5 CONCLUSIONS
5.5 Suggestions for Future Research
Due to the difficulty in getting data on aspects like recycling, and the fact that there is no contact between the researcher and the selected companies, further research will be needed to know more about the efforts, and how much the companies recycle and reuse materials. Residual impacts that are possibly passed from suppliers to customers that could have contributed indirectly to the environmental impacts of focal firms were severally mentioned in the research without deeper explanation and examination. This may also need to be addressed intensively so as to show firms the more reason to green their supply chains, and save some unnecessary costs and resources on what they are not responsible for. As the research analysis mainly focused on focal firms, it may be more helpful to study focal firms along with their suppliers in an extensive manner. There is also the need to expand the research further with more participants, so that other aspects of environmental management practices that are excluded from this research can be covered. All these could be good and interesting topics for future research. Lastly, the findings of this research may not be generalised as only one industry is studied. Therefore, there is need for further research in other industries for generalisation purpose.
END NOTE…
The Ozone Layer healing: An encouraging sign…?
“The little efforts of promoting sustainability, and campaigning against irresponsible business practices is beginning to pay off as the ozone layer is now placed on the path to full recovery (Boyle, 2020, Liverpool, 2020, Morrison, 2020 & UN, 2019) through reduction of emissions, minimisation of wastes, and elimination of environmental hazards, which provides a huge relief and hope that the planet earth can be saved from its current deteriorating state with protective measures in place as it has been. However, this should not be a reason to be complacent, and go on to abandon doing the needful regardless of how improving the global climate condition, and how encouraging the results of our collective efforts are.
Little has been achieved. There is more to be done in addition to continuing on the part we have been since the fight against environmental impacts began many years ago. We have not laboured in vain, rather we have discovered how dynamic we are as humans as we have managed to devise many ways of doing one particular thing through recycling and reuse, waste minimisation, energy efficiency, and resource conservation et al. led by innovation with great thinking and idea generation backed by high and rapid level of research and technology. Hence, the destination is not far compared to how long we have been on the journey towards sustainability.
If our lives and those of the future generation is to be guaranteed by improving the deteriorating health condition of the planet earth, and putting the planet earth back to its original shape, we must not relent in our collective efforts on combating climate change and global warming issues by standing up as never before based on the achieved encouraging results that we can rescue the ailing planet, live, and enjoy life sustainably. Yes, we can…”
(Author).
REFERENCES
Al Khidir, T., and Zailani, S. (2009). Going Green in Supply Chain towards
Environmental Sustainability. School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. Global Journal of Environmental Research 3.
Al Khidir, T., and Zailani, S. H. M. (2006). Greening of the Supply Chain through Supply Chain Initiatives towards Environmental Sustainability.
Amatech Inc. (2020). OEMs, Tier 1, 2 & 3 - The Automotive Industry Supply Chain Explained. https://www.amatechinc.com/resources/blog/tier-1-2-3-automotive-industry-supply-chain-explained. (Accessed 6th September, 2020).
Anbumozhi, V., and Kanda. Y. (2005). Greening the Production and Supply Chains in Asia: Is there a Role for Voluntary Initiatives? Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Kansai Research Centre, Japan.
Archer, L. (2020). Electric Car Makers will Battle for Green Supply Chain, Best Reporting.
https://www.era-environmental.com/blog/electric-cars-need-green-supply-chain-and-reporting. (Accessed 17th March, 2020).
Ashraf, G. Y., Raichoudhary, A., Mukherjee, P. N., and Srivastava, R. K. (2009).
Greening the Supply Chain: A New Initiative in India with Special Reference to Chhattisgarh. Pranjana: The Journal of Management Awareness. Vol 12, No 1.
Audi. (2019). Audi Sustainability Report 2019: Progress You Can Feel. Audi AG, Germany.
Bakhare, R. (2016). Making Supply Chain Green! Institute of Management Studies and Research, Nagpur, India.
Ba Omara, H. A. M. B., Alia, M. A. M., and Bin Jaharadak, A. A. (2019). Green Supply Chain Integrations and Corporate Sustainability. Uncertain Supply Chain Management 7, 713-726.
Baraniuk, C. (2019). Car Parts from Weeds: The Future of Green Motoring?
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-48988355. (Accessed 24th April, 2020).
Bhat, A. (2020a). Empirical Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples.
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/empirical-research/#Empirical_research_Definition. (Accessed 18th April, 2020).
Bhat, A. (2020b). What is Research – Definition, Methods, Types and Examples.
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/what-is-research/. (Accessed 18th April, 2020).
BMW. (2019). Sustainable Value Report 2019. BMW Group, München, Germany.
Bové, A-T., and Swartz, S. (2016). Starting at the Source: Sustainability in Supply Chains.
https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability-and-resource-productivity/our-insights/starting-at-the-source-sustainability-in-supply-chains.
(Accessed 17th March, 2020).
Box Around The World (BATW). (2019). Tesla Supply Chain Management, What Happened? https://boxaroundtheworld.com/tesla-supply-chain-management/.
(Accessed 17th March, 2020).
Boyle, L. (2020). The Ozone Layer is Healing, New Study Finds.
https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/ozone-layer-healing-coronavirus-climate-sun-uv-rays-a9429341.html. (Accessed 14th May, 2020).
Çankaya, S. Y., and Sezen, B. (2019). Effects of Green Supply Chain Management Practices on Sustainability Performance. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 30 No. 1, pp. 98-121.
Carrete, L., Arroyo, P., and Trujillo, A. (2014). Why do Firms Implement Voluntary Environmental Actions and How are These Activities Evaluated? An Empirical
Investigation in Mexico. Journal of Management and Sustainability; Vol. 4, No. 4.
Carter, C. R., and Easton, P. L. (2011). Sustainable Supply Chain Management: Evolution and Future Directions. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management Vol. 41 No. 1. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Chamberlain, A. (2020). Sustainability Management System: The Triple Bottom Line.
https://www.era-environmental.com/blog/sustainability-management-triple-bottom-line. (Accessed 17th March, 2020).
Cheung, R. (2011). Making Green from Green - How Improving the Environmental Performance of Supply Chains Can Be a Win-Win for China and the World.
Chin, T. A., Tat, H. H., and Sulaiman, Z. (2015). Green Supply Chain Management, Environmental Collaboration and Sustainability Performance.
Chiou T-Y., Chan, H. K., Lettice, F., and Chung, S. H. (2011). The Influence of Greening the Suppliers and Green Innovation on Environmental Performance and Competitive
Advantage in Taiwan. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review. Volume 47, Issue 6, Pages 822-836.
Chiu, J-Z and Hsieh, C-C. (2016). The Impact of Restaurants’ Green Supply Chain Practices on Firm Performance. Sustainability 8, 42. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), Basel, Switzerland.
Chukwuemeka, C. (2020). 20 Green Business Ideas that are Eco-friendly.
https://www.depreneurdigest.com/20-green-business-ideas-that-are-eco-friendly/.
(Assessed 17th November, 2020).
Darnall, N., Jolley, G. J., and Handfield, R. (2006). Environmental Management Systems and Green Supply Chain Management: Complements for Sustainability? John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Da Silva, F. C., Shibao, F. Y., Barbieri, J. C., Librantz, A. F. H., and Dos Santos, M. R.
(2017). Barriers to Green Supply Chain Management in the Automotive Industry. Journal of Business Management.
De Brito, M. P., and Van der Laan, E. A. (2010). Supply Chain Management and Sustainability: Procrastinating Integration in Mainstream Research.
Deshmukh, A. J., and Vasudevan, H. (2014).Emerging Supplier Selection Criteria in the Context of Traditional Vs Green Supply Chain Management. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.5, No. 1.
Dhull, S., and Narwal, M. S. (2016). Drivers and Barriers in Green Supply Chain
Management Adaptation: A State-of-Art Review. Uncertain Supply Chain Management.
Diab, S. M., Al-Bourini, F. A., and Abu-Rumman, A. H. (2015). The Impact of Green Supply Chain Management Practices on Organizational Performance: A Study of Jordanian Food Industries. Journal of Management and Sustainability, Vol. 5, No. 1.
