutrientsoncarrotyield andsome quality criteria. These resultsare partly con-tradictory.However, infuture, for economi-cal, marketing, and environmental reasons there isa need to develop fertilization prac-ticestoincrease the fertilizer efficiency,to in-crease the uniform quality of vegetable products, andtominimize the environmental disadvantages of fertilizeruse. Thus the pres-ent study examined the influences of differ-ent fertilization practiceson thecarrot yield and quality, mainly the inner quality. The main results and conclusionswere as follows:
1. The fertilization practices affected the car-rot yield and theroot dry matter content.
The placement of NPKorPK fertilizer in-creased thecarrotyieldascomparedtothe broadcast or fertirrigation methods, and theroot drymatter content was increased by PK placement with N fertirrigations as compared to NPK fertirrigations. High carrot yieldswereobtained when the total phytomass production was high, as the root and shoot dry weights were positive-ly correlated.
The results of yield and root dry matter contentare in goodagreement withrecent studies. Thus the disadvantage of broad-cast fertilization and NPK fertirrigations is hypothesizedtobeanimpaired efficiency of phosphorus, which is considerable when the soil phosphorus content is low.
2. The effects of different fertilization
prac-ticeson thecarrot carotene contents were slight. In the climatically less favourable year 1985, the placement of PK fertilizer hadatendency to yieldahigher carotene content than did the broadcast or NPK fertirrigation methods. In the climatically more favourable year 1986, fertilization practices had noeffecton thecarrot caro-tene content.
In alltreatments, thecarotene content in-creased asthe growing season progressed and the carrots became larger and older.
All treatments considered, the carotene
content was41 % higher in the climatical-lymorefavourable year 1986 than in 1985.
Accordingtotheliterature,thecarrot caro-tene contentis strongly influenced by geno-type, climate and the size and age of car-rots; thus it is logical that the effects of fer-tilization practiceswereslight, though they may be important in unfavourable grow-ing conditions.
3. Thepresentstudy shows that it is possible toinfluence the N03-Ncontent ofcarrots by developing the fertilization practices.
This is animportant finding, because it is undesirableto have high N03-N contents in vegetables used for human nutrition.
Low N03-N contents were found in the unirrigated placement fertilizedtreatments, and the highest N03-N contents were found in NPK fertirrigations without ba-sic fertilization. Irrigation increased the N03-N content in carrots, but the results show that the placement of P and K assuch had apositive effectonthecarrot N03-N content, lowering it.
In future research it would be important tostudy further the influences of different fertilization practiceson vegetable N03-N contents, especially with plant species that accumulate high amounts of N03-N.
4. In 1986, the placement of NPKorPK fer-tilizerincreased thecarrot N and P
con-tents as comparedto NPK fertirrigations without basic fertilization, but the fertili-zation practices had no effects on theK, Ca and Mgcontents.Because the prelimi-nary results for 1985werepartly contradic-tory, these results should be regardedas in-dicative only. The increased N and P con-tentsincarrots are notdirectly important quality criteria in vegetables used for hu-man nutrition, but they indicate an in-creased intensity of nutrient uptake. The results of the present investigation show that the placement of NPK orPK fertilizer had positive effects onthe yield, dry mat-ter content, carotene content in unfavoura-ble growing conditions, and on the NOs
-N content. Thus the increased N and P contentsmay have had indirectpositive ef-fects on the quality of carrot.
5. The single application increased the ash and dietary fibre contents of carrots as compared to split applications. These promising preliminary results should be verified in future studies, asash and diet-ary fibre were determined only in 1986, and only few reports could be found in the literature, although the importance of
di-etary fibre in human nutrition is evident.
6. The fertilization practices hadnoeffectson thecarrotglucose, fructose or sucrose con-tentseither in 1985orin 1986. The glucose, fructose and total sugar contents were higher in the climatically less favourable year 1985 thanin 1986, whereas the sucrose content showed mainlyanoppositetrend, being higher in 1986 than in 1985. In 1986, the unfertilizedtreatments yieldedahigher total sugarcontent than did the fertilized treatments. These results, together with yieldresults,ledtothe hypothesis that the sugarcontentofcarrotis relatedtogrowth.
In the favourable year and in fertilized treatments,greateramounts of photosyn-thateswere produced, but theywere used for growth and thus less sugarswere left for thestorage organ. An adequate sugar
content is important for thetaste of car-rot,because sugars contributetothe sweet-ness. Thus, in future studies, thecarrot sugarcontentsshould be investigated com-prehensively, in relationto yield and oth-erenergyor carbon consuming processes
which can use sugars to produce other quality criteria.
7. The indicativeresults fortasteand texture showed that the NPK fertirrigations with-out basic fertilizationhad aslight positive effecton carrot tasteand texture as com-pared toplacement fertilization. In future studies,the role of irrigation, fertirrigation and placement fertilization incarrot taste andtextureshould be investigated, because
verylittle literatureon this subject is avail-able.
