7. Conclusion and Recommendation
7.2. Recommendation
It has been more than two decades that the concept of LC has been introduced in the construction industry. But, still, the idea of LC implementation is very limited in the construction industry, although LC has shown positive results in reducing wastes in the construction process through the application of various LC tools. Considering the benefits of LC tools implementation related to the elimination of waste in the process, enhancing transparency, and barriers to implementation of LC in the industry, some of the recommendations are suggested. These recommendations according to the author, will not only reduce wastes in the process but will enhance transparency and
show objective results on construction projects and also helps in the implementation of LC in the industry.
1. Measurable indicators of the performance improvement with visual management technique.
2. Visualization of the stream is required to identify the wastes in the process.
3. Increase transparency on the construction site by visualizing the responsibilities and the information.
4. Senior management needs to more inclined toward the implementation of LC tools on projects.
5. Proper training and skills development of the workforce on site about LC.
6. 5’s technique needs to practice on site.
7. Prototyping of the task or activity should be done to quickly understand the whole process.
8. The standardization technique needs to implement on-site to avoid the unnecessary movements of the workforce and to enhance safety.
9. Last Planner System (LPS) need to be implemented to visualize the progress of the projects.
10. “5 Why” tools should be implemented to identify the root causes of waste and problems on the construction site.
11. Further research is required for the implementation of VM on construction and finds the measurable benefits and more reliable results of VM implementation.
12. Lean Project Delivery System (LPDS) should be implemented on construction projects to identify the benefits of LC from the early phase of the projects.
13. The national culture of LC implementation is required to adopt for LC implementation in the specified countries.
14. Further research work and LC development institutes are required to establish for the implementation of LC in the construction industry.
15. Implementation of the LC principle should be included in the contracts to make it necessary to implement LC.
Declaration of Authorship
I hereby declare that the attached Master’s thesis was completed independently and without the prohibited assistance of third parties, and that no sources or help were used other than those listed. All passages whose content or wording originates from another publication have been marked as such. Neither this thesis nor any variant of it has previously been submitted to an examining authority or published.
Date Signature of the student
Appendices
Appendix A: Details of UAE Project
BILL OF QUANTITIES (BOQ) of Dubai Villa.
No Description of work Unit e
3.4 RCC staircase m3 5 1300 DEM 6,500.00
8.2
DEM 18,000.00
18 Airconditioning DEM 70,000.00
18.1 AC work LS DEM 95,000.00
DEM 95,000.00
Total
DEM 1,558,000
Work Schedule of Dubai Project
Appendix B: Detail of Pakistani Project
BILL OF QUANTITIES (BOQ) of Pakistani Villa.
No Description of work Unite QTY Rate Amount
RCC Parapet m3 7 15000
Gypsum LS
Work Schedule of Pakistani Villa
Appendix C: Questionnaire Survey For visual management
What are the significance of Visual management (VM) and its effects on the construction project? significant for reducing or eliminating the waste of
8. How much prototyping of
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.874 11
Frequency Table
Position
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
How significantly the VM techniques can reduce the waste of time on site?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid Low 15 16.9 16.9 16.9
Medium 44 49.4 49.4 66.3
High 8 9.0 9.0 75.3
Very High 22 24.7 24.7 100.0
Total 89 100.0 100.0
Does the VM technique is significant for reducing or eliminating the waste of materials and resources?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
To what extent VM techniques are important to enhance the communication on the construction site?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
To what extent it is important to implement VM technique on a construction site?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
How much 5´s technique of VM can reduce the duration of the activity on site?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid 0% 3 3.4 3.7 3.7
1-15% 13 14.6 16.0 19.8
15-30% 19 21.3 23.5 43.2
How much the Health and Safety boards on site can enhance project performance?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
How much prototyping of the construction activity can enhance the performance of the project?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
To what proportion VM helps in communicating the information on the construction site in a more easy and simple way without the help of other entities?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
To what extent VM can enhance the transparency on the construction site?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid 0% 3 3.4 3.8 3.8
1-15% 4 4.5 5.1 9.0
15-30% 23 25.8 29.5 38.5
30-45% 32 36.0 41.0 79.5
>45% 16 18.0 20.5 100.0
Total 78 87.6 100.0
Missing System 11 12.4
Total 89 100.0
Questionnaire for Barriers
What are the possible reasons and factors that hinder the Lean application concept in the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan?
1 (Strongly Disagree) 2 (Disagree) 3 (Neutral) 4 (Agree) 5 (Strongly Agree)
S.No Questions Strongly
Disagree
Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree knowledge of lean principles are the causes of not implementing LC in the industry.
1 2 3 4 5
5. Lack of Skilled professionals of LC is the cause of not implementing LC in construction projects. Government or the stakeholders is the cause of not implementing LC in the industry.
1 2 3 4 5
8. The benefits of LC in the industry are not well known is the cause of not implanting LC in the industry.
1 2 3 4 5
9. Due to high competition among the construction companies, companies do not want to share information with other companies to implement LC in the projects.
1 2 3 4 5
10. Lack of literate labors and skilled workers in industry is the reason of not implementing LC in Industry.
1 2 3 4 5
Detail results of Barriers to LC implementation:
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.829 9
Frequency Table
Lack of Commitment of top management is the cause of not implementing LC in the industry
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Agree 12 15.4 15.4 15.4
Strongly Agree
66 84.6 84.6 100.0
Total 78 100.0 100.0
Human attitude to adopt new techniques is a factor of not applying Lean Construction (LC) in industry.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Partially Agree
Lack of understand and knowledge of lean principles are the causes of not implementing LC in the industry.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Disagree 6 7.7 7.7 7.7
Lack of Skilled professional of LC is the cause of not implementing LC in construction projects
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Application time of LC is lengthy due to which companies are hesitant to implement LC in projects
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Partially Agree
Lack of Interest from the Government or the stakeholders is the cause of not implementing LC in the industry.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Benefits of LC in industry are not well known is the cause of not implementing LC in the industry
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Due to high competition among the construction companies, companies do not want to share information with other companies to implement LC in the projects
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Lack of literate labors and skilled workers in industry is the reason of not implementing LC in Industry.
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative