6 DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
6.3 P OLICY IMPLICATIONS
At the onset, it should be noted that in as much as political environments are changing, rural communities are also transforming. These changes can be seen in population numbers, infrastructure, and type of services, economic niche and so on. Previously people in the rural areas of Namibia lived from hunting and gathering. Very few lived from agriculture. Currently agriculture is the main rural economic activity. Due to the present population increase, natural resources are more than ever under pressure. Access to agricultural land and its resource has become an issue dominating politics. It will not be long before things change especially when the information revolution arrives.
Community-based tourism may offer one vital alternative in terms of economic return and environmental sustainability, and it is a convenient political-cultural catalyst.
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Researchers and institutions are pressed with the need to devise ways and means through or with which rural Namibians can benefit more from the resources within their midst. This is, however, a demanding task that requires the penetration of research into communities in order to understand and consider the ways of thinking in rural societies at their most basic level and to investigate the perception the rural societies have of themselves.
Accurate and contextually-sound mechanisms still have to be established, legislated and implemented in consultation with all stakeholders in order to actively promote ecotourism as an alternative economic activity for rural communities. Mechanisms on how to benefit local communities better are not yet in place and in some cases must still be designed. There is a desperate need for entrepreneurial strategies that strictly support and promote appropriate resource use in rural parts of Namibia. Although much has been achieved during the last decade in terms of natural resource management, the development, planning and management of community-based tourism and wildlife management are largely following an uncoordinated approach with no clear visionary long-term objectives.
In general, a progressive step in the right direction has been taken. Arguably, the situation is made worse by the lack of human resource capacity in the government to implement innovative policies, in addition to the general rigidity of accepting new ways of thinking. The initiatives from some private entrepreneurs and NGOs are commendable, but in most cases were not pursued by the government. Sadly, the tourism industry of Namibia remains largely an industry for the few with very little benefits to the majority of Namibians. It has also remained a centralised economy, benefiting mostly firms that are large-town based, without bringing the money to the places that are most appealing to tourists – the rural areas (Smit and Matengu 2000).
The tourism industry also depends largely on urban-like infrastructure, instead of converting to the global demands in terms of a more sensitive appreciation of nature and cultural respect for the livelihoods of local people and finding enriching individual experiences for tourists. This form of ignorance may eventually wedge a lamentable division between the communal and commercial economies of tourism. At worst it may result in growing conflicts between rural communities and tourism authorities. These
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disparities are complicated by delays by the central government to settle the uncertainties about the situation of land rights. Furthermore, there is a tendency to ignore tourism’s sensitivity to political instability. The recent political decisions to allow Angolan troops to fight UNITA from Namibian territory harmed tourism operations in Kavango and Caprivi to a great degree.
As geographers, some of us are in one way or another involved in planning, research and administration of tourism. Geography is designated the important task of helping to understand and overcome the tensions between society and the environment and to find best solutions through optimisation. The study of the environment and tourism concerns other than geographers, too, but the issues analysed in geography are always centred on the framework of human activity. Some geographers are not concerned about whether what they are doing is geography or not, they are concerned instead with what they can contribute to a larger goal, a goal that might be defined as the sensible planning, responsible development and appropriate management of the environment.
In its final form, this thesis could be used or seen as an assessment of the Salambala community’s awareness of the challenges, opportunities, threats and alternatives in the management of community-based tourism, natural resources and the income thereof.
Secondly, the aim is to suggest the establishment of a working group that will deal with issues that concern the Conservancy of Salambala. Such a group could work on conflicts-related matters, legislation, the promotion of small-sized business enterprises, and the marketing of tourism in the Conservancy. It is essential to ensure that we first have a clear conceptual view of what we want to plan. In this case it is nature and people, and it is the people who have a choice to make. Planning includes the full involvement of the people concerned.