Ding, H., Liu, Q., and Zheng, L. (2016). Assessing the Economic Performance of an Environmental Sustainable Supply Chain in Reducing Environmental Externalities.
European Journal of Operational Research, 255 (2), 463-480.
Dow, J., (2017). All of Tesla’s Seat Options are Now Vegan.
https://electrek.co/2017/07/22/tesla-seat-options-now-vegan/. (Accessed 27th April, 2020).
Egbu, C., Haleem, A., Kulonda, D., and Khalfan, M. (2008). State of Green Construction in India: Drivers and Challenges. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology Vol. 7 No. 2.
Elo, S., and Kyngäs, H. (2008). The Qualitative Content Analysis Process. Journal of Advanced Nursing 62 (1), 107–115.
Eltayeba, T.K., Zailanib, S., and Ramayahc, T. (2010). Green Supply Chain Initiatives among Certified Companies in Malaysia and Environmental Sustainability: Investigating the Outcomes. Resources Conservation, and Recycling.
European Commission (EC). (2020). Environment: Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS).
https://ec.europa.eu/environment/emas/join_emas/how_does_it_work_step6_en.
htm#layout-body. (Accessed 18th March, 2020).
European Environment Agency (EEA). (2016). Sectoral Greenhouse Gas Emissions by IPCC Sector. https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/change-of-co2-eq-emissions-2#tab-dashboard-01. (Accessed 6th September, 2020).
Eurostat, (2020). Greenhouse Gas Emission Statistics – Emission Inventories. European Commission Publication.
Fell-Carlson, D. (2004). Rewarding Safe Behaviour: Strategies for Change. AAOHN Journal, Vol. 52, No, 12.
Fossey, E., Harvey, C., McDermott, F., and Davidson, L. (2002). Understanding and Evaluating Qualitative Research. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36:717–732.
Gayathri, S., and Kumari, D. A. (2019). Electric Vehicles – An Introduction of the Tesla for Strategy and Leadership. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-2S8.
Gianesello P., Ivanov D., and Battini, D. (2017). Closed-loop Supply Chain Simulation with Disruption Considerations: A Case-study on Tesla. International Journal of Inventory Research, 4(4), 257-280.
Gimenez, C., Sierra, V., and Rodon, J. (2012). Sustainable Operations: Their Impact on the Triple Bottom Line. International Journal of Production Economics 140, 149-159.
General Motors (GM). 2018. Transformation in Progress. General Motors Company, Michigan, United States of America.
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). (2006). GRI 305: Emissions 2016. GRI, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Green Jr., K. W., Zelbst, P. J., Meacham, J., and Bhadauria, V. S. (2012). Green Supply Chain Management Practices: Impact on Performance. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 17 Issue: 3 pp. 290 – 305.
Green, K., Morton, B., and New, S. (1996).Purchasing and Environmental Management:
Interactions, Policies, and Opportunities. Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol.
5, 188-197.
Grosvold, J., Hoejmose, S. U., and Roehrich, J.K. (2014). Squaring the Circle:
Management, Measurement, and Performance of Sustainability in Supply Chains. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 19 No. 3, pp. 292-305.
Hammarberg, K., Kirkman, M., and De Lacey, S. (2016). Qualitative Research Methods:
When to Use Them and How to Judge Them. Human Reproduction, Vol.31, No.3 pp.
498–501.
Handfield, R., Walton, S. V., Sroufe, R., and Melnyk, S. A. (2002). Applying
Environmental Criteria to Supplier Assessment: A study in the Application of the Analytical Hierarchy Process. European Journal of Operational Research 141.
Handfield, R., Sroufe, R., and Walton, S. (2005). Integrating Environmental
Management and Supply Chain Strategies. Business Strategy and the Environment. 14, 1–19.
Harman, B. (2020). Understanding the Significance of Operating Margins.
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/stocks/08/operating-margins.asp.
(Accessed 14th June, 2020).
