The application of battery packs in HEVs and hybrid mobile working machines will be more attractive in the future especially if the price of Li-ion batteries comes down. The operation of the battery pack with a high operating current in such systems requires an appropriate cooling system to prevent the battery pack overheating, which will affect the battery pack operating characteristics, and in the worst case, set it on fire. The requirements for the compact placement of the battery pack in HEVs and hybrid mobile working machines may limit the use of the air cooling system. Therefore, main attention should be placed on liquid cooling systems or combinations of traditional and two-phase cooling methods.
In addition, the combination of the cooling and heating systems should be considered, as the operation of the battery pack at temperatures below zero degrades the efficiency, capacity and lifetime of the battery pack. Controlling the battery pack operating temperature and keeping it close to the optimal operating temperature (close to 23 °C) may significantly improve the operating characteristics of the battery pack when applied to HEVs and other hybrid mobile working machines.
The use of heat flux sensors to measure the heat dissipation from the battery pack may also enhance the operation of the battery pack in HEVs and hybrid mobile working machines. Furthermore, heat flux sensors can be used for the control of the battery pack thermal protection system. Finally, sensors of this kind can be used for the estimation of the battery pack operating characteristics such as internal resistance and ageing of the battery pack.
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