3.3 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
3.3.2 Side Pack
13
3.3.2 Side Pack
Side pack-Personal Aerosol Monitor AM 520 is battery-powered, light-dispersing photometer in which information is logged and gives centralization of vaporized particles including our objective for example PM2.5 fixation inside the breathing territory of specialist. (Anon., n.d.)
Recently planned bay conditioners increment the mass focus capacity and give size portion slice focuses to PM10, PM4 (Respirable), PM5 (China Respirable), PM2.5 , PM1 and 0.8 μm Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM). This screen is the ideal answer for continuous, individual vaporized examining in an assortment of work environment conditions, including general industry, foundries, building locales, concoction plants, processing plants, petrochemical, force and utilities, transportation, aviation, sea, kept spaces and mining.1
Figure 3.4: Side Pack Personal Aerosol Monitor AM 520 3.3.2.1 Features of Side Pack Aerosol Monitor
Following features are given by purchaser of the
1 (Manufacturer: TSI Dust Monitors)
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Side Pack Aerosol Monitor.
1) Robust impactors for higher mass concentration range 2) Audible and visual alarms
3) 0.8 μm DPM impactor
4) PM5 China respirable size fraction impactor 5) High capacity battery
6) Color OLED display
7) Real-time mass concentration measurement and data logging for "in-the-field" data analysis
8) Push button menu operation or programmable through newly improved TrakPro™ v5 Software
9) User-selectable alarm levels to alert workers to high aerosol concentrations
10) Newly designed robust impactors enable reliable size fraction measurements at higher aerosol concentrations over longer run times
The kit includes:
1) Soft single-unit carrying case 2) 100-240 VAC power supply 3) USB cable
4) Impactor kit
5) Dorr-Oliver Cyclone kit 6) DPM cyclone kit
7) Screwdriver 8) Micro USB cable 9) Zero filter
10) Sample tube
11) Calibration certificate 12) User guide
13) Quick reference card 3.3.3 Dust Trak
The Model 8520 Dust Trak Aerosol Monitor has four methods of activity overview LOG 1, LOG 2 and LOG 3. At the point when the Dust Trak Monitor is first turned on, it will be in review mode, which is utilized to show continuous readings and to decide measurements, for example, normal, least and most extreme readings. LOG 1 mode is
15
utilized to record singular information focuses for later investigation utilizing a fixed convention. LOG 2 and LOG 3 modes have a client characterized convention, arrangement utilizing trak expert TM information investigation programming. Trak Pro programming is utilized for examination of information taken in any of the three LOG modes, however can't be utilized on tests taken in review mode.2
3.3.3.1 Dust Trak aerosol monitor keypad functions
When squeezing the keys on front board the Dust Trak screen signals to affirm the capacity. On the off chance that you press a key and the Dust Trak screen doesn't signal, the Dust Trak screen doesn't permit that work during the choosing testing mode 3.3.3.2 Parts identification for the DUST TRAK Aerosol Monitor
Following figure recognizes the pieces of Model 8520 Dust Trak Aerosol Monitor I became familiar with these components before proceeding.
1. Display 2. Keypad 3. Battery Cover
4. Battery Cover Thumb Screw 5. Data Port
6. Display/Keypad Lockout Switch 7. External Power Socket
8. Sample Inlet Nozzle And Port 9. Flow Adjustment Screw
10. Analog Output/Alarm Connector 11. Cyclone Holder Clip
12. Exhaust Port
2 (Manufacturer: TSI Dust Monitors)
16
Figure 3.5: Top and Front of the Dust Trak Monitor 3.3.3.3 Dust Trak Aerosol Monitor Accessories
Accessories for Dust Trak aerosol monitor includes the following and are shown in given figure 3.6.
