6. CONCLUSIONS
6.3 Further research
An overall process was defined and important tasks in the FE were identified. However, the findings could be limited to the construction industry's project supplier's perspective and should be broadened to other industries. This study revealed that the FE can impact project execution in many ways. However, quantitative studies on what kind of effect different actions in the FE have on execution are rare (Williams et al. 2019). Therefore, further studying this impact would be valuable, for example, calculating what kind of return the invested resources in the FE have. In addition, a narrative study into projects could better reveal the causal relationships between the FE and execution further identifying the important tasks. Also, this study revealed the impact of the FE on competitiveness in sales. This should be validated and studied further in the project business environment in different industries.
The project management literature or any literature for that matter is lacking in understanding management of the FE (Zwikael & Meredith 2019). The management aspect was found to be very important in this study and it would thus be valuable to understand the best practices and approaches in different kinds of projects and organizations. A study in multiple organizations in different project-based industries could create a better understanding of good and bad practices. This and previous studies revealed that the roles in the FE are not well defined (Edkins et al. 2013). It is important to understand the various roles in the organization and thus researching the different roles in the FE would create valuable information for the managers.
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APPENDIX A: FEATURES OF FRONT END
AuthorsContextMethodology
Limited time Limited information Limited resourced Uncertainty Stage gate Dynamic More creative
Interaction with stakeholders
Empirical papers
Biesek et al. 2014Doctoral research, large construction projects (public) in UK theoretical, in-depth case studies, lab-based experimental studiesx Cano & Lidon 2009 Project management course in University of Zaragoza, real and fictitious projects81 initial + 66 final surveysx Christensen 2011Major public projects in Norway 3 in depth and 23 ongoingTheory + interviews and public documents, pilot studyxxx Collins et al. 2017 Construction industry, industrial projects USA+abroad, developing framework 65 industry professionals used for development, 50 validationprojects, statistical analysisxxxx Cova & Holstius 1993 Finland, marketing projects in export firms + case study onFrench aerospace supplier.Theoretical study + 34 surveys and case studyxxxx Edkins et al. 2013 Wide variety of industries from Construction to IT, big global companiesMulti case study + in-depth interviews, 9 organizationsxxxxx Flyvjberg 2013 Real life multibillion-dollar building project in UK, public-privateBuilding theoretical framework and testing on real casexx George et al. 2008 Construction projects from all market sectors (industrial etc.) from 100k to 100M dollars, Survey in USA, 51 questionnaire surveys, validation on 51 construction projects+ 51 further validation questionnairesxx Gibson & Bosfield 2012 Construction Industry institutes member organizations, largest, complex and sophisticated organizationsSurvey 59 respondsxxxxx Kähkönen 1999 2-year study, 5 companies in heavy industry (paper, pulp, chemical, mining, energy)In depth research schemexxxx Morris 2013Summarization of a book Literature revies, summarizing and comparing 40 years of researchxx Oh et al. 2016 CII member companies from wide variety of constructionindustries Survey 38 responses from 27 organizations + 2nd survey 28responses from 18 organizations + 30 Case projects with 9x Turkulainen et al. 2013 Global automation system supplier, customers in pulp, paper and energy, projects from 300k to 10 million €Case study of three projects in the companyx Yun et al. 2012Consturction industry institutes development program dataSurvey data from database of 419 projects, statistical analysisx Zwikael & Meredith 2019 Established and experienced project organizations on varyingindustries (private + public) in UK, Australia and New Zealand Literature review + 17 senior execs. Interviewed, analysis on 16organizationsxxx
APPENDIX B: THE SUPPORTING EFFECT OF FRONT END ON THE PROJECT EXECUTION PERFORMANCE
AuthorsContextMethodology
Answering customer needs better (strateegic) Avoiding unnecessary work (tactical) Better team performance (tactical) Better risk management
Overall project success (tactical) Better budget and schedule (Tactical)
Empirical papers
