PART III: PROGRESS TOWARDS THE 2020 AICHI BIODIVERSITY TARGETS AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
3.1.2. Progress towards Millennium Development Goals
While the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are to be achieved by 2015 most of the Aichi Targets are to be achieved by 2020. In Finland a systematic and thorough assessment of the progress towards achievement of the Aichi targets will take place in 2015. Thus, this chapter only presents a preliminary and indicative assessment of the Millennium Development Goals and the Aichi targets. In the contributions towards achievements of the Millennium Development Goals and Targets 2015 the most biodiversity-oriented goal is MDG goal 7 (Ensuring Environmental Sustainability) and the most relevant targets under this goal are:
• Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources
Its biodiversity related indicators are:
- Proportion of land area covered by forest
- Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area
• Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss (pls. note that this originates from 2005 UNGA decision and CBD COP-XI 2012 extended its overarching goal of halting the decline in biodiversity from 2010 to 2020)
Since the NBSAP was adopted in 2006 and revised in 2012 Finland has worked towards their fulfilment (see parts II and III for an overview of policies and strategies). Finland is also supporting developing countries to reach targets.
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END NOTES
i Annual national accounts. Statistics Finland. http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/til/vtp/index_en.html
ii Finnish Customs. http://www.tulli.fi/en/index.jsp
iii Biodiversity.fi. Wood removals. http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/forests/fo1-wood-removals
iv Biodiversity.fi. Wood removals. http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/forests/fo1-wood-removals
v Energy supply and consumption. Statistics Finland. http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/til/ehk/index_en.html
vi Liski, J. & Westman, C. J. 1997. Carbon storage in forest soil of Finland II size and regional patterns. Biogeochemistry 36, 261-274.
Liski, J. & Kauppi, P. 2000. Carbon cycle and biomass. In: FAO. Forest Resources of Europe, CIS, North America, Australia, Japan and New Zealand (industrialized temperate/boreal countries), UN-ECE/FAO Contribution to the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000, Main Report. New York: United Nations, 155-226.
Minkkinen, K. 1999. Effect of forestry drainage on the carbon balance and radiative forcing of peatlands in Finland.
Department of Forest Ecology, University of Helsinki. 42 s.
Kauppi, P. E., Posch, M., Hänninen, P., Henttonen, H. M., Ihalainen, A., Lappalainen, E., Starr, M. & Tamminen, P. 1997.
Carbon reservoirs in peatlands and forests in the boreal regions of Finland. Silva Fennica 31 (1), 13-25.
Virtanen, Kimmo; Hänninen, Pekka; Kallinen, Riitta-Liisa; Vartiainen, Sirkka; Herranen, Teuvo; Jokisaari, Ritva, 2003. Suomen turvevarat 2000. Summary: The Peat Reserves of Finland in 2000 GTK, Tutkimusraportti 156 - Report of Investigation.
Pajunen Hannu 2004. Järvisedimentit kuiva-aineen ja hiilen varastona. Summary: Lake sediments as a store of dry matter and carbon GTK, Tutkimusraportti 160. Report of Investigation.
vii Metsätilastollinen vuosikirja 2012. Finnish Forest Research Institute.
http://www.metla.fi/metinfo/tilasto/julkaisut/vsk/2013/index.html
viii E.g. Impacts of climate change on multiple ecosystem services: Processes and adaption options at landscape scales (CLIMES) http://www.syke.fi/projects/climes
Soil carbon model – Yasso
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_Yasso%283113%29
The relationships of biotopes, habitat structure and habitat quality to the provision of ecosystem services (ES-LUPPI)
http://www.syke.fi/en-US/Research__Development/Research_and_development_projects/Projects/The_relationships_of_biotopes_habitat_structu re_and_habitat_quality_to_the_provision_of_ecosystem_services_ESLUPPI/The_relationships_of_biotopes_habitat_st%287 368%29
Controls of supporting ecosystem services through the load of terminal electron acceptors (TEA-SERVICES)
http://www.syke.fi/en-US/Research__Development/Research_and_development_projects/Projects/Controls_of_supporting_ecosystem_services_t hrough_the_load_of_terminal_electron_acceptors_TEASERVICES
Securing the Conservation of biodiversity across Administrative Levels and spatial, temporal and Ecological Scales (SCALES)
http://www.syke.fi/en-US/Research__Development/Research_and_development_projects/Projects/Securing_the_Conservation_of_biodiversity_ac ross_Administrative_Levels_ands_spatial_temporal_and_Ecological_Scales_SCALES
ix Wellbeing from forests. Programme of Finnish Forest Research Institute. http://www.metla.fi/ohjelma/hyv/index-en.htm
x Recreational Use of Forests. Finnish Forest Research Institutes. http://www.metla.fi/metinfo/monikaytto/lvvi/index-en.htm Statistics 2000: http://www.metla.fi/metinfo/monikaytto/lvvi/en/tietoa-valtakunnalliset-tilastot-en.htm
Statistics 2010: http://www.metla.fi/metinfo/monikaytto/lvvi/en/tietoa-ulkoilusta-2010-en.htm
xi Recreational fishery Game and Fisheries Research.
http://www.rktl.fi/english/statistics/statistics_by_topic/recreational_fishery/ ; Hunting. Game and Fisheries Research.
http://www.rktl.fi/english/statistics/statistics_by_topic/hunting/
xii Huhtala, M., Kajala, L. & Vatanen, E. 2010. Local economic impacts of national park visitors’ spending: The development process of an estimation method. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 149. 20 p.
http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2010/mwp149.htm
xiii Metsähallituksen kansallispuistojen käyntimäärät 2001–2013.Metsähallitus.
http://www.metsa.fi/sivustot/metsa/fi/eraasiatjaretkeily/asiakastieto/kayntimaarat/kansallispuistotyhteensa/Sivut/Kansallis puistotyhteensa.aspx
xiv Vatanen, E. & Hyppönen, M. 2008. Pallas-Yllästunturin kansallispuiston investointien vaikutukset Tunturi-Lapin paikallistalouteen. Maaseudun Uusi Aika 16(3): 24–41.