Hartman, C. L., Hofman, P. S., and Stafford, E. R. (2002). Environmental Collaboration:
Potential and Limits. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
Hasan, M. (2012). Sustainable Supply Chain Management Practices and Operational Performance. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management.
Hayes, A. (2020). What Is the Debt-To-Equity Ratio – D/E?
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/debtequityratio.asp. (Accessed 13thJune, 2020).
Hawkins, A. J. (2019). Tesla’s Model 3 Interior Is Now Completely Leather-free, Including the Steering Wheel. https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/2/20844481/tesla-model-3-interior-leather-free-steering-wheel. (Accessed 27th April, 2020).
Hoskin, P. (2011). Why Business Needs to Green the Supply Chain. University of Auckland Business Review, Vol. 13 No1.
Hsieh, H-F., and Shannon, S.E. (2005). Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis. Sage Publications, Inc. USA.
Hyundai. (2019). Road to Sustainability. Hyundai Motor Company, Seoul, Korea.
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO). (2015). ISO 14001.
https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:14001:ed-3:v1:en. (Accessed 18th March, 2020).
Jun, M., Cheung, R., Jingjing, W., and Qingyuan, R. (2010). Greening Supply Chains in China: Practical Lessons from China-based Suppliers in Achieving Environmental
Performance. WRI Working Paper. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
United States of America.
Jungmichel, Norbert, Schampel, C., and Weiss, D. (2017). Atlas on Environmental Impacts - Supply Chains – Environmental Impacts and Hot Spots in the Supply Chain.
Berlin/Hamburg: adelphi/Systain.
Kenton, W. (2020a). Current Ratio.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/currentratio.asp. (Accessed 13thJune, 2020).
Kenton, W. (2020b). What Is an Operating Margin?
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/operatingmargin.asp. (Accessed 13th June, 2020).
Klender, J. (2019). Tesla Cyber truck’s ‘Marble’ Dashboard Is Actually Made from Paper and It’s Genius. https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-cybertruck-marble-dashboard-paper-material/. (Accessed 28th April, 2020).
Kohlbacher, F. (2006). The Use of Qualitative Content Analysis in Case Study Research.
Qualitative Social Research, 7 (1). pp. 1-30.
Kohli, A., and Hawkins, E. (2015). Motivators to Adopt Green Supply Chain Initiatives.
International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 8(4):1-13.
Koontz, T. M. (2006). Collaboration for Sustainability? A Framework for Analysing Government Impacts in Collaborative-Environmental Management. Sustainability:
Science, Practice, & Policy, Volume 2 Issue 1.
Kua, H-W. (2010). Improving the Clean Development Mechanism with Sustainability-Rating and Rewarding System. Progress in Industrial Ecology – An International Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1.
Kumar, R., and Chandrakar, R. (2012). Overview of Green Supply Chain Management:
Operation and Environmental Impact at Different Stages of the Supply Chain. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958,
Volume-1, Issue-3.
Lee, C. (2019). The Supply Chain and Its Impact on the Environment.
https://www.warehouseanywhere.com/resources/environmental-impact-of-the-supply-chain/. Warehouse Anywhere, Great Lakes, East Coast, US. (Accessed 14th October, 2020).
Li, S., Qiao, J., Cui, H., and Shuang Wang, S. (2020). Realizing the Environmental Benefits of Proactive Environmental Strategy: The Roles of Green Supply Chain Integration and Relational Capability. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), Basel, Switzerland.
Linton, J. D., Klassen, R., and Jayaraman, V. (2007). Sustainable Supply Chains: An Introduction. Journal of Operations Management.
Liverpool, L. (2020). The Ozone Layer is Healing and Redirecting Wind Flows around the Globe. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2238542-the-ozone-layer-is-healing-and-redirecting-wind-flows-around-the-globe/#. (Accessed 14th May, 2020).
Luo, A. (2019). What is Content Analysis and How Can You Use It in Your Research?
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/content-analysis/. (Accessed 31st August, 2020).
Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K. M., Guest, G., and Namey, E. (2005).
Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide. Family Health
International, P.O. Box 13950, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
Maverick, J. B. (2020). What Is the Best Measure of a Company's Financial Health?
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/061916/what-best-measure-companys-financial-health.asp. (Accessed 6th May, 2020).
McPeak, C., and Guo, Y. (2014). How the “Go Green” Trend Influences the Automotive Industry Financial Performance. Journal of Sustainability and Green Business, Vol. 2.
Merriam, B. S. (2002). Introduction to Qualitative Research. JOSSY-BASS, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., San Francisco, USA.
Mishra, M.K., Choudhury, D., and Rao, K.S.V.G. (2019). Impact of SMEs Green Supply Chain Practice Adoption on SMEs Firm and Environmental Performance. Theoretical Economics Letters, 9, 1901-1919.
Morrison, R. (2020). Earth's Ozone Layer is Healing as a Huge Reduction in Damaging Chemicals in the Atmosphere Reverses Some Troubling Changes in Air Currents around the Southern Hemisphere.
https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8155667/Earths-ozone-layer-HEALING-reduction-damaging-chemicals.html.
(Accessed 14th May, 2020).
Murphy, C. B. (2020). Net Profit Margin.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/net_margin.asp. (Accessed 13thJune, 2020).
Nelson, D. M., Marsillac, E., and Subba Rao, S. (2012). Antecedents and Evolution of the Green Supply Chain. Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management, Special Issue pp 29 – 43.
Orts, E., and Spigonardo, G. (2012). Greening the Supply Chain: Best Practices and Future Trends. Initiative for Global Environmental Leadership (IGEL), and the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
Pero, M., Moretto, A., Bottani, E., and Bigliardi, B. (2016). Environmental Collaboration for Sustainability in the Construction Industry: An Exploratory Study in Italy.
Perotti, S., Zorzini, M., Cagno, E., and Micheli, G. J. L. (2012). Green Supply Chain Practices and Company Performance: The Case of 3PLs in Italy. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management (IJPDLM). Vol. 42 No. 7, pp. 640-672, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 0960-0035.
Peugeot. (2019). Corporate Social Responsibility. Peugeot S. A. Groupe, France.
Pritchett, L. (2019). Mercedes is Ditching Leather Thanks to Lewis Hamilton.
https://www.livekindly.co/mercedes-ditching-leather-lewis-hamilton/. (Accessed 28th April, 2020).
Raja Ghazilla, R. A., Sakundarini, N., Abdul-Rashid, S. A., Ayub, N. S., Olugu, E. U., and Musa, S. N. (2015). Drivers and Barriers Analysis for Green Manufacturing Practices in Malaysian SMEs: A Preliminary Findings. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
RENNACS. (2020). Tesla Model 3’s Interior – No Buttons, Dials or Knobs.
https://rennacs.com/tesla-model-3-feature-high-tech-minimal-interior/. (Accessed 27th April, 2020).
Reuters. (2020). Porsche Goes Green with Leather-free Electric Sports Car.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-autoshow-frankfurt-porsche-electric/porsche-goes-green-with-leather-free-electric-sports-car-idUSKCN1VP27G. (Accessed 28th April, 2020).
RostamiFard, M., Shekari, H., and Eslami, S. (2014). Identifying the Drivers of Green Supply Chain Management in Tile Industry using Delphi Technique. Journal of
Educational and Management Studies.
Samuel, C. (2020). Sustainability in the Automotive Industry.
https://www.era-environmental.com/blog/sustainability-in-the-automotive-industry. (Accessed 17th March, 2020).
Science for Environment Policy (SEP). (2010). The Benefits of Greening the Supply Chain. European Commission DG Environment News Alert Service, edited by SCU, The University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom.
Schaltegger, S., Beckmann, M., and Hockerts, K. (2018). Collaborative Entrepreneurship for Sustainability. Creating Solutions in Light of the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, Vol. 10, No. 2.
Scribbr. (2020). An Introduction to Research Methods.
https://www.scribbr.com/category/methodology/. (Accessed 24th April, 2020).
