7. CONCLUSION
7.4 Need for Further Research
A need for further research would be for wind measuring masts directly at windmill hub height. Currently fabricated masts can be carried by hand on the terrain, and it is
possible to erect them in places where no vehicle can go. They are also possible to erect and unload in a day or two. Today’s portable measuring masts are 40 (50) m high and hub heights are 60 m and higher. It should be possible to erect on land or in the middle of sea at the hub height and the data could be read by radio signals.
In Ådö and Fränsvik (Chapter 5.4.4 Appendix 16, 17) the researcher attempts to continue the measuring after the measuring mast is taken down with the help of a fixed weather station nearby. The verification for method used is still missing.
There is still a great lack of wind energy measurements in inland Finland, on the sea coastline and offshore. Wind measurements have been made already for at least a hundred years but for the purpose of weather forecasts and warnings for sea navigators.
These measurements serve badly in terms of wind energy data.
Still more questions arose during the research work. On the basis of earth surface friction the wind direction turns by rising to an upper level. Could the alteration of wind course be used to calculate the wind speed at an upper level?
If on any business branch there are some turnover figures, how much does it employ people with subcontract chains down to the excavation of raw material?
The foundation itself needs detailed planning, static and dynamic load calculations, drawings, verifying small scale analysis, status in the market, detailed price calculations and comparisons with comparable solutions in the market, as well as the mapping of subcontractors such as tug-boats, crane contractors and cabling.
Considering historical data over the range of machine sizes, the cubic scaling law regarding system masses and costs appears closer to a square law with ongoing technology development (Morgan & Jamieson 2001: 2–13).
In general we need to research what possibilities (offshore) wind power really offers in terms of replacing other electricity production in the whole country or part of it. What is the price of the replacement? To estimate the price in the future we need to take into consideration the super-fast development of wind power plants and wind power turbine
manufacturing (from the eighties to the present the power of a single wind turbine has doubled during each 3 or 4 year period, from 30-40 kW to 2,5 MW).
REFERENCES
Bade, P. & B. Sundermann (1996). Der Wind. In: Windkraftanlagen, 93–119. Hrsg. Robert Gasch. Stutgart: B.G. Teubner. 390 p.
Band, Erster (1970). Statik flüssiger und gasförmiger Körper. In: Dubbel, Taschenbuch für den Maschinenbau, 289–292. Springer-Verlag Berlin. 959 p.
Barthelmie, R. & S. Frandsen (2001). Economics and Financing. In: Offshore Wind Energy.
Ready to Power a Sustainable Europe. Supported by the European Commission.
Report Ref.: 2001.006.
BTM Consult ApS – March (2001).
De Witt, Ubbo & Wilfried Hübner (1996). Technische und ökonomische optimierung eines windparks.Windkraftanlagen. Hrsg. Robert Gasch. Stuttgart: B.G. Teubner. 390 p.
DEA/CADDET (2000). Electricity from Offshore Wind. Danish EnergyAgency and IEA CADDET Renewable Energy Programme, ETSU, Harwell UK, Delft University Wind Energy Research Institute (Duwind).
DEWEK '94, Wilhelmshaven, Windenergie-Konferenz, Deutsches Windenergie-Institut GmbH – DEWI. 11.2.2010504. 479 p.
DWTMA (Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers Accociation) (1998). Offshore Wind Power Research. Available: www.windpoer.dk/tour/rd/offintro.htm.
Finnish Aeronautical Association (1968). Lentäjä ja sää. Helsinki: Suomen Ilmailuliitto. 138 p.
Frost, Walter & Carl Aspliden (1998). Characteristics of the Wind. In: Wind Turbine Technology, 371–446. Ed. David A. Spera. New York: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 638 p.
Fuglsang, Peter & Kenneth Thomsen (1998). Cost Optimization of Wind Turbines for Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farms. Roskilde, Denmark: Risö National Laboratory, February 1998. 30 p.
Gasch, R & J. Maurer (1996). Auslegung von Windturbinen nach Betz und Schmitz. In:
Windkraftanlagen, 120–151. Ed. Robert Gasch. Stutgart: B. G. Teubner, 390 p.