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xv Hyppönen, M., Tapaninen, S. & Sarala, P. (toim.). Ylä-Lapin metsien käytön ristiriidat – näkökulmia kestävään käyttöön.
Acta Lapponica Fenniae 22. http://www.lapintutkimusseura.fi/files/Acta%20Lapponica%20Fenniae%2022.pdf
xvi Kosenius, A-K., Juutinen, A., Neuvonen, M., Ovaskainen, V., Sievänen, T., Tolvanen, A. & Tyrväinen, L. 2013. Virkistyskäyttöä edistävä metsänhoito valtion talousmetsissä: hyötyjen rahamääräinen arvo. Metlan työraportteja / Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 261. 60 p. http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2013/mwp261.pdf
xvii Kniivilä, M., Horne, P., Hytönen, M., Jäppinen, J.-P., Naskali, A., Primmer, E. and Rinne, J. 2011. Multiple benefits from the forests: joint production and market creation for ecosystem services. PTT Reports 227. 66 p.
xviii Tyrväinen, L., Mäntymaa, E. and Ovaskainen, V. 2013. Demand for enhanced forest amenities in private lands: The case of
the Ruka-Kuusamo tourism area, Finland. Forest Policy and Economics.
xix Biodiversity.fi: Organic farming. http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/farmlands/fa17-organic-farming
xx Suomen Luomumarkkinat. Marja-Riitta Kottila / Pro Luomu.
xxi Hanski, I., von Hertzen, L., Fyhrquist, N., Koskinen, K., Torppa, K., Laatikainen, T., Karisola, P., Auvinen, P., Paulin, L., Mäkelä, M.J., Vartiainen, E., Kosunen, T.U., Alenius, H. & Haahtela, T. 2012. Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated. PNAS 2012. Published ahead of print May 7, 2012.
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2012/05/01/1205624109.abstract
xxii Tyrväinen, L., Ojala, A., Korpela, K., Lanki, T., Tsunetsugu, Y.,& Kagawa, T. 2014. The influence of urban green environments on stress relief measures: A field experiment. Journal of Environmental Psychology 38(1.6.2014): 1-9.
xxiii Tapaninen, M., Kajala, L., Erkkonen, J. & Aarnio, M. Healthy Parks Healthy People Finland. Monitoring an Management of
Visitors in Recreational and Protected Areas, 2012 Stockholm, Sweden.
http://mmv.boku.ac.at/refbase/files/mmv6_320_321.pdf
xxiv Ecosystem services and human health – an Argumenta project. Finnish Environment Institute and Finnish Forest Research Institute.
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xxv International Evaluation of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology in Finland 2006–2010. Evaluation Report. Academy of Finland. 2012. Publications of the Academy of Finland 3/12. 107 p.
xxvi Sievänen, T. and Neuvonen, M. 2011. Luonnon virkistyskäyttö 2010 [Recreational use of nature 2010]. Metlan työraportteja 212 / Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 212.
http://www.metla.fi/julkaisut/workingpapers/2011/mwp212.htm
xxvii Finnish Association for Nature Conservation & Finnish Nature League
xxviii BirdLife Finland
xxix Suomen Latu ry / Ulla Kosonen
xxx The Finnish Natural Heritage Foundation
xxxi Biodiversity.fi. Tree species composition http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/forests/fo9-tree-species-composition
xxxii Biodiversity.fi. Forest vegetation. http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/forests/fo12-forest-vegetation
xxxiii Tonteri, T., Salemaa, M. and Rautio, P. (2013). Changes of understorey vegetation in Finland in 1985–2006.
(http://www.metla.fi/metinfo/forest-condition/projects/vegetation.htm) In: Merilä, P. & Jortikka, S. (eds.). Forest Condition Monitoring in Finland – National report. The Finnish Forest Research Institute.
xxxiv Salemaa, M.: Vaccinium myrtillus – Mustikka. In: Reinikainen, A., Mäkipää, R., Vanha-Majamaa, I. & Hotanen, J-P. (eds.).
2000. Kasvit muuttuvassa metsäluonnossa. Finnish Forest Research Institute & Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi. 384 p.
xxxv Biodiversity.fi: Mire birds http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/mires/mi7-mire-birds
xxxvi Biodiversity.fi: Mire butterflies http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/mires/mi8-mire-butterflies
xxxvii Biodiversity.fi: Algae http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/baltic-sea/bs6-algae
xxxviii Biodiversity.fi: Oxygen and benthic communities
http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/baltic-sea/bs7-oxygen-and-benthic-communities
xxxix Biodiversity.fi: Ecological state of inland water
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xl Biodiversity.fi: High Nature Value (HNV) farmland http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/farmlands/fa8-high-nature-value-hnv-farmland
xli Biodiversity.fi : Farmland butterflies http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/farmlands/fa10-farmland-butterflies
xlii Biodiversity.fi : Alpine breeding birds http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/alpine-habitats/al5-alpine-breeding-birds
xliii Biodiversity.fi: Pollen season http://www.biodiversity.fi/en/indicators/climate-change/cc8-pollen-season
xliv The 2010 Red List of Finnish species. http://www.environment.fi/redlist
xlv Juslén, A., Hyvärinen, E. & Virtanen, L.K. 2013. Application of the Red-List Index at a National Level for Multiple Species Groups. Conservation Biology, 27: 398–406.
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