Artto et al. 2001 Production plant projects in various logistics, paper, material handling and foodFour empirical cases xxx Biesek et al. 2014Doctoral research, large construction projects (public) in UK theoretical, in-depth case studies, lab-based experimental studiesx Cano & Lidon 2009 Project management course in University of Zaragoza, real and fictitious projects81 initial + 66 final surveys xx Christensen 2011Major public projects in Norway 3 in depth and 23 ongoingTheory + interviews and public documents, pilot studyx Collins et al. 2017 Construction industry, industrial projects USA+abroad, developing framework 65 industry professionals used for development, 50 validationprojects, statistical analysis xxx Edkins et al. 2013 Wide variety of industries from Construction to IT, big global companiesMulti case study + in-depth interviews, 9 organizations xxx Flyvjberg 2013 Real life multibillion-dollar building project in UK, public-privateBuilding theoretical framework and testing on real case x George et al. 2008 Construction projects from all market sectors (industrial etc.) from 100k to 100M dollars, Survey in USA, 51 questionnaire surveys, validation on 51 construction projects+ 51 further validation questionnaires xxx Gibson & Bosfield 2012 Construction Industry institutes member organizations, largest, complex and sophisticated organizationsSurvey 59 responds x Hermanides et al. 2010Dutch process industry, NAP networkSurvey 67 accepted responses xx Kähkönen 1999 2-year study, 5 companies in heavy industry (paper, pulp, chemical, mining, energy)In depth research scheme x McClory et al. 2017Lessons learned from project management's point of viewTheory + 66 responds to online survey, conceptual paper x Morris 2005Variety of industries from project business400 web surveys, 50 interviews and case studies x Oh et al. 2016 CII member companies from wide variety of constructionindustries Survey 38 responses from 27 organizations + 2nd survey 28responses from 18 organizations + 30 Case projects with 9interviews x Olsson & Samset 2006Norwegian public projects Multi-case research. Three data sets. Qualitative andquantitative data.x Williams et al. 2012 Three countries Australia, Norway and UK. Well establishedindustries and traditional investment projects typicallyconstruction, energy etc. Analyzing guidelines, 14 interviews and 8 cases of different organizations x
APPENDIX C: FRONT END TASKS
RelativeimportanceBody of literatureProject managementConstruction managementProject sales and marketingBy number of mentions ViewpointFocus on successfull execution and delivery of aproject, management perspective Focuses more on the technical aspects,engineering, and the product of the delivery, construction. Focus is on the stakeholders and interaction withthem, linking the organizaional capabilities to theoutside world.
Business case and strategy
0,7 Business case Campbell 2014, Christensen 2011, Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin2014, Elearn 2007, Morris 2005, Olsson & Samset 2006, Samset &Volden 2016, Williams & Samset 2010, Williams & Samset 2012, Williams et al. 2012, Zwikael & Meredith 2019 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Kähkönen 1999, George et al. 2008, Back & Moreau 2000 Cooper & Budd 2007, Turkulainen et al. 2013, Tikkanen et al. 2007, Skaates & Tikkanen 2003 0,4 Project strategy Biesek et al. 2014, Artto et al. 2008, PMBOK, Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2014, Morris 2005, Morris 2013, Olsson & Samset 2006, Samset & Volden 2016, Williams & Samset 2012Edkins et al. 2013Tikkanen et al. 2007
Setting project goals and objectives
1,0 Stakeholder management Hermanides et al. 2010, PMBOK, Artto et al. 2001, Artto et al. 2008, Biesek et al. 2014, Campbell 2014, Cano & Lidon 2009, Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2014, Elearn 2007, Morris 2005, Morris2013, Neal 1995, Olsson & Samset 2006, Samset & Volden 2016, Williams & Samset 2010, Williams & Samset 2012, Williams 2016, Williams et al. 2012, Zwikael & Meredith 2019 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Edkins et al. 2013, Georgeet al. 2008 Cooper & Budd 2007, Turkulainen et al. 2013, Cova & Salle 2005, Tikkanen et al. 2007, Cova & Holstius 1993, Skaates & Tikkanen2003 0,9 Requirements management PMBOK, Artto et al. 2001, Biesek et al. 2014, Campbell 2014, Cano& Lidon 2009, Christensen 2011, Williams & Samset 2012, Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2014, Elearn 2007, McClory et al. 2017, Morris 2005, Morris 2013, Neal 1995, Olsson & Samset 2006, Samset & Volden 2016, Williams & Samset 2010, Williams 2016 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Edkins et al. 2013, George et al. 2008 Cooper & Budd 2007, Turkulainen et al. 2013, Cova & Salle 2005, Tikkanen et al. 2007, Cova & Holstius 1993
0,7 Goal setting and alignment Hermanides et al. 2010, Artto et al. 2008, Campbell 2014, Cano &Lidon 2009, Williams & Samset 2012, Elearn 2007, Mesa et al. 2016, Morris 2005, Morris 2013, Neal 1995, Olsson & Samset 2006, Samset & Volden 2016, Williams & Samset 2010, Yun et al. 2016, Zwikael & Meredith 2019 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Edkins et al. 2013, Kähkönen 1999, Gibson & Bosfield 2012Cova & Salle 2005, Tikkanen et al. 2007
