7 POHDINTA
7.5 Loppusanat
Tässä tutkielmassa yllätti ”pienikin on merkittävää” asennemuutoksen yleisyys ja sen seuraukset fyysiselle aktiivisuudelle ja aikomuksille. Toinen yllättävä seikka oli, että kävelyn
69
muutos ja raskaan fyysisen aktiivisuuden muutos olivat lähes yhtä voimakkaassa yhteydessä kokonaisaktiivisuuden muutokseen. Nämä kaksi havaintoa yhdessä luovat hedelmällisen pohjan ajankohtaiselle keskustelulle terveyttä edistävän fyysisen aktiivisuuden olemuksesta ja sen määrittämisen tärkeydestä toiminnan kannalta.
Elinolosuhteiden muutosten myötä fyysinen aktiivisuus on kadottanut paikkansa luonnollisena osana arkea ja se usein lokeroidaan omaksi, erilliseksi suoritettavaksi kokonaisuudekseen. Kuntoliikunnalla on pitkät perinteet terveyttä edistävän fyysisen aktiivisuuden määritelmänä ja siihen liitetyt mielikuvat ovat ”raskasta” ja ”aikaa vievää”.
Kuluneen vuosikymmenen aikana ilmestyneet tutkimukset arkiaktiivisuuden merkityksestä terveydelle ovat alkaneet muokata terveyttä edistävän fyysisen aktiivisuuden käsitettä ja tietoa hyödynnetään jo yhteiskuntatasolla näkyen esimerkiksi uusimmissa terveysliikuntasuosituksissa (UKK-instituutti 2010). Yksilötasolla uskomukset TEFA:n olemuksesta raskaana ja aikaa vievänä ovat edelleen olemassa, kuten tämäkin tutkimus näyttää osoittavan. Edellä kuvailtuun liikuntaan tarvitaan aikaa, energiaa ja motivaatiota ja sen muodostaminen tavaksi on vaikeaa etenkin niille, jotka eivät koe lähtökohtaisesti motivoituvansa liikunnasta.
Marttilan ja Nupposen (2000) tutkimuksessa aerobiseen harjoitteluun suhtauduttiin terveyttä edistävän liikunnan ja arkiaktiivisuuteen käytännöllisyyden näkökulmasta. Aerobiseen harjoitteluun, kuten muihinkin kuntoliikunnan muotoihin, liitetään paljon mielikuvia, tavoitteita, odotuksia ja aikomuksia. Sen toteuttaminen on suunnitelmallista ja tarkoituksenmukaista suorittamista. Elimistöä runsaasti kuormittava liikunta on epäilemättä tärkeää terveyden edistämisessä ja keinoja sen lisäämiseksi on tärkeä etsiä. Arvostettu terveysliikuntatutkija Steven Blair (Pesola 2013, 97) kuitenkin toteaa, että pitkälle jäsenneltyjen ohjeiden perusteella useimmat ihmiset ajattelevat suositusten alapuolelle jäävän liikunnan olevan hyödytöntä. Laajempi käsitys terveyttä edistävästä fyysisestä aktiivisuudesta voisi mahdollistaa jouston nykymaailman kuormittavassa, kiireellisessä ja yllätyksellisessä ajassa.
70
Mitä tapahtuisi, jos arkiaktiivisuuteen sekä kevyempiin ja lyhyempiin aktiivisuusmuotoihin suhtauduttaisiin samanlaisella tarkoituksenmukaisuudella kuin raskaana ja aikaa vievänä pidettyyn kuntoliikuntaan? Voisiko ”pienikin on merkittävää” -mentaliteetti edesauttaa fyysisen aktiivisuuden tuomista kiinteämmäksi osaksi yksilön arkea? Kenties pienten asioiden tekeminen systemaattisesti hyvin voisi toimisi ovena myös isompien liikunta- ja hyvinvointitavoitteiden toteutumiselle. Aki Hintsan sanoihin päättäen, ”kukaan ei ole täydellinen, mutta jokainen voi pyrkiä päivittäin olemaan hieman parempi.”