Grusell, Gunnar (1995). A Model for Calculating the Economy of Wind Power Plant.In:EWEA Special Topic Conference on the Economics of Wind Energy, 52–57. Helsinki, EWEA '95, Finnish Wind Power Association. 245 p.
Haapanen, Erkki (1998). Perustus. In: Offshore-tuulivoima Perämeren jääolosuhteissa. Ed.
Hannele Holttinen. Espoo: Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus. 118 p. + Appendices.
Haapanen, Erkki (1972). Aerodynamiikka. Helsinki: The Finnish Aeronautical Association. 102 p.
Hannula, Mika (1999). Expedient Total Production Measurement. TTKK.
Hartel, G. & D. Milborrow (2000). Prospects for Offshore Wind Energy, BWEA Report to the EU Altener Contract XVII/4.1030/Z/98–395), London.
Holttinen, Esa & Jari Keinänen (1998). Pohjois-Pohjanmaan rannikon tuulivoimakartoitus – Teknistaloudelliset tarkastelut. Espoo: Energia-Ekono Oy, 59 p. + Appendices.
Holttinen, Hannele (1998). Jalustatyypit, kustannukset. In: Offshore-tuulivoima Perämeren jääolosuhteissa. Ed. Hannele Holttinen. Espoo: Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, 103 p. + Appendices.
Kasanen, E., K. Lukka & A. Siitonen (1991). Konstruktiivinen tutkimusote liiketaloustieteessä.
In:The Finnish Journal of Business Economics 3, 301–325.
Krohn, Sören (1998) Guided Tour on Wind Energy. Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association. Available: http//www.windpower.dk/tour/wres/shear. htm.
Krohn, Sören (1998) Offshore Wind Power Research. Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association. Available: http//www.windpower.dk/tour/rd/offintro. htm.
Krohn, Sören (1998) Operation and Maintenance Costs for Wind Turbines. Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association. Available: http//www.windpower.dk/tour/
econ/oandm.htm.
Krohn, Sören (1998).Offshore Wind Energy: Full Speed Ahead. Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association.
Kühn, M. et al. (1998). Structural and Economic Optimization of Boom-Mounted Offshore Wind Energy Converters. JOR3-CT95-0087 Institute for Wind Energy, Delft University of Technology, Delft.
Kühn, Martin (1999). Don’t Be Fooled by Theoretical Offshore Potential. In: New Energy 1, 46–47. Osnabrück: German Wind Energy Association. 58 p.
Laitinen, E. (1992) Yrityksen talouden mittarit. Jyväskylä: Gummeruksen Kirjapaino Oy. 377 p.
Lange, Bernhard & Jörgen Höjstrup (1999). WASP for Offshore Sites in Confined Coastal Waters – the Influence of the Sea Fetch. In: 1999 European Wind Energy Conference, 1165–1168. London: James & James (Science Publisher) Ltd. 1244 p.
Lemming, Jörgen (1997). The Danish 4000 MW Offshore Programme. In: Proceedings of European Wind Energy Conference EWEC97, 37–42. Irish Wind Energy Association, Slane, County Meath, Ireland. 847 p.
Madsen, Peter Stenvald (1996). Tunö Knob Offshore Wind Farm. In: Proceedings of European Comminity Wind Energy Conference OCWEC’96, 4–7.H.S. Stephens & Associates, UK.
Middelgrunden (2000). 40 MW Offshore Wind Farm, a Prestudy for the Danish Offshore 750 MW Wind Programme.
Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Co-operativa (2000). Available: Middelgrunden.dk/MG_
UK_info/prestudy.htm. 14 p.
Milborrow, David (1997). Costs, Prices and Values. In: Wind Energy the Facts, 63–91.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1999.
231 p.
Morgan, C.A. & P. Jamieson (2001). Offshore Technology. In: Offshore Wind Energy. Ready to Power a Sustainable Europe. Supported by the European Commission.