1. Zero filter 2. Flow meter 3. Wrist strap
4. 2.5 µm inlet nozzle 5. 1 µm inlet nozzle 6. Impactor plate 7. Grease
8. Computer cable 9. AC adapter 10. Cyclone
11. 25-pin to 9-pin adapter 12. Shoulder strap
17
13. Sample tube cleaning brush 14. Sample tube removal tool 15. Internal filter elements 16. Analog/alarm cable
Figure 3.6: Dust Trak Aerosol Monitor Accessories 3.4 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR CALCULATIONS 3.4.1 Parameters considered during sampling:
The parameters that were rendered important for consideration, are observed for given time period when sampling was done and given in detail in table 4.2
3.4.2 Calculations of inhalable dust using IOM Sampler:
Keeping in view all the necessary parameters given below, concentration of inhalable dust (𝐶𝑚) has been calculated using following formula,
𝑪𝒎 = (𝑴𝒇− 𝑴𝒊) − (𝑩𝒇− 𝑩𝒊) 𝑽
where;
Mf = Final mass of filter Mi = Initial Mass of filter Bf = Final Mass of blank filter
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Bi = Initial Mass of blank filter
V = Volume, which can be calculated using following formula;
𝑽 = 𝑸 × 𝒕 where;
Q = Flow rate of the pump t = sampling time
19
Figure 3.1: Google Earth Map showing Sampling Locations (pinned for reference)
20
4 RESULTS
4.1 GENERAL
This chapter give the details about the results against the concentration of inhalable dust measured in sweepers and workers. In everyday life, we experience dust in the atmosphere as a result of natural and anthropogenic activities. Anthropogenic activities may include products thrown as rubbish or garbage into air, land and water. I gathered number of samples for measurement of inhalable dust in various situations/locations using three methods/techniques such as IOM sampling head, sampling using Dust Trak and Side Pack.
The results are gathered from following situations:
1) Leaf blowing on roadsides 2) Car parking halls
3) Cleaning of streets and building lots 4) Parking lots cleaning
5) Cleaning of main roads
4.2 RESULTS OF IOM SAMPLER
Table 4.1: Picture Gallery of Sampling
21
1. Cleaning of streets and building lots
2. Car Parking Halls
3. Cleaning of leaves on roadsides
22
Table 4.1:Results of Concentration of Inhalable Dust calculated using IOM Sampler Category
23
4.3 RESULTS OF SIDE PACK & DUST TRAK:
The Side Pack was used to monitor the concentration of inhalable dust. The dust trak was used to monitor was used to monitor the concentration of inhalable dust. The maximum, minimum and average value was recorded at various locations for each case which are being shown in the following table.
4.3.1 Tabular representation of results from Dust Trak & Side Pack:
Table 4.5: Results of inhalable dust taken from Dust Track:
Cases Number of Samples
Locations Maximum Value of
Table 4.4: Results of inhalable dust taken from Side Pack:
Cases Number of Samples
Locations Maximum Value of
Sample 1 Kuopiohalli site-I
0.44 0.02 0.002 10
Sample 2 Kuopiohalli site-II
0.33 0.07 0.0 10
Parking lots cleaning
Sample 1 Taivanpakontie päiväkoti
0.70 0.15 0.004 10
Sample 2 Paivarannan koulu
4.62 0.34 0.0 10
Sample 3 Street Sweeper-Niiralan koulu Kasarmikatu
0.38 0.06 0.002 10