71 LÄHTEET
Abraham, C. & Graham-Rowe, E. 2009. Worksite interventions effective in increasing physical activity? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health psychology review, 3, 1, 108-144.
Abraham, C., & Michie, S. 2008. A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology. 27, 3, 379–387.
Ahonen, J. & Sandström, M. 2011. Liikkuva ihminen – aivot, liikuntafysiologia ja sovellettu biomekaniikka. Lahti. VK–Kustannus Oy.
Ajzen, I. 1985. From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior. Teoksessa J. Kuhl &
J. Beckmann (toim.), Action-control: from cognition to behavior. Heidelberg:
Springer, 11–39.
Ajzen, I. 1991. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes. 50, 179 - 211.
Ajzen, I. 2002. Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of applied social psychology, 32, 4, 665 - 683.
Ajzen, I. 2006. How to construct a theory of planned behavior questionnaire. Viitattu 15.5.2017. http://people.umass.edu/~aizen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf
Ajzen, I. 2011. The theory of planned behavior: reactions and reflections. Psychology and health, 26, 9, 1113–1127.
Ajzen, I. & Fishbein, M. 2000. Attitudes and attitude – behavior relation: reasoned and automatic processes. European review of social psychology, 11, 1, 1–33.
Allan, J. L., Sniehotta, F. F. & Johnston, M. 2013. The best laid plans: planning skills determines the effectiveness of action plans and implementation intentions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46, 114 - 120. Viitattu 25.6.2018.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-013-9483-9.
Arhinmäki, P. & Huovinen, S. 2013. Esipuhe. Teoksessa Muutosta liikkeellä!
Valtakunnalliset linjaukset terveyttä ja hyvinvointia edistävään liikuntaan 2020.
Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön julkaisuja, 10, 9.
Ariens, G., Bongers, P., Douwes, M., Miedema, M., Hoogendoorn, W., van der Wal, G.,
72
Bouter, L. & van Mechelen, W. 2001. Are Neck Flexion, Neck Rotation, and Sitting at Work Risk Factors for Neck Pain? Results of a Prospective Cohort Study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 58, 200–207.
Armitage, C. 2005. Can the theory of planned behavior predict the maintenance of physical activity? Health Psychology. 24. 3; 235-245.
Armitage, C. & Conner, M. 2001. Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: a meta-analytic review. British journal of social psychology, 40, 471–499.
Auvinen, J., Tammelin, T., Taimela, S., Zitting, P. & Karppinen, J. 2007. Neck and Shoulder Pains in Relation to Physical Activity and Sedentary Activities in Adolescence. Spine 32, 9, 1038–1044.
Bandura, A. 1982. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist. 37, 2, 122–147.
Biswas, A., Oh, P., Faulkner, G., Bajaj, R., Silver, M., Mitchell, M. & Alter, D. 2015.
Sedentary time and its association with risk for disease incidence, mortality, and hospitalization in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine, 162, 2, 123–132.
Blue, C.L. 1995. The predictive capacity of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior in exercise behavior: An integrated literature review. Research in nursing and health, 18, 105–121.
Bree, R., Stralen, M., Mudde, A., Bolman, C., de Vries, H. & Lechner, L. 2015. Habit as me-diator of the relationship between prior and later physical activity: A longitudinal study in older adults. Psychology of sport and exercise, 19, 95–102.
Brinol, P., Petty, R. & Wagner, B. 2009. Body posture effects on self‐evaluation: A self‐
validation approach. European journal of social psychology. 39, 6, 1053–1064.
Brug, J., Oenema, A., & Ferreria, I. 2005. Theory, evidence and intervention mapping to improve behavior nutrition and physical activity interventions. International Journal of Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2, 2, 1–7.
Bruijn, G., Groot, R., van den Putte, B. & Rhode, R. 2009. Conscientiousness, extroversion, and action control: comparing moderate and vigorous physical activity. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 31, 724–742.
