NEURONAL CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ISOFORM VII PROVIDES

SEIZURES (II)

5.2.1 Sequential expression of CA VII and CA II in hippocampal neurons

Multiple tissue Northern blot analysis of adult mouse tissues indicated prominent expression of CA VII in the brain and spinal cord. A developmental expression profile was obtained for CA VII using Western blot analysis of protein lysates of whole hippocampi. The observed postnatal increase in the expression level was due to CA VII since no signal was seen in CA VII KO animals. Western blot analysis of glia/neuron cultures and pure glia cultures revealed purely neuronal expression of CA VII.

Because of the possible contribution of other isoforms, CA VII specific mRNA and protein expression data are not sufficient to find out the developmental profile of carbonic anhydrase activity. Therefore we used an in vitro functional assay (Ruusuvuori et al, 2004) in which the speed and sensitivity to the CA inhibitor acetazolamide of intraneuronal pH responses upon step changes in CO2 were used to indicate catalysis of CO2 hydration-dehydration. In WT neurons CA activity appeared at P10, whereas in CA VII KOs CA activity was seen only starting at around P19. Thus a cytosolic

isoform other than CA VII is expressed in neurons at a somewhat later stage of postnatal development, and it was identified as isoform II since no CA activity was observed in CA II/VII double KO neurons even at the age of five weeks or older.

5.2.2 Depolarizing GABA responses are promoted by CA VII and CA II

GABAergic responses were recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons in P12 – P16 WT and CA VII KO slices. In the presence of ionotropic glutamatergic receptor and GABABR antagonists high-frequency stimulation applied at the border of stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare evoked GABAergic biphasic responses. WT and CA VII KO neurons responded with an initial hyperpolarization followed by a prolonged depolarization that was slower in KO, and the responses were abolished after picrotoxin application.

The prolonged GABAergic depolarization was able to evoke action potential firing in WT neurons while in CA VII KO neurons action potential firing was missing in every recorded neuron. When spiking activity was pharmacologically blocked, microinjection of GABA to the border of stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum-moleculare resulted in a robust CO2/HCO3

-dependent depolarization that was larger in WT than in CA VII KO neurons.

On the other hand, when blockers of ionotropic glutamate receptors and GABAB receptors but no tetrodotoxin were applied, GABA microinjections evoked spiking activity as seen in field potential recordings, and this activity was inhibited by the GABAA-receptor antagonist gabazine. Taken together, these results indicate that expression of CA VII is crucial for the GABAergic depolarization and excitation that is seen in hippocampal pyramidal neurons at P12 – 16.

The very robust GABA injection-induced responses in pyramidal cell membrane potential described above were used to address the functional role of the two CA isoforms in slices from mature WT and KO mice (>P35). The responses were indistinguishable in WT, CA VII KO and CA II KO neurons, but much smaller in slices obtained from CA II/VII double KO animals.

These results indicate that mature neurons express two cytosolic CA isoforms II and VII and either isoform alone is sufficient for rapid intraneuronal bicarbonate replenishment during prolonged GABAAR activation.

5.2.3 Lack of electrographic febrile seizures in mice devoid of carbonic anhydrase VII

The findings of study II showed that CA VII KO animals at P14 do not develop experimental electrographic febrile seizures whereas WT mice of similar age show pronounced electrographic seizures in response to induced hyperthermia. Electrographic seizures in WT mice commenced in 24 ± 4 min (n=9) after the onset of hyperthermia. Rectal temperature at this time point was 40.9 ± 0.4 °C (n=9). Electrographic bursts of spikes (150-600 µV) with frequency of about 2 – 4 Hz and duration of 10 - 60 s were recognized. Since respiratory alkalosis is a main factor underlying eFS generation (Schuchmann et al, 2006; Schuchmann et al, 2009; Schuchmann et al, 2011) we also measured breath rate and blood pH in two animal groups. The breath rate in WT mice increased to 177 ± 12 % (n=9) by the time of seizure onset, and a similar increase in breath rate was seen in CA VII KO animals 24 min after onset of hyperthermia. These increases in breath rate were paralleled by respiratory alkalosis of the same amplitude in the blood of WT and CA VII KO mice, and the body temperature increase in the KO (41.3 ± 0.4 °C, n=7)

was similar to that seen in the WT mice. In spite of these similarities, no electrographic seizures were seen in CA VII KO animals, and the behavioural activity in the KO mice was atypical of eFS. Periods of coordinated behaviour patterns such as walking and exploratory activity were present, throughout the hyperthermic period, which never happened in WT animals once seizures had progressed to the clonic stage. In agreement with Shuchmann et al, (2006), continuous application of 5 % CO2 in air prevented electrographic seizures and all types of behavioural convulsions in WT animal group.

In order to gain further insight to the possible role of CA VII in to the generation of eFS, we performed behavioural experiments on P14 rats exposed to intraperitoneally applied low doses of diazepam that potentiate GABAAR signalling (Eghbali et al, 1997). The lowest dose of 50 µg/kg produced a non-significant decrease in the time to eFS onset from that seen in saline-injected mice, whereas the dose of 150 µg/kg resulted in a significant decrease in seizure latency. Importantly, these two low doses resulted in no detectable breath changes under control conditions and gave similar increases in breath rate during eFS induction. The much higher dose of 2.5 mg/kg prevented seizure generation in all rats. Under control conditions 2.5 mg/kg diazepam drastically suppressed breath rate and there was only a modest increase in breathing rate in hyperthermic environment. These results point to the role of CA VII dependent GABAergic HCO3- - dependent excitation in the generation of eFS.

5.3 FOREBRAIN-INDEPENDENT GENERATION OF HYPERTHERMIC