As this research is only a humble attempt to bring to light some of the important issues in the field of quality shipping governance, it is vital to mention what other issues emerged but were left outside of the present dissertation. Different philosophical and axiological positions borne by theoretical traditions and individual researchers can inform different views on the ultimate destiny of resolving the social dilemmas: individuals are stuck and doomed to a suboptimal result, in certain situations individuals can avoid the worst, or even achieve some optimum.
This research has a humanistic aspiration to believe that collective action problems are not unavoidable feature of human interaction, but rather a symptom of inappropriate (monocentric) governance, of (hierarchical) institutional designs that lack diverse multiactor inputs, and thereby miss out on checks-and-balances. In a broader perspective this research is not only a humanistic project that wants to show that there are situations where human actors are able to avoid suboptimal results and find path to cooperate without standards enforced by public hierarchy, but also a critique of current state of affairs in maritime industry, which often nourishes collective irresponsibility.
As 90% of all world trade is performed by sea transport, each of us is indirectly involved in the functioning of the shipping and each of us is in a broader sense a stakeholder, though seldom an actor in maritime governance. In future research it appears crucial to continue pondering the questions of democratic policymaking, lobbying, and supply chain involvement, and of how to make governance more transparent and inclusive. Given the nature of implementation deficits in shipping governance, instead of putting all the effort on tightening up rules for the same actors, empowering a broader range of actors can be publicly
supported. The self-governing capacity of the maritime industry can be encouraged by entrusting actors to craft their own rules, basing them on their local situation in order to avoid the emergence of ambiguous positions and mismatching rules promoted by experts from afar.
It appears to be equally important to go beyond shipping operations and turn to all cycles of shipping by adopting a life-cycle approach to quality governance. Ship-building and ship-breaking already emerge as new issues in quality shipping, but understanding governance patterns that sustain these areas is one of the next research tasks. When that is done, we can try to find a framework for describing the complexity of maritime transport with its embeddedness in all other spheres, areas, and materialities.
Finally, attention should be paid to two non-technical issues concerned with shipping quality. One is safety culture. For a long time it has mostly been the ‘hardware’ (quality standards for vessels, equipment, fuels etc.) that enabled improvements of quality. Yet, with the growing intensity and complexity of shipping flows human factor as the ‘software’ of quality shipping has proven to be equally and even more important. Thus, research on quality shipping at the micro-level is one of the upcoming research tasks. Another is to scrutinize the relation of shipping and energy in its various aspects. Energy has a crucial meaning for quality in shipping currently powered by fossil fuels, but in the future, alternative fuels and alternative sources of energy shall become part of the quality shipping debate as continuous reliance on fossil fuels in the light of energy imbalances is ambiguous. Developing shipping governance research in the above-mentioned directions will help to elevate the level of knowledge, reduce uncertainty regarding intentional and unintentional outcomes, assist policymaking, and eventually raise quality in shipping worldwide, contributing to balanced development of maritime transport, minimized adverse environmental effects, and maximized economic and social benefit.
List of abbreviations
BWM Convention - the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’
Ballast Water and Sediments CA - correspondence analysis
CBSS – the Council of the Baltic Sea States
CLC – the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage CPR – common-pool resources
IACS - International Association of Classification Societies IMO – International Maritime Organization
INTERCARGO - the International Association of Dry Cargo Shipowners INTERTANKO - the International Association of Independent Tanker Owners ISM Code – the International Safety Management Code
LNG - liquefied natural gas
OCIMF - the Oil Companies International Marine Forum ODS - ozone-depleting substances
OPRC - the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-Operation PM - particulate matters
PRF - port reception facilities PSC – port State control
PSSA - particularly sensitive sea area SECA - SOxEmissions Control Area
SEEMP - Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan SES - social-ecological systems
SOx - sulphur dioxide
STCW Convention - The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers
TSS - traffic separation schemes
UNCLOS - the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea VOC - volatile organic compound
VTS - vessel traffic services
REFERENCES
Aalto, P., 2012. Russia’s Energy Policies: National, Interregional and Global Levels. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Aberbach, J.D., Rockman, B.A., 1988. Image IV Revisited: Executive and Political Roles. Governance 1, 1–25.