Centers for Disease Control and prevention. 2018. Physical activity and health.
https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/pa-health/index.htm viitattu 1.8.2018.
73
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015. Terms of glossary. Viitattu 12.8.2018.
https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/glossary/index.htm
Chatzisarantis, N. & Hagger, M. 2005. Effects of a brief intervention on the theory of planned behavior on leisure-time physical activity participation. Journal of sports and exercise psychology, 27, 4, 470–487.
Clark, P. & Eves, F. 1997. Applying the transtheoretical model to the study of exercise on prescription. Journal of health psychology, 2, 195–207.
Courneya, K.S. 1995. Understanding readiness for regular physical activity in older individuals: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of health Psychology,14,1, 80–87.
Courneya, K.S., Bobick, T.M., & Schinke, R.J. 1999. Does the theory of planned behavior mediate the relation between personality and exercise behavior? Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21, 317–324.
Conn, V.S., Hafdahl, A.R., Cooper, P.S., Brown, L.M. & Lusk, S.L. 2009. Meta-analysis on worksite physical activity interventions. American journal of preventative medicine, 3, 4, 330-339.
Conner, M. & Armitage, C.J. 1998. Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior: A Review and Avenues for Further Research. Journal of applied social psychology 28, 15, 1429–
1464. Conner, M., Sheeran, P., Norman, P., & Armitage, C.J. 2000. Temporal stability as a moderator of relationships in the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 469–493.
Culos-Reed, S.N., Guyrsnick, N. & Brawley, L. 2001. Using theories of motivated behavior to understand physical activity: perspectives on their influence. Teoksessa Singer, R., Hausenblas, H. & Janelle, C. (toim.) Handbook of sport psychology. 2. uudistettu painos. New York: Jon Wiley & Sons, 697–717.
Darker, C.D., French, D.P., Eves, F.F. & Sniehotta, F.F. 2010. An intervention to promote walking amongst the general population on an “extended” theory of planned behavior:
a waiting list randomized controlled trial. Psychology & health, 25, 1, 71–88.
Davis, R., Campbell, R., Hildon, Z., Hobbs, L. & Michie, S. 2015. Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review, Health Psychology Review, 9, 3, 323–344.
74
Dimeo, F., Bauer, M., Varahram, I., Proest, G. & Halter, U. 2001. Benefits from aerobic exer-cise in patients with major depression: a pilot study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 35, 114–117.
DoH. 2004. At least five a week: Evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health: A report from the Chief Medical Officer. Viitattu 12.8.2018.
http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAn dGuidance/DH_4080994.
Dong, L., Block, G. & Mandel, S. 2004. Activities Contributing to Total Energy Expenditure in the United States: Results from the NHAPS Study. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity. 12, 1, 4. Viitattu 12.8.2018.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC416566/pdf/1479-5868-1-4.pdf
Duvivier, B. M., Schaper, N. C., Bremers, M. A., van Crombrugge, G., Menheere, P. P., Kars, M., & Savelberg, H. H. 2013. Minimal intensity physical activity (standing and walking) of longer duration improves insulin action and plasma lipids more than shorter periods of moderate to vigorous exercise (cycling) in sedentary subjects when energy expenditure is comparable. Viitattu 13.8.2018. PLoS ONE 8(2): e55542.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055542
Ehnrooth, J. 1990. Intuitio ja analyysi. Teoksessa K. Mäkelä (toim.) Kvalitatiivisen aineiston analyysi ja tulkinta. Helsinki: Oy Gaudeamus Ab, 30–41.
Eves, Lowe & Carroll. 2002. The Influence of Affective and Instrumental Beliefs on Exercise Intentions and Behavior: A Longitudinal Analysis.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. 2010. Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Fogelholm, M. 2011. Lihavuus ja kehonkoostumus. Teoksessa Fogelholm, M., Vuori, I. &
Vasankari, T. (toim.) Terveysliikunta. 2. uudistettu painos. Helsinki: Kustannus Oy Duodecim, 121.
