Despite the novel information gained in this study and in concurrent publications, the secondary effects of AC amendments are not yet thoroughly understood. The AC-induced morphological changes observed in this study deserve more attention. Additionally, efforts should be made to understand the mode of action behind the observed effects, rather than unquestionably stating the secondary effects to be negligible.
Further research is required in situ, in order to bring the remediation potential of AC amendment and the secondary effects into a broader perspective. The secondary effects may not be as apparent in field conditions as those observed in the laboratory, if the secondary effects are determined, e.g. by nutrient availability. In the field, the amendments are generally less evenly distributed, and thus the organisms may potentially choose the less affected areas to inhabit within the remediated site. On the other hand, due to the environmental conditions, as well as to the complex interactions between organisms, some secondary effects in the field may not have been predicted on the basis of laboratory trials.
From the regulatory point of view, a shortcoming of the method is that the contaminants are not removed from the area, but (only) the bioavailability of the contaminants is altered. To overcome this, attention should be directed to the development and further study of potential methods for retrieving AC from the sediment after sufficient sorption time.
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