doi:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1988.tb00057.x
Acciaro, M., 2014. Real option analysis for environmental compliance: LNG and emission control areas. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2013.12.007
Ackerman, J., 2004. Co-Governance for Accountability: Beyond “Exit” and “Voice”. World Development 32, 447–463.
doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.06.015
Adcock, R., 2001. Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research. American Political Science Review 95, 529–546. doi:10.1017/S0003055401003100
Adger, W. N., Arnell, N.W., Tompkins, E.L., 2005. Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Global Environmental Change, Adaptation to Climate Change: Perspectives Across Scales 15, 77–86.
doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.005
Adger, W.N., 2010. Social Capital, Collective Action, and Adaptation to Climate Change, in: Voss, M. (Ed.), Der Klimawandel. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp. 327–345.
Akerlof, G.A., 1970. The Market for “Lemons”: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 84, 488–500. doi:10.2307/1879431
Alderton, T., Winchester, N., 2002. Globalisation and de-regulation in the maritime industry. Marine Policy 26, 35–43.
doi:10.1016/S0308-597X(01)00034-3
Aligica, P.D., Tarko, V., 2012. Polycentricity: From Polanyi to Ostrom, and Beyond. Governance 25, 237–262.
doi:10.1111/j.1468-0491.2011.01550.x
Andersson, K.P., Ostrom, E., 2008. Analyzing decentralized resource regimes from a polycentric perspective. Policy Sci 41, 71–93. doi:10.1007/s11077-007-9055-6
Asariotis, R., Benamara, H., 2012. Maritime Transport and the Climate Change Challenge. London: Routledge.
Asheim, G.B., Mitra, T., Tungodden, B., 2012. Sustainable recursive social welfare functions. Econ Theory 49, 267–292.
doi:10.1007/s00199-010-0573-7
Atlas, R.M., Bartha, R., 1973. Fate and effects of polluting petroleum in the marine environment, in: Gunther, F.A. (Ed.), Residue Reviews, Residue Reviews. Springer New York, pp. 49–85.
Axelrod, R., 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. Basic Books.
Backhouse, R.E., Fontaine, P., 2010. The History of the Social Sciences since 1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bacon, F. 1625 (reprint 2002). Of seditions and troubles. Essays Civil and Moral. London: Printed by John Haviland for Hanna Barret.
Bailey, K., 2008. Methods of Social Research, 4th Edition. NY: Simon and Schuster.
Balint P., Stewart R., Desai A., Walters L. 2011. Wicked Environmental Problems - Managing Uncertainty and Conflict.
Washington: Island Press.
BALTEX, 2007. The Baltic Sea Experiment. The Baltic sea Catchment Basin. Available from: http://www.baltex-research.eu/background/catchment.html. Accessed 18.4.2014.
Baltic Sea 2020, 2014. Baltic Sea 2020, “Shipping,” Available from:
http://www.balticsea2020.org/index.php?option=com_content&view= article&id=128&Itemid=87&lang=en.
Accessed 18.4.2014.
Bates, R.H., Greif, A., Levi, M., Rosenthal, J.-L., Weingast, B., 1998. Analytic Narratives. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bates, R.H., Greif, A., Levi, M., Rosenthal, J.-L., Weingast, B., 2000. The Analytical Narrative Project. The American Political Science Review 94, 696–702. doi:10.2307/258584
Baumol, W.J., Oates, W.E., 1993. Economics, environmental policy, and the quality of life. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Bengtsson, S., Andersson, K., Fridell, E., 2011. A comparative life cycle assessment of marine fuels liquefied natural gas and three other fossil fuels. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 225, 97–110. doi:10.1177/1475090211402136
Bennett, P., 2000. Environmental governance and private actors: enrolling insurers in international maritime regulation.