Formulation of offer and concept
0,8 Project concept PMBOK, Artto et al. 2001, Campbell 2014, Christensen 2011, Cano& Lidon 2009, Elearn 2007, Morris 2005, Morris 2013, Olsson &Samset 2006, Samset & Volden 2016, Williams & Samset 2010, Williams & Samset 2012, Williams et al. 2009 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Edkins et al. 2013, Oh et al. 2016, Kähkönen 1999, George et al. 2008, Gibson & Bosfield 2012Cooper & Budd 2007, Turkulainen et al. 2013, Tikkanen et al. 2007 0,2 Offer formulation Cooper & Budd 2007, Turkulainen et al. 2013, Cova & Salle 2005, Tikkanen et al. 2007, Cova & Holstius 1993, Skaates & Tikkanen2003 0,4 NegotiationNeal 1995, Pillai 2008 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Edkins et al. 2013, Kähkönen 1999 Cooper & Budd 2007, Turkulainen et al. 2013, Cova & Salle 2005, Tikkanen et al. 2007, Cova & Holstius 1993, Skaates & Tikkanen20030,5Technical solution selection Hermanides et al. 2010, Artto et al. 2001, Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2014, Samset & Volden 2016, Williams et al. 2012 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Kähkönen 1999, Back &Moreau 2000, Gibson & Bosfield 2012 Cooper & Budd 2007, Turkulainen et al. 2013, Cova & Holstius 1993, Skaates & Tikkanen 20030,4Basic design (engineering) Artto et al. 2001, Biesek et al. 2014, Williams & Samset 2012, Elearn 2007, Morris 2013, Samset & Volden 2016, Yun et al. 2016 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Kähkönen 1999, George et al. 2008, Gibson & Bosfield 2012
1,0 Project execution planning Hermanides et al. 2010, PMBOK, Bachy & Hameri 1997, Biesek et al. 2014, Cano & Lidon 2009, Williams & Samset 2012, Flyvjberg2013, Mesa et al. 2016, Morris 2005, Morris 2013, Olsson &Samset 2006, Pillai 2008, Samset & Volden 2016, , Wearne 2014 , Williams & Samset 2010, Williams et al. 2012, Yun et al. 2016, Zwikael & Meredith 2019 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Edkins et al. 2013, Kähkönen 1999, George et al. 2008, Back & Moreau 2000 Cooper & Budd 2007, Cova & Salle 2005, Tikkanen et al. 2007, Cova& Holstius 1993, Skaates & Tikkanen 2003 0,4 Subcontractor management Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2014, Williams & Samset 2012, Christensen 2011, Morris 2013, Williams & Samset 2010, Williams2016 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Kähkönen 1999, George et al. 2008Cova & Salle 2005, Tikkanen et al. 2007
Offer and concept formulation support tasks0,4Constructability/feasibility review Hermanides et al. 2010, Campbell 2014, Elearn 2007, Mesa et al. 2016, Williams & Samset 2012 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Gibson & Bosfield 2012, Edkins et al. 2013, Kähkönen 1999Cova & Salle 2005 0,6 Value and benefits management Hermanides et al. 2010, Biesek et al. 2014, Christensen 2011, Williams & Samset 2012, Elearn 2007, Morris 2005, Neal 1995, Williams & Samset 2010, Williams et al. 2012, Zwikael & Meredith2019CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Edkins et al. 2013Cova & Salle 2005, Tikkanen et al. 2007, Skaates & Tikkanen 2003 0,9 Risk & uncertainty management Hermanides et al. 2010, PMBOK, Campbell 2014, Cano & Lidon2009, Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2014, Elearn 2007, Morris 2005, Morris 2013, Olsson & Samset 2006, Samset & Volden 2016, Wearne 2014, Williams & Samset 2010, Williams 2016, Williams et al. 2012, Zwikael & Meredith 2019, Bosch-Rekveldt et al. 2010 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Edkins et al. 2013, Kähkönen 1999, George et al. 2008, Gibson & Bosfield 2012 Cooper & Budd 2007, Tikkanen et al. 2007, Cova & Holstius 1993, Skaates & Tikkanen 2003
Offer and concept formulation support tasks0,4Constructability/feasibility review Hermanides et al. 2010, Campbell 2014, Elearn 2007, Mesa et al. 2016, Williams & Samset 2012 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Gibson & Bosfield 2012, Edkins et al. 2013, Kähkönen 1999Cova & Salle 2005 0,6 Value and benefits management Hermanides et al. 2010, Biesek et al. 2014, Christensen 2011, Williams & Samset 2012, Elearn 2007, Morris 2005, Neal 1995, Williams & Samset 2010, Williams et al. 2012, Zwikael & Meredith2019CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Edkins et al. 2013Cova & Salle 2005, Tikkanen et al. 2007, Skaates & Tikkanen 2003 0,9 Risk & uncertainty management Hermanides et al. 2010, PMBOK, Campbell 2014, Cano & Lidon2009, Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2014, Elearn 2007, Morris 2005, Morris 2013, Olsson & Samset 2006, Samset & Volden 2016, Wearne 2014, Williams & Samset 2010, Williams 2016, Williams et al. 2012, Zwikael & Meredith 2019, Bosch-Rekveldt et al. 2010 CII 1996, CII 2015, Collins et al. 2017, Edkins et al. 2013, Kähkönen 1999, George et al. 2008, Gibson & Bosfield 2012 Cooper & Budd 2007, Tikkanen et al. 2007, Cova & Holstius 1993, Skaates & Tikkanen 2003