Fogelholm, M. & Oja, P. 2011. Terveysliikuntasuositukset. Teoksessa Fogelholm, M., Vuori, I. & Vasankari, T. (toim.) Terveysliikunta. 2. uudistettu painos. Helsinki: Kustannus Oy Duodecim, 67–75.
Francis, J., Eccles, M., Johnston, M., Walker, A., Grimshaw, J., Foy, R., Kaner, E., Smith, L.
& Bonetti, D. 2004. Constructing questionnaires based on the theory of planned
75
behavior: a manual for health services researchers. Viitattu 17.7.2018. Centre for health services research University of Newcastle. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/1735/
Godin, G. & Kok, G. 1996. The theory of planned behavior: a review of its applications to healthrelated behavior. American Journal of Health, 11, 2, 87–98.
Goldman, N., Turra, C.M., Rosero-Bixby, L., Weir, D. & Crimmins, E. 2011. Do biological measures mediate the relationship between education and health: a comparative study.
Social Science & Medicine, 72, 307–315. Viitattu 25.6.2018.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socsimed.2010.11.004
Guiney, H. & Machado, L. 2012. Benefits of regular aerobic exercise for executive functioning in healthy populations. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20, 1, 73-86.
Hagger, S., Chatzisarantis, N. & Biddle, S. 2002. A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. Journal of sport and exercise psychology. 24, 1, 3–32.
Hamilton, K. & White, K.M. 2008. Extending the theory of planned behavior: the role of self and social influences in predicting adolescent regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Journal of sport and exercise psychology. 30, 1, 56–74.
Hassandra, M., Vlachopoulos, S.P., Kosmidou, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Goudas, M., &
Theodorakis, Y. 2011. Predicting students intention to smoke by theory of planned behaviour variables and parental influences across school grade levels. Psychology and Health, 26, 1241–1258.
Hausenblas, H., Carron, A. & Mack, D. 1997. Application of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior to exercise behavior: a meta-analysis. Journal of sport &
exercise psychology, 19, 36–51.
Heesch, K., Masse, L., Dunn, A., Frankowski, R. & Mullen, P. 2003. Does Adherence to a Lifestyle Physical Activity Intervention Predict Changes in Physical Activity? Journal of behavioral science, 26, 4, 333–348.
Hirsjärvi, S., Remes, P. & Sajavaara, P. 1997. Tutki ja kirjoita. Helsinki: Kustannusyhtiö Tammi, 221–223.
Hirsjärvi, S. & Hurme, H. 2014. Tutkimushaastattelu: teemahaastattelun teoria ja käytäntö.
Gaudeamus Oy: Helsinki. 36, 47–48, 184–185.
76
Hochbaum, G., Rosenstock, I. & Kegels, S. 1953. Health belief model. Washington, DC: US.
Public Health Service.
Holopainen, M. & Pulkkinen, P. 1999. Tilastolliset menetelmät. WSOY: Helsinki, 91.
IPAQ 2005. ”Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)”. Researchgate -julkaisu. Viitattu 17.7.2018.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267932370_Guidelines_for_data_processing _and_analysis_of_the_International_Physical_Activity_Questionnaire_IPAQ2005_U RL_httpwwwIPAQkise.
Jackson, C., Smith, R. & Conner, M. 2002. Applying an extended version of the Theory of Planned Behavior to physical activity. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 119–133.
Kaushal, N., Rhodes, R., Meldrum, J. & Spence, J. 2018. Mediating mechanisms in a physical activity intervention. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 40, 2, 101–111.
Kor, K., & Mullan, B.A. 2011. Sleep hygiene behaviours: An application of the theory of planned behaviour and the investigatior of perceived autonomy support, past behavior and response inhibition. Psychology and Health, 26, 1208–1224.
Kramer, A. & Erickson, K. 2007. Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 8, 342–
348.
Kraus, S. J. 1995. Attitudes and the prediction of behavior: a meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1, 58–75.