Polit. Geogr. 19, 875–899. doi:10.1016/S0962-6298(00)00029-9
Bennett, P., 2001. Mutual risk: P&I insurance clubs and maritime safety and environmental performance. Mar. Policy 25, 13–21. doi:10.1016/S0308-597X(00)00029-4
Benz, A., 2004. Governance — Modebegriff oder nützliches sozialwissenschaftliches Konzept?, in: Benz, A. (Ed.), Governance — Regieren in komplexen Regelsystemen, Governance. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, pp.
11–28.
Berry, J.M., 2002. Validity and Reliability Issues In Elite Interviewing. PS: Political Science & Politics 35, 679–682.
doi:10.1017/S1049096502001166
Bevir, M., 2010. The SAGE Handbook of Governance. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Bhaskar, R., 1978. A Realist Theory of Science. Hassocks: Harvester Press.
Biermann, F., 2010. Beyond the intergovernmental regime: recent trends in global carbon governance. Curr. Opin.
Environ. Sustain. 2, 284–288. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2010.05.002
Blomquist, W.A., 1992. Dividing the waters: governing groundwater in southern California. ICS Press.
Bloor, M., Datta, R., Gilinskiy, Y., Horlick-Jones, T., 2006. Unicorn among the Cedars: On the Possibility of Effective
“Smart Regulation” of the Globalized Shipping Industry. Soc. Leg. Stud. 15, 534–551.
doi:10.1177/0964663906069546
Bloor, M., Sampson, H., 2009. Regulatory enforcement of labour standards in an outsourcing globalized industry the case of the shipping industry. Work Employ. Soc. 23, 711–726. doi:10.1177/0950017009344915
Bloor, M., Sampson, H., Baker, S., Walters, D., Dahlgren, K., Wadsworth, E., James, P., 2013. Room for Manoeuvre?
Regulatory Compliance in the Global Shipping Industry. Soc. Leg. Stud. 22, 171–189.
doi:10.1177/0964663912467814
Blue Angel, 2014. Shipping: Blue Angel certifies ship design and ship operations. Available from: http://www.blauer-engel.de/en/blauer_engel/press/newsletter/newsletter_detail.php?we_objectID=223) Accessed 18.4.2014.
Blumer, M., 1971. Scientific Aspects of the Oil Spill Problem. Envtl. Aff. 1, 54.
Börzel, T.A., 1998. Organizing Babylon - On the Different Conceptions of Policy Networks. Public Administration 76, 253–273. doi:10.1111/1467-9299.00100
Börzel, T. A., 2010. Governance with/out Government. False Promises or Flawed Premises? SFB-Governance Working Paper Series, No. 23, Research Center (SFB) 700, Berlin, March 2010. Available from: http://www.sfb-governance.de/publikationen/working_papers/wp23/SFB-Governance-Working-Paper-23.pdf. Accessed 11.08.2014.
Börzel, T.A., Risse, T., 2010. Governance without a state: Can it work? Regulation & Governance 4, 113–134.
doi:10.1111/j.1748-5991.2010.01076.x
Bovens, M., 2007. New Forms of Accountability and EU-Governance. Comp Eur Polit 5, 104–120.
doi:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110101
Brady, H.E., Collier, D., 2010. Rethinking Social Inquiry: Diverse Tools, Shared Standards. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Brondizio, E.S., Ostrom, E., Young, O.R., 2009. Connectivity and the Governance of Multilevel Social-Ecological Systems: The Role of Social Capital. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34, 253–278.
doi:10.1146/annurev.environ.020708.100707
Brunila, O-P. And J. Storgård. 2012. Oil transportation in the Gulf of Finland in 2020 and 2030. Publications from the Centre for Maritime Studies University of Turku. A 61. Turku: University of Turku. Available from:
http://www.merikotka.fi/mimic/images/stories/Brunila_and_Storgrd_2012_Oil_transportation_in_the_Gulf_of_F inland_in_2020_and_2030.pdf. Accessed 18.4.2014.
