As one of the objectives of this study was to explore the presence (or the lack thereof) of Non-SVT198 values of Spirituality, Work-related values and Education, this section summarizes the quantitative results for these three value types.
First of all, as can be seen in section 7.2 on general statistical results, the Non-SVT values were present in more than two-thirds of all speeches (Spirituality in 65.6%, Education in 73.5%, and Work-related values in 78.9%). The volume of their presence naturally fluctuates, as will be seen in the tables below, but nevertheless, in contrast for example to Hedonism and Stimulation values, they are clearly more present throughout.
Of all the values mentioned they cover 28.3% over all the time period (as can be seen form the table 26). When looked from the point of polity, the following table shows how the ratio of the SVT values and the Non-SVT values has changed.
Table 26. Percentile ratio of SVT values to Non-SVT values across all speeches
Polity SVT Non- SVT
Grand Duchy 66.9 33.1
Independence 75.3 24.7
The presence of Non-SVT values being higher in the Grand Duchy period is mainly due to the volume of mentions of Spirituality, and to the fact that the growth in time of the frequency of mention for Work-related values has not filled the space left by the decline in Spirituality values, but it would seem that Universalism values fill that role.
The following table illustrates the correlations of the Non-SVT values and SVT values.
198 There were also other expressions which could have been classified as values, but were not included in this study, e.g. ‘trust’, as separate from ‘being trustworthy, which is a Benevolence value (as in this example in Parliament Opening Speech of 1863 by Alexander II, “Ei mitkään teot Minun puoleltani ole saattaneet hämmentää sitä luottamusta, joka on wälttämätöin Hallitsijan ja kansan kesken”. [No actions on My part have been able to disturb the trust which is necessary between the Ruler and the people.] Translation by the author.).
Table 27. Correlations of Non-SVT values (Spirituality, Work-related values and Education) with SVT values.
SP WO ED PO AC HE ST SD UN BE CO TR SE
SP Pearson Correlation - -.55** -.11* -.56** -.47** .08 -.27** -.36** -.32** .12* .18** .46** -.38**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .038 .000 .000 .131 .000 .000 .000 .025 .001 .000 .000
WO Pearson Correlation - .00 .42** .36** -.02 .22** .01 -.01 -.26** -.23** -.32** .09 Sig. (2-tailed) .945 .000 .000 .698 .000 .820 .868 .000 .000 .000 .106
ED Pearson Correlation - .07 .05 -.07 .14** -.04 -.06 -.18** -.17** -.07 -.18**
Sig. (2-tailed) .199 .372 .176 .009 .423 .305 .001 .001 .185 .001
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Note: SP = Spirituality, WO = Work-related values, ED = Education, PO = Power, AC = Achievement, HE = Hedonism, ST= Stimulation, SD = Self-Direction, UN = Universalism, BE = Benevolence, CO = Conformity, TR = Tradition, SE = Security
Spirituality values correlate positively with Benevolence, Conformity and Tradition values, but not with Security or Universalism values, placing it therefore somewhere between the Self-Transcendence and Conservation quadrants. Spirituality values show negative correlations with Work-related values and with Education values, and, as could be expected based on the positive correlations, show negative correlations with Self-Enhancement values (Power and Achievement) and with Openness-to-Change values (Self-Direction and Stimulation). 199
Work-related values correlate positively with Power, Achievement and Stimulation values200, placing it near the Self-Enhancement and Openness-to-Change quadrants.
Education values correlate positively only with Stimulation values, but not with Self-Direction values, nor with Conformity or Tradition values, as would have been expected based on the hypothesis. They correlated negatively with Benevolence, Conformity and Security values.201
The following figure shows the relative proximity of values in relation to one another. 202
199 Whether the pattern seen here is typical of Spirituality values in general, or only holds for the present data would warrant further research. For further elaboration, see next chapter.
200 As Work-related values did in among the students of Economy in Myyry & Helkama’s (2001) data as well.
201 For a more complete picture of the connections between SVT and Non-SVT values, the quantitative data needs to be compared with the qualitative, see section 7.1.5
202 The plots split time-wise are in the Appendix
Figure 14 Relative proximity of values (both Non-SVT and SVT values) across all data
Note: PO = Power, AC = Achievement, HE = Hedonism, ST= Stimulation, SD = Self-Direction, UN = Universalism, BE = Benevolence, CO = Conformity, TR = Tradition, SE = Security, WO = Work-related values, SP = Spirituality, ED = Education
The following figures show the Non-SVT values separately and divided by occurrence per speech type. As was seen in the previous section, the speech types differ from one another especially in relation to Spirituality values, and to a lesser degree in Work-related values.