Kredlow, M.A., Kapozzoli, M.C., Hearon, B.A., Calkins, M.W. & Otto, A.W. .2015. The effects of physical activity on sleep: a meta-analytic review. Journal of behavioral medicine, 38, 3, 427–449.
Kujala, U., Taimela, S., & Vuori, I. 2005. Liikuntalääketiede. 3. uudistettu painos. Helsinki:
Kustannus Oy Duodecim, 84.
Lavonen & Meisalo. 2010. Mallit ja mallintaminen. Edu.fi -julkaisut. Viitattu 17.7.2018.
https://www.edu.fi/perusopetus/fysiikka_ja_kemia/opetuksen_kokeellisuus/mallit_ja_
mallintaminen
Lawlor, D. A., Ness, A. R., Cope, A. M., Davis, A., Insall, P., & Riddoch, C. 2003. The challenges of evaluating environmental interventions to increase the population levels of physical activity: the case of the UK Cycle Network. Journal of Epidemiological Community Health, 57, 96–101.
77
Linder, A., Harper, A., Jung, J. & Woodson-Smith, A. 2017. Ajzen’s theory of planned behaviors attitude and intention and their impact on physical activity among college students enrolled in lifetime fitness courses. College student journal, 54, 4, 550–560.
Lis, M., Black, K., Korn, H., & Nordin, M. 2007. Association Between Sitting and Occupational LBP. European Spine Journal 16, 283–298.
Lowe, R., Eves, F. & Carroll, D. 2002. The influence of affective and instrumental beliefs on exercise intention and behavior: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of applied social psychology, 32, 6, 1241–1252.
Mansi, K. & Smita, G. 2014. Behavioral correlates of physical activity and exercise among students. Indian journal of health and wellbeing. 5, 12, 1477–1482.
Marshall, C. 1985. Appropriate criteria for trustworthiness and goodness for qualitative re-search on education organizations. Quality and Quantity, 19, 353–373.
Marttila, J. & Ritva, N. 2000. Health enhancing physical activity as perceived in interviews based on the theory of planned behavior. Psychology and health, 15, 593–608.
McDermott, M., Oliver, M., Iverson, D. & Sharma, R. 2016. Effective techniques for chang-ing physical activity and healthy eatchang-ing intentions and behaviour: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of health psychology, 21, 4, 827–841.
McEachan, R.R.C., Conner, M., Taylor, N., & Lawton, R.J. 2011. Prospective prediction of health-related behaviors with the Theory of Planned Behavior: A meta-analysis.
Health Psychology Review, 5, 97–144.
Michie, S., & Preston, A. 2010. Are interventions theory-based? Development of a theory coding scheme. Health Psychology, 29, 1, 1-8.
Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., Eccles, MP., Cane, J. & Wood, CE. 2013. The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Ann Behavior Medicine, Aug 46, 1, 81–
95.
Michie, S., Abraham, C., Whittington, C., McAteer, J., & Gupta, S. 2009. Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: A meta-regression. Health Psychology, 28, 6, 690–701.
78
Moholdt, T., Maddsen, E., Rognmo O. & Aamot, I. 2014. The higher the better? Interval training intensity in coronary heart disease. Journal of Science and medicine in sport.
17, 5, 506–510.
Myers, R.S. & Roth, D.L. 1997. Perceived benefits of and barriers to exercise and stage of exercise adoption in young adults. Health Psychology, 16, 277–283.
Olander, E., Fletcher, H., Williams, S., Atkinson, L., Turner, T. & French, D. 2013. What are the most effective techniques in changing obese individuals’ physical activity self-efficacy and behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 10, 29. Viitattu 12.8.2018.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-29.
Pallan, J. 2011. SPSS –survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS 4th edition. Allen & Unwin: Australia. 46–49.
Painter, J. E., Borba, C. P. C., Hynes, M., Mays, D., & Glanz, K. 2008. The use of theory in health behaviour research from 2000 to 2005: a systematic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35, 358-362.
Parrott, M., Tennant, S., Olejnik, L. ja Poudevigne, M. 2000. Theory of planned behavior:
implications for an email-based physical activity intervention.