All other ramifications of the planning process, e.g. money, time, manpower, political consideration, environmental acceptability and economic feasibility, should be considered, too. Geographers, and planners alike, do not know everything. Therefore community-based tourism should be studied as a system along with other disciplines that affect it, e.g. law, marketing, economics, political science, land-use planning, and impact assessment. Thus allowing the participation of all stakeholders and scientists
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from neighbouring disciplines will permit a comprehensive picture in the planning and implementation of CBT. This should be done whether the process is tedious or not.
Because planning is also a set of politics, politicians and decision-makers must be consulted. This is often the most difficult task we are faced with. Ultimately, planning is about people. Whether land, nature, people or natural resources, the final goal is to satisfy the present while allowing the future generations to benefit. The planning of community-based tourism should also be aimed at finding the best options of how to benefit rural communities and conservation alike. Overall, community-based tourism in conservancies is all about welfare and economic growth, empowerment of community, education and the revitalisation of conservation in rural areas.
Meeting the above factors is what may eventually lead to the sustainability of rural development projects. Nevertheless natural resource management is not only the duty of officials, experts in a somewhat scientific realm or politicians in place, but it is also an act of shared decision-making. This is a process that must be forwarded in no uncertain terms. Community-based tourism implies a community-centred planning approach. As a result, decentralisation and restructuring may also be required so as both to entitle the communities and to bring about the administration of natural resources and benefits thereof closer to the locals.
In this context, a systematic focus on operational market economy of resource communities in peripheral areas to allow restructuring of local rural and regional economies should be considered every time community-based projects are entertained.
See Varis (2000) and Neil and Tykkyläinen (1998) for more on rural community restructuring. Ensuring a strong base of wildlife conserved sustainably for the future generations and stimulating the local resource to meet the local people’s economic need undoubtedly demands a systematic yet holistic focus on policies across sectors and institutions. The role of NGOs should be encouraged because it is within their operational framework in which better-known approaches of community-based resource management has been coming forth. They are arguably better placed and able to work hand in hand with rural communities. Natural resource planning, management, capacity-building, institutional strengthening and negotiating are often defined at the expense of the existing local system, which is disrupting rather than reinforcing the existing
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diversified economic system. This means, both NGOs and governments will need to revise their systems approach. Similarly, in seeking to negotiate outcomes, focus is on power rather than on the principles underpinning the genuine issues (Howitt 2001).
When seeking a policy, it is these ‘things-first’ that must be settled, without them the policy amounts to socio-economic vandalism on rural people.
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INTERNET PAGES
• CAMPFIRE (Communal Areas Management Program For Indigenous Resources) http://www.CAMPFIRE-zimbabwe.org/index.html. Accessed 12.10.2001.
• CAMPFIRE Fact Sheet No.7 Sharing the Land: People and elephants http://www.campfire-zimbabwe.org/facts_07.html. Accessed 29.10.2001.
• CAMPFIRE Fact Sheet No.4 Living with Wildlife
http://www.campfire-zimbabwe.org/facts_04.html. Accessed 29.10.2001
• CAMPFIRE Fact Sheet No.13 Income and expenditure: the bottom line http://www.campfire-zimbabwe.org/facts_13.html. Accessed 29.10.2001
• CAMPFIRE Fact Sheet No.8 Community-based tourism
http://www.campfire-zimbabwe.org/facts_08.html. Accessed 29.10.2001
• CAMPFIRE Fact Sheet No.2 Sustainable development
http://www.campfire-zimbabwe.org/facts_02.html. Accessed 29.10.2001
• CAMPFIRE Fact Sheet No.12 Hunting funding rural development http://www.campfire-zimbabwe.org/facts_12.html. Accessed 29.10.2001
• CAMPFIRE Fact Sheet No.10 Caterpillars and people
http://www.campfire-zimbabwe.org/facts_10.html. Accessed 29.10.2001
• CAMPFIRE Fact Sheet No.6 Community Natural Resource Management http://www.campfire-zimbabwe.org/facts_06.html. Accessed 29.10.2001
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