Morthorst, P.E. & L. Schleisner (1997). Offshore Wind Turbines – Wishful Thinking or Economic Reality. In: Proceedings of European Wind Energy Conference EWEC97, 201–205. Irish Wind Energy Association, Slane, County Meath, Ireland. 847 p.
Mäkinen, Saku (1999). A Strategic Framework for Business Impact Analysis and Its Usage in New Product Development. TTKK.
Määttänen, Mauri (1998) Perustustekniikat. In: Offshore-tuulivoima Perämeren jääolosuhteissa, 66–69. Ed. Hannele Holttinen. Espoo: Valtion Teknillinen Tutkimuskeskus, 103 p. + Appendices.
New Energy (1/2001). Installed Wind Power Capacity, p. 44. Osnabrück: German Wind Energy Association. 52 p.
NRG MicroSite (1996). MicroSite, User’s Guide. User Manual. Hinesburg USA: NRG Systems, Inc.
Olkkonen, T. (1993). Johdatus teollisuustalouden tutkimustyöhön. HUT Report No 152.
Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland.
Olkkonen, Tauno (1994). Johdatus teollisuustalouden tutkimustyöhön. 2. Ed. Espoo: TKK Offset. 143 p.
Peltola, E. & J. Petäjä (1993). Tuulivoima Suomen Energiahuollossa. VTT Julkaisuja 775.
Espoo.
Porter, Michael E. (1980). Competitive Strategy. Helsinki: Oy Rastor Ab. 431 p.
Porter, Michael E. (1985). Competitive Advantage, 201–205. Espoo: Weiling & Göös. 648 p.
Reisman, A. (1988). On Alternative Strategies for Doing Research in the Management and Social Sciences. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 35:4, 215–220.
Rinta-Jouppi, Y. (1992). Tuulivoiman koelaitos Poriin. NEMO raportti. Satakunnan Teknologiakylä Oy. 15 p. + Appendices.
Rinta-Jouppi, Y. (1995). Luodolle sijoitettu offshore tuulipilotlaitos. NEMO2 raportti. Pori:
PrizzTech Ltd, Technology Center. 32 p. + Appendices.
Rinta-Jouppi, Y. (1998). Tuulivoimaloiden offshore rakentaminen. Engineering Office Kustannussalpa Ltd, Tekes publication.
Rinta-Jouppi, Y. (1999a). Tutkimus taloudellisesti kannattavan tuulivoiman edellytyksistä Vaasan rannikkoseudulle. Loppuraportti; BotniaWind. Oy Merinova Ab / Innowest.
22 p. + Appendices.
Rinta-Jouppi, Y. (1999b). Tutkimus taloudellisesti kannattavan tuulivoiman edellytyksistä Vaasan rannikkoseudulle. Lisämittauspöytäkirja; BotniaWind. Oy Merinova Ab / Innowest.
Satakunnan Kansa (21.7.2000). Tuulivoima saanut hyvän vastaanoton. Pori: Satakunnan Kansa.
Savolainen, Ilkka & Seppo Vuori (1999) Energia ja ympäristö. In: Energia Suomessa, 128–168.
Ed. Mikko Kara. Helsinki: Oy Edita Ab. 368 p.
Smith, Bernie et al. (2001). Social Aspects. Final Raport: Concerted Action on Offshore Wind Energy in Europe. In: Offshore Wind Energy, Ready to Power a Sustainable Europe, Chapter 8. Main author Bernie Smith. Netherlands: European Commission/Delft University of Technology.
Sommardal, T., H. Holttinen, B. Lemström & E. Peltola (1994). Tuulivoimalaitoksen sijoittaminen luodolle. VTT tiedotteita 1572. Espoo: Technical Research Centre of Finland. 58 p.+ Appendices.
Spera, David A. (1998). Introduction to Modern Wind Turbines. In: Wind Turbine Technology, 47–72. Ed. David A. Spera. New York: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Statistical Yearbook (1999). Statistics Finland. Helsinki. 677 p.
Surugiu, L & I. Paraschivoiu (1999). Acceptability, Environmental and Social Aspects of Wind Energy. In: 1999 European Wind Energy Conference, 586–589. London: James &
James (Science Publisher) Ltd. 1244 p.