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Cleaning of main roads
Sample 1 Truck Driver-rovastinkatu
0.64 0.06 0.03 10
Sample 2 Road Brusher-Rovastinkatu Sample 3 Truck Driver-Rypysuontie
0.25 0.05 0.03 10
4.3.2 Graphical representation of results of concentration of inhalable dust recorded from Side Pack:
Graph No: 1
Concentration of PM2.5 at Kuopiohalli site-I while Cleaning of Roads and Streets for which;
Average value: 0.026 mg/m3 Maximum value: 0.444 mg/m3 Minimum Value: 0.002 mg/m3
Graph No: 2
10:33:24 10:35:54 10:38:24 10:40:54 10:43:24 10:45:54 10:48:24 10:50:54 10:53:24 10:55:54 10:58:24 11:00:54 11:03:24 11:05:54 11:08:24 11:10:54 11:13:24 11:15:54 11:18:24 11:20:54 11:23:24 11:25:54 11:28:24 11:30:54 11:33:24 11:35:54 11:38:24 11:40:54 11:43:24 11:45:54 11:48:24 11:50:54
CONCENTRATION OF AEROSOL (mg/m3)
TIME
8:45:47 8:47:47 8:49:47 8:51:47 8:53:47 8:55:47 8:57:47 8:59:47 9:01:47 9:03:47 9:05:47 9:07:47 9:09:47 9:11:47 9:13:47 9:15:47 9:17:47 9:19:47 9:21:47 9:23:47 9:25:47 9:27:47 9:29:47 9:31:47 9:33:47 9:35:47 9:37:47 9:39:47 9:41:47 9:43:47 9:45:47
CONCENTRATION OF AEROSOL (mg/m3)
TIME (Seconds)
CONCENTRATION Vs TIME
25
Concentration of PM2.5 at Kuopiohalli site-II while Cleaning of Roads and Streets for which;
Average value: 0.078 mg/m3 Maximum value: 0.33 mg/m3 Minimum Value: 0.00 mg/m3
Graph No: 3
Concentration of PM2.5 for Street Sweeper-Niiralan koulu Kasarmikatu while Cleaning of Parking lots for which:
Average value: 0.067 mg/m3 Maximum value: 0.388 mg/m3 Minimum Value: 0.002 mg/m3
Graph No: 4
Concentration of PM2.5 at Taivaanpankontiepäiväkoti while Cleaning of Parking lots for which;
10:35:06 10:36:36 10:38:06 10:39:36 10:41:06 10:42:36 10:44:06 10:45:36 10:47:06 10:48:36 10:50:06 10:51:36 10:53:06 10:54:36 10:56:06 10:57:36 10:59:06 11:00:36 11:02:06 11:03:36 11:05:06 11:06:36 11:08:06 11:09:36 11:11:06 11:12:36 11:14:06 11:15:36 11:17:06 11:18:36 11:20:06
CONCENTRATION OF AEROSOL (mg/m3)
TIME (seconds)
8:42:24 8:43:54 8:45:24 8:46:54 8:48:24 8:49:54 8:51:24 8:52:54 8:54:24 8:55:54 8:57:24 8:58:54 9:00:24 9:01:54 9:03:24 9:04:54 9:06:24 9:07:54 9:09:24 9:10:54 9:12:24 9:13:54 9:15:24 9:16:54 9:18:24 9:19:54 9:21:24 9:22:54 9:24:24 9:25:54 9:27:24 9:28:54 9:30:24
Concentration of Aerosol (mg/m3)
Time (seconds)
CONCENTRATION Vs TIME
26
Average value: 0.159 mg/m3 Maximum value: 0.708 mg/m3 Minimum Value: 0.004 mg/m3
Graph No: 5
Concentration of PM2.5 for Road Brushers and Truck Drivers at Rovastinkatu while Cleaning of main roads for which;
0
10:25:40 10:27:20 10:29:00 10:30:40 10:32:20 10:34:00 10:35:40 10:37:20 10:39:00 10:40:40 10:42:20 10:44:00 10:45:40 10:47:20 10:49:00 10:50:40 10:52:20 10:54:00 10:55:40 10:57:20 10:59:00 11:00:40 11:02:20 11:04:00 11:05:40 11:07:20 11:09:00 11:10:40 11:12:20 11:14:00 11:15:40 11:17:20 11:19:00
CONCENTRATION OF AEROSOL (mg/m3)
TIME (Seconds)
7:43:49 7:45:49 7:47:49 7:49:49 7:51:49 7:53:49 7:55:49 7:57:49 7:59:49 8:01:49 8:03:49 8:05:49 8:07:49 8:09:49 8:11:49 8:13:49 8:15:49 8:17:49 8:19:49 8:21:49 8:23:49 8:25:49 8:27:49 8:29:49 8:31:49 8:33:49 8:35:49 8:37:49 8:39:49 8:41:49 8:43:49
CONCENTRATION OF AEROSOL (mg/m3)
TIME (Seconds)
CONCENTRATION Vs TIME
27