Simpson, D. F., and Power, D. J. (2005). Use the Supply Relationship to Develop Lean and Green Suppliers. Department of Management, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. Volume 10 Number 1. pp. 60–68.
Sousa Jabbour, A. B. L., Vazquez-Brust, D., Jabbour, C. J. C., and Latan, H. (2017).
Green Supply Chain Practices and Environmental Performance in Brazil: Survey, Case Studies, and Implications for B2B. Industrial Marketing Management, 66, 13-28.
Srivastav, P., and Gaur, M. K. (2015). Barriers to Implement Green Supply Chain
Management in Small Scale Industry using Interpretive Structural Modelling Technique - A North Indian Perspective. European Journal of Advances in Engineering and
Technology.
Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., and DeVault, M. L. (2016). Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (eds). John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, USA.
Tesla Inc. (2020). Vehicle Incentives: Financial Benefits for Electric Vehicles.
https://www.tesla.com/en_GB/support/incentives. (Accessed 17th March, 2020).
Thaba, S. C. (2017). Drivers of Sustainable Supply Chain Management in South Africa a Total Interpretive Structural Method (TISM) Based Review.Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science 2017 Vol II.
The European Automobile Manufacturers' Association (ACEA). (2018).
Environmental Impact of Car Production Strongly Reduced over Last Decade.
https://www.acea.be/press-releases/article/environmental-impact-of-car-production-strongly-reduced-over-last-decade. (Accessed 24th April, 2020).
The European Automobile Manufacturers' Association (ACEA). (2020). CO2 Emissions. https://www.acea.be/industry-topics/tag/category/co2-emissions.
(Accessed 24th April, 2020).
The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT). (2019a). Emissions.
https://www.smmt.co.uk/industry-topics/emissions/. (Accessed 24th April, 2020).
The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT). (2019b). Environment.
https://www.smmt.co.uk/industry-topics/environment/. (Accessed 24th April, 2020).
Thomas, D. J., and Griffin, P. M. (1996). Coordinated Supply Chain Management.
European Journal of Operational Research 94.
United Nations (UN). (2019). Ozone on Track to Heal Completely in Our Lifetime, UN Environment Agency Declares on World Day.
https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1046452. (Accessed 14th May, 2020).
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2019). Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data.
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data. (Accessed 6th September, 2020).
Volkswagen. (2019). Sustainability Report 2019. Volkswagen AG, Germany.
White, M. D., and Marsh, E. E. (2006). Content Analysis: A Flexible Methodology.
The Board of Trustees, University of Illinois. Library Trends, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 22–
45.
Wolf, C., and Seuring, S. (2009). Environmental Impacts as Buying Criteria for Third Party Logistical Services. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 40 No. ½.
Wollmuth, J., and Ivanova, V. (2014). 6 Steps for a More Sustainable Supply Chain.
https://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2014/01/24/6-steps-more-sustainable-supply-chain. (Accessed 4thApril, 2020).
Wu, J., Zhang, X., and Lu, J. (2018). Empirical Research on Influencing Factors of Sustainable Supply Chain Management—Evidence from Beijing. Beijing, China.
Wyawahare, A., and Udawatta, N. (2017). A Framework for Successful Implementation of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) in Construction Organisations. EPiC Series in Education Science, Volume 1, Pages 402–410.
Xing, G., Xia, B., and Guo, J. (2019). Sustainable Cooperation in the Green Supply Chain under Financial Constraints. Xi’an Jiaotong University, China.
Yosie, T. F. (2008). Greening the Supply Chain in Emerging Markets: Some Lessons from the Field. World Economic Centre (WEC).
Yu, Z., Golpîra, H., and Khan, S. A. R. (2018). The Relationship between Green Supply Chain Performance, Energy Demand, Economic Growth and Environmental Sustainability:
An Empirical Evidence from Developed Countries. Scientific Journal of Logistics, 14 (4), 479-494.
Zhang, Z., Xu, H., Liu, Z., and Fang, Y. (2019). Implications for Pure Profit,
Zhang, Z., Xu, H., Liu, Z., and Fang, Y. (2019). Implications for Pure Profit,