Svenson, Jan & Frank Olsen (1999). Cost Optimising of Large-scale Offshore Wind Farms in the Danish Waters In: 1999 European Wind Energy Conference, 294–299. London:
James & James (Science Publisher) Ltd. 1244 p.
Sykes, Wendy (1991). Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Market Research: a Review of the Literature. In: Journal of the Market Research Society 32:3.
Tammelin, Bengt, Folke Malmgren & Esa Holttinen (2001). Tuulivoiman käyttökustannukset alle Bronsin. Tekniikka & Talous 1.3.2001. Helsinki.
Tammelin, Bengt (1991a). Suomen Tuuliatlas. Helsinki: Ilmatieteen laitos. 356 p.
Tammelin, Bengt (1991b). Meteorologista taustatietoa tuulienergiakartoitukselle. Helsinki:
Ilmatieteen laitos. 332 p.
Tammelin, Bengt (1999). Offshore tuulivoimaa, pp. 23. Tuulensilmä. 3. Helsinki: Suomen Tuulivoimayhdistys ry. 36 p.
Tande, John Olav & Raymond Hunter (1994) 2. Estimation of Cost of Energy from Wind Energy Conversation Systems. Roskilde: Risö National Laboratory, DK 4000 Roskilde, Denmark & Glasgow: Renewable Energy Unit, East Kilbridge, Glasgow G75 0QU, United Kingdom. 32 p.
Tarjanne, Risto & Sauli Rissanen (2000). The Nuclear Option. In: Energy in Finland 2000, 18–
19. Ed. Ilkka Leppä. Helsinki: ETY-Lehdet Oy. 114 p.
Walker, John F. & Nicholas Jenkins (1997) Wind Energy Technology. West Sussex UK: John Wiley & Sons. 161 p.
Valtanen, Esko (1994) Koneenrakentajan taulukkokirja. Jyväskylä: Teknolit. 785 p.
Vandenbulcke, Luc (2001). The Utgrunden Wind Farm Project and Future Evolutions. In: Ewea Conference Offshore Wind Energy. Brussels Belgium CD-ROM.
Verbguggen, Theo et al. (2001). Maintenance Manager to Control Operation and Maintenance of Offshore Wind Farms.In:EWEA Special Topic Conference on the Offshore Wind Energy, 10–12. December 2001 (CD-ROM).
WPOSFOLES (2000). A Patent FI 107184. Helsinki: Patentti- ja Rekisterihallitus. 12 p.
LIST OF STATEMENTS AND OFFERS
Beacon Finland Ltd Oy (2001). (Naval Architects & Marine Consultants) A Computer Fine Element Analysis of Structure.
BONUS Energy A/S (1998). Budgetary Prices for 1 MW Turbine and up to Date Information for 2 MW Turbine.
Dansk Vindmölleformidling (2001).
ENERGI E2 A/S (2001). Interview and Answers to Inquiry Form.
Fagerstöm, Asko (2000). Foundation Workshop Manufacturing. Asteka Oy. Heavy Steel Work and Installations to Oil Drilling and Paper Industry, Pori.
Hollming Oy, Licence Agreement and Written Opinion.
Håkans, Joakim (2000). Transportation from Pori to Front of Kopenhagen Alfonso Håkans (Towage – Salvage – Icebreaking – Heavy Transport – Submarin Work, Turku).
Korpinen, Tapani (1999). Sea-bed Research Costs. Geo Engineers Oy. Ground Research etc. Pori.
NEG Micon A/S (1998). Information and Prices for 1.5 MW Turbine.
NORDEX A/S (2001). Interview and Answers to Inquiry Form.
NORDEX A/S (1998). Relevant Information and Prices for 1.3 MW Turbine and up to Date Information for 2.5 MW Turbine.
Vestas A/S (2001). Interview and Answers to Inquiry Form.
Vestas Wind Systems A/S (1998). Information and Prices for 1.65 MW and up to Date Information for 2MW.
APPENDICES