4.3.3 Graphical representation of results of concentration of inhalable dust recorded from Dust Trak Aerosol Monitor:
Graph No: 8
Concentration of PM2.5 at Kuopiohalli site-I while Cleaning of Streets and Building Lots for which;
8:02:24 8:09:36 8:16:48 8:24:00 8:31:12 8:38:24 8:45:36 8:52:48
Concentration og PM 2.5 (mg/m3)
Time (seconds)
Concentration of PM2.5 for Truck of main roadsDrivers at Rypysuontie while Cleaning for which;
9:30:21 9:31:11 9:32:01 9:32:51 9:33:41 9:34:31 9:35:21 9:36:11 9:37:01 9:37:51 9:38:41 9:39:31 9:40:21 9:41:11 9:42:01 9:42:51 9:43:41 9:44:31 9:45:21 9:46:11 9:47:01 9:47:51 9:48:41 9:49:31 9:50:21 9:51:11 9:52:01 9:52:51 9:53:41 9:54:31
CONCENTRATION OF AEROSOL (mg/m3)
TIME (Seconds)
CONCENTRATION Vs TIME
28
Average value: 0.323 mg/m3 Maximum value: 6.595 mg/m3 Minimum Value: -0.065 mg/m3
Graph No: 9
Concentration of PM2.5 at Kuopiohalli site-II while Cleaning of Streets and Building Lots for which;
Average value: 0.631 mg/m3 Maximum value: 3.189 mg/m3 Minimum Value: 0.00 mg/m3
Graph No: 10
-0.05 0.95 1.95 2.95
CONCENTRATION OF PM2.5 (mg/m3)
Time
Concentration Vs Time
Concentration
-0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
7:08:19 7:08:39 7:08:59 7:09:19 7:09:39 7:09:59 7:10:19 7:10:39 7:10:59 7:11:19 7:11:39 7:11:59 7:12:19 7:12:39 7:12:59 7:13:19 7:13:39 7:13:59 7:14:19 7:14:39 7:14:59
CONCENTRATION Vs TIME
29
Concentration of PM2.5 at Taivaanpakontie päiväkoti while Cleaning of Parking Lots for which;
Average value: 0.033 mg/m3 Maximum value: 0.189 mg/m3 Minimum Value: -0.032 mg/m3
Graph No: 11
Concentration of PM2.5 at Paivaran koulu while Cleaning of Parking Lots for which;
Average value: 0.027 mg/m3 Maximum value: 0.108 mg/m3 Minimum Value: -0.012 mg/m3
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
7:09:09 7:09:29 7:09:49 7:10:09 7:10:29 7:10:49 7:11:09 7:11:29 7:11:49 7:12:09 7:12:29 7:12:49 7:13:09 7:13:29 7:13:49 7:14:09 7:14:29 7:14:49 7:15:09 7:15:29 7:15:49 7:16:09 7:16:29 7:16:49
Concentration of PM 2.5 (mg/m3)
Time (seconds)
CONCENTRATION Vs TIME
30
5 DISCUSSION
Keeping in view all the tasks performed for the calculation of concentration of Inhalable dust using IOM Sampler, Side Pack and Dust Trak, all the results were obtained and interpreted specific standard operating procedures. The procedures adopted for the calculation of concentration were undertaken keeping in view the atmospheric conditions i.e. temperature, relative humidity and wind speed using IOM Sampler. All the results obtained were found to be completely in compliance with the threshold limit values i.e.
10mg/m3 prescribed by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists American (ACGIH).
The aim of the objective was to evaluate the dust concentration at various sites in Finland thus achieved results give evident concentration of dust particles measured using all three equipment.
It was found that out of all scenarios where the results were obtained under given conditions of temperature and humidity, the values of concentration were found to be relatively higher during lots cleaning using IOM Sampler but within limits for Taivaanpakontie Päiväkoti and Päivärannan koulu i.e. 6.74 and 7.97 mg/m3 respectively.