8. The fertilization practices had only slight effectsonthestorageability ofcarrots. In both years, the NPK fertirrigations with-out basic fertilization showeda tendency to produce lower marketable yield after storage than did single application.
9. At harvest, the ranges of many quality criteria between thetwo organically culti-vated materials were greater than the differences between themeans for thetwo cultivation methods (organically cultivated carrots vs. carrots grownin the fertilized treatmentsin the fertilization experiment).
At harvest, the organically cultivated ma-terial had lower yield and Ncontent, and worse taste,but higher P and Mg contents than the carrots grown in the fertilized treatmentsof the fertilization experiment.
The organically cultivated carrots stored well because of the absence of the soilborne disease,Mycocentrospora acerina(R. Har-tig) Deighton. After storage they had higher marketable yield, less weight loss, a lower NOr N content, higher P, Mg, glucose and fructose contents, bettertaste and better texture than did the carrots grown in the fertilizedtreatments of the fertilization experiment. On the other hand,the organically cultivatedcarrots had lower drymatter, N and Cacontents than
did the carrotsgrownin the fertilized treat-ments of the fertilization experiment.
Inconclusion, the fertilization practices affectedcarrot yield, drymatter, NOrN, N and P, ash and dietary fibrecontents.
On the otherhand,the fertilization prac-tices had no, oronly slight, effects on the carotene and sugarcontents, taste,texture and storageability. So far, in horticultur-al and agriculturhorticultur-alfertilization studies,
at-tention has been paidto yield quantity. In future, the high yield demand shouldnot take priority over quality. The results of the present investigation do, however, show that high yield and quality, asfaras dry matter, carotene, NOrN, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, ash and dietary fibre are con-cerned, are notcontradictory, but conver-gent.
355
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Ms. received October 3, 1989
SELOSTUS
Lannoitusmenetelmien vaikutus porkkanan satoon ja sisäiseen laatuun
Aino-Maija Evers
Kemira Oy, Espoon tutkimuskeskus Luoteisrinne2, 02270Espoo
Kirjallisuustietojen mukaan lannoituksen hyötysuhtee-seen, levitystasaisuuteenja ympäristövaikutuksiinon mah-dollista vaikuttaa kehittämällä lannoitteiden levitysme-netelmiä.Sensijaan kirjallisuudessaonhyvinvähän tie-tojasiitä,miten eri lannoitusmenetelmät vaikuttavat vi-hannesten sisäiseen laatuun. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus oliselvittää, mihinporkkananlaadun kriteereihin lannoi-tuksella ja lannoitusmenetelmillä voidaan vaikuttaa ja mit-kä laadun kriteerit ovatniin voimakkaasti geneettisesti säädeltyjätai ilmastotekijöiden vaikutuksenalaisia, et-teiniihin voida vaikuttaa lannoituksella tai lannoitus-menetelmillä.
KenttäkokeettehtiinKotkaniemen koetilalla Vihdissä kasvukausina 1985 ja 1986.Koekentän maalajion erit-täinrunsasmultainen,savinen hieno hieta. Viljelty lajike oli Nantes Duke Notabene 370Sv. Vertailtavina lannoi-tusmenetelminä olivat sijoitus- ja pintalannoitus (ilman kastelua jakastelun kera), NPK-kastelulannoitus,jossa puoletravinteista annettiin sijoituslannoituksenakeväällä, sekämenetelmät,joissaPjaKannettiin sijoittaen keväällä jaNkastelulannoiluksena kasvukaudella jaksottaen(kaksi N-lannoitustasoa).
Vuonna1985porkkanan juuri-ja naattinäytteet kerät-tiin kolme kertaa kasvukauden aikana tuore- ja kuiva-painomäärityksiinsekä NOj-N-,N-, P-, K-,Ca-ja Mg-määrityksiin. Juurinäytteetkerättiin sadonkorjuun yhtey-dessä sadon punnitusta varten jakaroteeni-, glukoosi-, fruktoosi- ja sakkaroosimäärityksiin sekä aistinvaraiseen arviointiin. Kuuden kuukauden varastoinnin jälkeen kauppakelpoinen sato punnittiin ja painohäviö merkit-tiin muistiin,karoteenipitoisuusmääritettiin ja maku ja rakenne arvioitiin aistinvaraisella menetelmällä.
Vuonna 1986porkkanan juuri- ja naattinäytteet kerät-tiin kolme kertaa kasvukauden aikanatuore-, kuivapaino-ja NO,-N-määrityksiin, kuivapaino-ja juurinäytteet
Vuonna 1986porkkanan juuri- ja naattinäytteet kerät-tiin kolme kertaa kasvukauden aikanatuore-, kuivapaino-ja NO,-N-määrityksiin, kuivapaino-ja juurinäytteet