Pesola, A. 2013. Luomuliikunnan vallankumous: sohvan pohjalta taisteluvoittoon. 1. painos.
Lahti & Oulu: Fitra Oy. 19, 86–88,
Picorelli, A., Pereira, L., Pereira, D., Felicio, D., & Sherrington, C. 2014. Adherence to exercise programs for older people is influenced by program characteristics and personal factors: a systematic review. Journal of Physiotherapy, 60, 3, 151–156.
Platt, S. & Watson, J. 2000. Researching health promotion. 1. painos. London and New York:
Routledge. 2.
Prochaska, J. & DiClemente, C. 1983. Stages and processes in self-change of smoking:
toward an integrative model of change. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 51, 3, 390–395.
Ratey, J. & Loehr, J. 2011. The positive impact of physical activity on cognition during adulthood: a review of underlying mechanisms, evidence and recommendations.
Reviews in the Neurosciences, 22, 2, 171–185.
79
Rhodes, R.E., & Courneya, K.S. 2003. Relationships between personality, an extended theory of planned behaviour model and exercise behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 8, 19–36.
Rhodes, R.E., Bruijn, G. & Matheson, D. 2010. Habit in the physical activity domain: integra-tion with intenintegra-tion temporal stability and acintegra-tion control. Human kinetics journals, 32, 1, 84–98.
Ries, F., Vein, H., Pihu, M. & Armenta, J. 2012. Self-identity as a component of the theory of planned behavior in predicting physical activity. European Physical Education Review. 18, 3, 322–334.
Rise, J., Sheeran, P. & Hukkelberg, S. 2010. The Role of self-identity in the theory of planned behavior: a meta-analysis. Journal of applied social psychology. 40, 5, 1085-1105.
Rivis, A. & Sheeran, P. 2003. Descriptive norms as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behavior: a meta-analysis. Current Psychology: developmental, learning, personality, social. 22, 3, 218–233.
Rose, D. 2010. Fallproof! A comprehensive balance and mobility program. 2. uudistettu painos. Human Kinetics: USA.
Ruschewey, R., Willemer, C., Krüger, K., Duning, T., Warnecke, T., Sommer, J., Völker, K., Ho, H.V., Vooren, Mooren, F., Knecht, S. & Flöel, A. 2011. Physical activity and memory functions: An interventional study. Neurobiology of aging, 32, 7, 1304–1319.
Rzewnicki, R., Auweele, Y. & Bourdeaudhuij, I. 2003. Addressing overreporting on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) telephone survey with a population sample. Public health nutrition, 6, 299305 doi:10.1079/PHN2002427.
Saari, O. & Hintsa, A. 2013. Voittamisen Anatomia. Werner Söderström Oy: Helsinki, 46–51, 70–73, 85–98, 157–165.
Sallis, J.F., Hovell, M.F., Hofstetter, C.R., Faucher, P., Elder, J.P., Blanchard, J., Caspersen, C.J, Powell, K.E. & Christenson, G.M. 1989. A multivariate study of the determinants of vigorous exercise in a community sample. Preventive Medicine, 18, 20–34.
Samdal, G., Eide, G., Barth, D., Williams, G. & Meland, E. 2017. Effective behaviour change techniques for physical activity and healthy eating in overweight and obese adults;
systematic review and meta-regression analyses. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 14, 1. Viitattu 12.8.2018.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28351367
80
Sandberg, T. & Conner, M. 2008. Anticipated regret as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behavior: a meta-analysis. British journal of social psychology, 47, 4, 589–
606.
Santtila, M., Grönqvist, K., Räisänen, J. & Kyröläinen, H. 2016. Impact of a social media exercise service on individuals and employees. Biomedical human kinetics, 8, 1, 65–
71.
Shafieina, M., Hidarnia, A., Kazemnejad, A. & Rajabi, R. 2016. Effects of a Theory Based Intervention on Physical Activity Among Female Employees: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Journal of Asian Sports Medicine, 7, 2, e31534.