Comparing these with ACGIH and Finnish TLV values, it was found that obtained values were all within limits.
The average, minimum and maximum values obtained from Side Pack and Dust Track are also found to be within prescribed threshold limit values. Hence the results were satisfactory. The values of concentration were found to be within limits at all sites under study using Dust Trak i.e. 6.52 mg/m3. Additionally, the values of concentration were found to be relatively higher but within limits during parking lots cleaning using Side Pack for Päivärannan koulu i.e. 4.62 mg/m3. Comparing these with ACGIH and Finnish TLV values, it was found that obtained values were all within limits.
It must be noticed that the high wind speed, rain droplets in air (high humidity) and extremely low temperature will lead to probability of errors and will directly affect the calculations of IOM sampler. However, no such weather conditions will affect the readings obtained from Side Pack and Dust Trak.
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6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, different number of samples were gathered from various situations which includes leaf blowing on roadsides, car parking halls, cleaning of streets and Building lots, parking lots cleaning and cleaning of main roads for measurement of inhalable dust in various situations/locations using three methods/techniques such as IOM sampling head, sampling using Dust Trak and Side Pack. . The values of concentration for the aforesaid subject matter are compared with the threshold limit value set by ACGIH and the Finnish HTP values.
The study was conducted to interoperate and assess dust exposure level. This level must be achieved for work processes so that there should be negligible likeness of illness for workers working over any site and health of the labor is maintained even during working.
Additionally, this study or work is just kind of pilot study, and the results from this study will be helpful to create awareness to road cleaning workers and also somehow to policy makers. Moreover, this study will or can serve as a baseline data for future studies on the related topics.
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7 REFERENCES
ACGIH. (2006). Threshold Limit Values for chemical substances.
Anwar, S. K., Mehmood, N., Nasim, N., Khurshid, M., & Khurshid, B. (2013). Sweeper’s lung disease: a cross-sectional study of an overlooked illness among sweepers of Pakistan.
International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 8, 193.
Gardiner, K., & Harrington, J. M. (2008). Occupational hygiene: John Wiley & Sons.
Garshick, E., Schenker, M. B., & Dosman, J. A. (1996). Occupationally induced airways obstruction. Medical Clinics, 80(4), 851-878.
ISO, I. (1995). 7708, Air quality—Particle size fractions definitions for the health-related sampling. International Standards Organization, Geneva.
Johncy, S. S., Dhanyakumar, G., & Samuel, T. V. (2014). Chronic exposure to dust and lung function impairment: a study on female sweepers in India. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(1), 15.
Johncy SSST, J. M., Dhanyakumar G, Bondade SY. (2014). Prevalence of respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms in female sweepers. Int J Biomed Res. .
Kasper, D., Braunwald, E., Fauci, A., Hauser, S., Longo, D., & Jameson, J. Harrison‟ s.(2005) Principles of Internal Medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Kumie, A., Wakuma, S., Bråtveit, M., Deressa, W., Mamuya, S., Teshome, B., & Moen, B. E.
(2017). Dust exposure levels among treet sweepers in Bole Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 31(4), 236-243.
Kupiainen, K., Tervahattu, H., & Räisänen, M. (2003). Experimental studies about the impact of traction sand on urban road dust composition. Science of the Total Environment, 308(1-3), 175-184.
Marziale, M. (1989). The occupational risks in urban cleaning: street sweeping. Revista gaucha de enfermagem, 10(1), 71-81.
Miguel, A. G., Cass, G. R., Glovsky, M. M., & Weiss, J. (1999). Allergens in paved road dust and airborne particles. Environmental science & technology, 33(23), 4159-4168.
Morgan, W. K. C., & Seaton, A. (1975). Occupational lung diseases: WB Saunders Company, 12 Dyott Street, London WC1A 1DB.
Mostafa, N. S., Abdel-Hamid, M. A., & AlBagoury, L. S. (2015). Work-related respiratory disorders among street sweepers in Cairo, Egypt, a comparative study. Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine, 33(2).