Buchanan, J.M., Stubblebine, W.C., 1962. Externality. Economica 29, 371–384. doi:10.2307/2551386
Büthe, T., 2010a. Private Regulation in the Global Economy: A (P)Review. Business and Politics 12. doi:10.2202/1469-3569.1328
Büthe, T., 2010b. Global Private Politics: A Research Agenda. Business and Politics 12. doi:10.2202/1469-3569.1345 Callon M, Law J., 2003. On qualculation, agency and otherness. Lancaster: Centre for Science Studies.
Carter, C., Smith, A., 2008. Revitalizing public policy approaches to the EU: “territorial institutionalism”, fisheries and wine. Journal of European Public Policy 15, 263–281. doi:10.1080/13501760701817773
Carter, N., 2008. The Politics of the Environment: Ideas, Activism, Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Charmaz, K., 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis. Thousand Oaks:
SAGE.
Chatterjee, A., 2011. Ontology, Epistemology, and Multimethod Research in Political Science. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 0048393111415380. doi:10.1177/0048393111415380
Cheng, T.C.E., Choy, P.W.C., 2013. A study of the relationships between quality management practices and organizational performance in the shipping industry. Maritime Econ Logistics 15, 1–31. doi:10.1057/mel.2012.19
Chong, D., 1991. Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement. Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press.
Christopoulos, S., Horvath, B., Kull, M., 2012. Advancing the Governance of Cross-Sectoral Policies for Sustainable Development: A Metagovernance Perspective. Public Admin. Dev. 32, 305–323. doi:10.1002/pad.1629
Clean Cargo Working Group, 2014. Clean Cargo. BSR – The Business of a Better World. Available from:
http://www.bsr.org/en/our-work/working-groups/clean-cargo. Accessed 18.04.2014.
Clean Shipping Index, 2014. Clean Shipping Index. Available from: http://www.cleanshippingindex.com/. Accessed 18.04.2014.
Coase, R.H., 1937. The Nature of the Firm. Economica 4, 386–405. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x
Cole, D.H., 2011. From global to polycentric climate governance. Climate law 2, 395–413. doi:10.3233/CL-2011-042 Coleman, J.S., 1966. Individual interests and collective action. Public Choice 1, 49–62. doi:10.1007/BF01718988 Collier, A., 1994. Critical Realism: An Introduction to Roy Bhaskar’s Philosophy. Michigan, Verso.
Collier, D., Elman, C., 2008. Qualitative and Multi-Method Research: Organizations, Publication, and Reflections on Integration. Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY.
Commoner, B., 1971. The closing circle: nature, man, and technology. Knopf.
Corbett, J.J., Winebrake, J.J., Green, E.H., Kasibhatla, P., Eyring, V., Lauer, A., 2007. Mortality from Ship Emissions: A Global Assessment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 8512–8518. doi:10.1021/es071686z
Crabb, A., Leroy, P., 2012. The Handbook of Environmental Policy Evaluation. London: Routledge.
Crawford, S.E.S., Ostrom, E., 1995. A Grammar of Institutions. American Political Science Review 89, 582–600.
doi:10.2307/2082975
Danish Maritime Authority, 2013. Setting up a maritime business. Available from:
http://www.dma.dk/SETTINGUPMARITIMEBUSINESS/Sider/default.aspx. Accessed 18.04.2014.
David, M., Gollasch, S., Leppäkoski, E., 2013. Risk assessment for exemptions from ballast water management – The Baltic Sea case study. Marine Pollution Bulletin 75, 205–217. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.031
Della Porta, D., Keating, M., 2008. How many approaches in the social sciences? An epistemological introduction. In D.
della Porta and M. Keating (eds.) Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.19-40.
Demeulenaere, P., 2011. Analytical Sociology and Social Mechanisms. Cambridge University Press.
Denzin, N.K., 2012. Triangulation 2.0. Journal of Mixed Methods Research 6, 80–88. doi:10.1177/1558689812437186 DeSombre, E., 2000. Domestic Sources of International Environmental Policy: Industry, Environmentalists, and U.S.