The three Non-SVT values will be looked at separately.
7.5.1 WORK-RELATED VALUES
The next figure illustrates how the mentioning-frequency of Work-related values has fluctuated in the different speech types. As was already noted before in section 7.4, the differences in Work-related values between the main speech types reaches statistical significance, F (3, 351) =60.53, p=.000.
The peaks of Work-related values in general have been addressed in the section 7.3 on Time-related changes (see e.g. Table 21).
It is to be noticed that taking into account the different speech types, there is such a difference in the frequency of Work-related values, even in the latter part of the 20th century, that its seems to confirm hypothesis of the impact of the speech type on values, rather than uphold the hypothesis that as the giver is the same person, the values would be more similar.
As can be seen, in each speech type the Work-related values have occupied a different range of percentage: in Prayer Day Declarations the
fluctuation is between from 1% to nearly 8% of values mentioned, whereas for Parliament Opening Speeches it is between 4-16%. In New Year’s Speeches Work-related values fluctuate between 9-18%.
Figure 15 Fluctuation of Work-related values over period in three speech types, as calculated by mean percentage of frequency of mention per decade
Note: WO= Work-related values, PDD =Prayer Day Declarations, POS= Parliament Opening Speeches, NYS= New Year’s Speeches
The peaks in Work-related values occur at different times in different speeches. In Prayer Day Declarations Work-related values are emphasized most in 1860s, 1940s and 1980s, where as in Parliament Opening Speeches Work-related values get the strongest emphasis in the 1880s and 1970s, staying fairly high also in 1930s and 1940s and again in 1960s. New Year’s Speeches show a different pattern, in that Work-related values are most mentioned in the 1940s. If mapped onto the historical events as context, these periods coincide with great societal upheavals, e.g. the Great Famine of the 1860s, WW II and its aftermath in the 1940s, and the period of strong emigration of the 1960s and 1970s (for a more detailed discussion, see chapter 3).
7.5.2 SPIRITUALITY
In the light of the formulated hypothesis, it is interesting that the Spirituality values are not the sole property of the Prayer Day Declarations, but are also present in the other speeches. As was mentioned before (see chapter 5), taking into account the context of each of these speech types, there are differences in speech types especially in regard to Spirituality values. The following figure illustrates the fluctuations of Spirituality values not only in tie but also in relation to the different speech types.
Figure 16 Fluctuation of the Spirituality values over the whole period in three speech types, as calculated by mean percentage of frequency of mention per decade
Note: SP= Spirituality, PDD =Prayer Day Declarations, POS= Parliament Opening Speeches, NYS= New Year’s Speeches
This figure shows that Spirituality values were also part of the Parliament Opening Speeches till 1900s in a fairly substantial way (fluctuating from 6-15%). In the following decades they decline sharply, only rising in the 1940s to ca. 2%. New Year’s Speeches have ca. 2.5% of Spirituality values for the first three decades they were given, but decrease to nearly zero in the following decades. In the 1990s they are at a 1%. In Prayer Day Declarations there is a sharp drop in Spirituality values in the 1910s and again in 1970s.
There is slight upward trend in the Prayer Day Declarations towards the end of the 20th century, but as was seen in the correlation tables above, even in Prayer Day Declarations Spirituality values are on overall decline.
7.5.3 EDUCATION
In comparison to the other two NON-SVT values of this present study, Education values are in a category of their own in that their overall presence is much smaller, as can be seen from table 16, their overall mean percentage is 5.2 (SD=5.6) in comparison to the 8.4 mean percentage of Work-related values (SD=7.3), and 14.7 (SD=15.6) of Spirituality values. Also, there is not statistically significant variance between Education value scores in different speeches, as was reported in section 7.4.1.
All this notwithstanding, as was seen in the first section of this chapter reporting the qualitative results, education and pursuit of it are well integrated in the concepts mentioned as a value in the speeches.
The following figure shows the fluctuation of Education values.
Figure 17 Fluctuation of Education values over period in three speech types, as calculated by mean percentage of frequency of mention per decade
Note: ED= Education, PDD =Prayer Day Declarations, POS= Parliament Opening Speeches, NYS= New Year’s Speeches
As can be seen in this chart, in Prayer Day Declarations, the importance of Education values is higher in 1840s and again in 1890s and in 1970s.
Interestingly all there speech types are quite similar in the average percentage for Education values in 1960s and again for the last two decades of the 20th century. It would therefore seem that appealing to Education values is less context-bound than the other values, as also the previously reported results point out (see section 7.4.1).