Nku C, P. E., Eshiet A, Oku O, Osim E. (2005). Lung function, oxygen saturation and symptoms among street sweepers in Calabar. Niger J Physiol Sci.
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Nku, C., Peters, E., Eshiet, A., Oku, O., & Osim, E. (2005). Lung function, oxygen saturation and symptoms among street sweepers in Calabar, Nigeria. Nigerian journal of physiological sciences, 20(1), 79-84.
Priyanka, V. P., & Kamble, R. (2017). Occupational health hazards in street sweepers of Chandrapur city, central India. International Journal of Environment, 6(2), 9-18.
Smilee Johncy S, D. G., Vivian Samuel T, Ajay K, Suresh YB. (2013). Acute lung function response to dust in street sweepers.
Smilee Johncy, S., Dhanyakumar, G., Vivian Samuel, T., Ajay, K., & Suresh, Y. B. (2013).
Acute lung function response to dust in street sweepers. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 7(10), 2126.
Wang, X., Eisen, E., Zhang, H., Sun, B., Dai, H., Pan, L., . . . Christiani, D. (2003). Respiratory symptoms and cotton dust exposure; results of a 15 year follow up observation. Occupational and environmental medicine, 60(12), 935-941.
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Appendices
35
Appendix-1
Atmospheric Parameters while using IOM
Sampler
36
Table 4.3: Atmospheric conditions/parameters considered while sampling was done using IOM Sampler.
Category of Sampling Sample Location Total time spent on
taking samples Time Temperature of
working/sampling area Relative Humidity Wind Speed
°C % m/s
Case 1: Leaf blowing on roadsides
Puijonkatu 81 minutes
9:41 A.M. 9.1 82.5 5
Kesaranta 31 minutes
12:15 P.M 10.5 72.6 5
Case 2: Car Parking halls
40
10:45 A.M 13.1 67.8 8
11:05 A.M 10 31 9
41
APPENDIX-2
Research plan for master’s thesis:
Program: Environmental health and technology.
Topic of the research:
Exposure of dust on road maintenance/cleaning workers:
Key points of thesis:
Introduction:
A large number of individuals are working daily in dusty condition. They are presented to various sorts of word related health dangers, for example fumes, gases, natural and inorganic dusts which are hazard factors in creating occupational lung sicknesses.
Laborers engaged with structure and development work are in danger of creating impaired lung function because of exposure to high level of dust produced at the building site.
Mostly workplace environment may affect the health of workers badly. Workers working in dusty environment have the risk of inhaling particulate materials that cause adverse respiratory effects. The occupationally related lung diseases are mostly caused due to the deposition of dust in the lungs. And these lungs diseases are influenced by
• the sort of dusts.
• the period of exposure.
• the concentration and size of the airborne dust in the breathing zone.
All construction sites create abnormal state of dust regularly from concrete, silica, asbestos, cement, wood, stone, sand and so forth. Development or construction dust is delegated as PM-10, for example particulate matter of under 10 micro meter, and laborers are in danger of breathing in these particles. Silica is a mineral found in the earth’s crust. Airborne silica residue(dust) is created during pursuing or drilling into solid, block work, tearing up old cement, unearthing sites with sandstone or mud. (S.
Smilee Johncy, 2011).
Aims:
42
To assess the effect of exposure to various types of dust in construction sites on construction workers.
Materials and methods:
• Personnel sampling.
• Stationary sampling.
• IOM sampling head FOR DUST.
This device was developed by the UK Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM) and consists of a single orifice entry and a filter contained within a cassette. The sampler requires a sampling pump operating at 2 L/min and an appropriate filter.
• T,RH, Dust.
• Dust track.
• Conical inhalable sampler( CIS ).
This device was developed in Germany and is known as either the CIS or GSP sampler.
It requires a sampling pump operating at 3.5 L/min. This device can also be used with porous foam plugs and specific cassettes so as to sample the respirable or thoracic fractions.
Results:
• Comparison with OEL.
• workers exposure.
• Environmental impacts.
Time schedule:
October to march
In October and November data collection. And thesis write up from October also.
Supervision:
Perti pasanen.