Sheeran P. 2002. Intention-behaviour relations: a conceptual and empirical review. Teoksessa Stroebe W, Hewstone M, (toim). European review of social psychology. 12. Lontoo:
Wiley, 1–36.
Sheeran, P., Orbell, S., & Trafimow, D. 1999. Does the temporal stability of behavioral intentions moderate intention-behavior and past behavior-future behavior relations?
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 721–730.
Sherman, KJ., Cherkin, DC. & Wellman, RD. 2011. A Randomized Trial Comparing Yoga, Stretching, and a Self-care Book for Chronic Low Back Pain. Archive of internal medicine, 171, 22, 2019–2026.
Shumway-Cook, M. & Woollacott, A. 2005. Motor control: translating research into practice.
3. uudistettu painos. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: USA.
Shüz, B., Li, A. S-W, Hardinge, A., McEachan, R. R.C. & Conner, M. 2017. Socioeconomic status as a moderator between social cognitions and physical activity: Systematic review and meta-analysis based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 30, 186–195.
Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriö. 2013. Muutosta liikkeellä! Valtakunnalliset yhteiset linjaukset terveyttä ja hyvinvointia edistävään liikuntaan 2020. Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön julkaisuja 2013, 9–13.
Stathopoulou, G., Powers, M., Berry, A., Smits, J. & Otto, M. 2006. Exercise Interventions for Mental Health: A Quantitative and Qualitative Review. Clinical Psychology:
science and practice. 13, 2; 179–193.
Stolte, E., Hopman-Rock, M., Aartsen, M.J., van Tilburg, T.G., & Chorus, A. 2017. The theory of planned behavior and physical activity change: outcomes of the aging well
81
and healthily intervention program for older adults. Human kinetics journal, 25, 3, 438–445.
Stroth, S., Hille, K., Spitzer, M. & Reinhardt, R. 2009. Aerobic fitness improves memory and affect in young adults. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 19, 2; 223–243.
Sundell, J. 2018. Voimaharjoittelu – ohje keski-ikäisille ja sitä vanhemmille. Viitattu 10.8.2018. https://www.terveyskirjasto.fi/terveyskirjasto/tk.koti?p_artikkeli=dlk01079 Swain, D. & Franklin, P. 2006. Comparison of Cardioprotective Benefits of Vigorous Versus
Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercise. The American journal of cardiology, 97, 1, 141–
147.
Tampereen Yliopiston oppimateriaali. Viitattu 10.8.2018.
https://people.uta.fi/~petri.nokelainen/s33/luennot/luento2.ppt
Taylor, N., Conner, M. & Lawton, R. 2011. The impact of theory on the effectiveness of worksite physical activity interventions: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Health Psychology Review, 6, 1, 33–73.
Taylor, D., Bury, M., Campling, N., Carter, S., Garfied, S. Newbould, J. & Rennie, T. 2006.
A review of the use of the health belief model, the theory of reasoned action, the theory of planned behavior and the trans-theoretical model to study and predict health
related behavior. Viitattu 20.10.2018.
https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/33424122/Behaviour_Change-
Taylor_et_al-models_review_tables_appendices.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53 UL3A&Expires=1540046644&Signature=BHnwV8j1Ne%2FWo71OlJgup6SdzdA%3
D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DA_Review_of_the_use_of_the_Health_Belie f.pdf
Telama, R. 2000. Saatesanat. Teoksessa Jaakkola, T., Liukkonen, J. & Sääkslahti, A. (toim.).
2. uudistettu painos. Jyväskylä: PS Kustannus, 10–11.
Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. 1996. Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 776–793.
Terveyskirjasto Duodecim. 2009. Liikunta ja ravitsemus. Viitattu 1.8.2018.
http://www.terveyskirjasto.fi/terveyskirjasto/tk.koti?p_artikkeli=onn00118
82
Terveyshuoltolaki 1326. 2010. Viitattu 25.11.2018.
https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/2010/20101326
https://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/2010/20101326