Power. MIT Press.
DeSombre, E., 2006. Flagging Standards: Globalization and Environmental, Safety, and Labor Regulations at Sea (MIT Press Books). The MIT Press.
DeSombre, E., 2009. Voluntary agreements and the Shipping Industry. In M. Potoski and A. Prakash (eds.) Voluntary Programmes: A Club Theory Perspective. MIT Press. pp. 133- 156.
DeSombre, E., 2011. Globalization, Competition, and Convergence: Shipping and the Race to the Middle. Lynne Rienner Publ. Available from: http://journals.rienner.com/doi/abs/10.5555/ggov.2008.14.2.179 Accessed 18.4.2014.
Dolwick, J.S., 2009. “The Social” and Beyond: Introducing Actor-Network Theory. J Mari Arch 4, 21–49.
doi:10.1007/s11457-009-9044-3
Duvanova, D., 2013. Building Business in Post-Communist Russia, Eastern Europe, and Eurasia: Collective Goods, Selective Incentives, and Predatory States. Cambridge University Press.
Earl, P.E., Potts, J., 2011. A Nobel Prize for Governance and Institutions: Oliver Williamson and Elinor Ostrom. Review of Political Economy 23, 1–24. doi:10.1080/09538259.2011.526291
Eckersley, R., 1992. Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach. SUNY Press.
Ehrlich, P., 1968. The population bomb. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
Elo, S., Kääriäinen, M., Kanste, O., Pölkki, T., Utriainen, K., Kyngäs, H., 2014. Qualitative Content Analysis. SAGE Open 4. doi:10.1177/2158244014522633
Elster, J., 1995. Forces and Mechanisms in the Constitution-Making Process. Duke Law Journal 45, 364.
doi:10.2307/1372906
Endresen, Ø., Lee Behrens, H., Brynestad, S., Bjørn Andersen, A., Skjong, R., 2004. Challenges in global ballast water management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48, 615–623. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.01.016
EU BSRS, 2009. The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region. Available from:
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/cooperation/baltic/index_en.htm. Accessed 18.04.2014.
Fafaliou, I., Lekakou, M., Theotokas, I., 2006. Is the European shipping industry aware of corporate social responsibility?
The case of the Greek-owned short sea shipping companies. Marine Policy 30, 412–419.
doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2005.03.003
Fielding, N., 2010. Mixed methods research in the real world. International Journal of Social Research Methodology 13, 127–138. doi:10.1080/13645570902996186
Finkel, S.E., Muller, E.N., 1998. Rational Choice and the Dynamics of Collective Political Action: Evaluating Alternative Models with Panel Data. The American Political Science Review 92, 37. doi:10.2307/2585927
Flin, R.H., O’Connor, P., Crichton, M., 2008. Safety at the Sharp End: A Guide to Non-technical Skills. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Franzosi, R., 2004. From Words to Numbers: Narrative, Data, and Social Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Freeman, R.E., 2010. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Frels, R.K., Onwuegbuzie, A.J., 2013. Administering Quantitative Instruments With Qualitative Interviews: A Mixed Research Approach. Journal of Counseling & Development 91, 184–194. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00085.x Furger, F., 1997. Accountability and Systems of Self-Governance: The Case of the Maritime Industry. Law & Policy 19,
445–476. doi:10.1111/1467-9930.t01-1-00035
Galaz, V., Crona, B., Österblom, H., Olsson, P., Folke, C., 2012. Polycentric systems and interacting planetary boundaries
— Emerging governance of climate change–ocean acidification–marine biodiversity. Ecological Economics, Special Section: “Planetary Boundaries” and Global Environmental Governance 81, 21–32.
doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.11.012
Gardner, P, 2006. Historical analysis. In V. Jupp (ed.) The SAGE Dictionary of Social Research Methods, 2006. London:
SAGE.
Gel’man, V., Ross, D.C., 2013. The Politics of Sub-National Authoritarianism in Russia. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing.
Gel’man, V., 2012. Subversive institutions, informal governance, and contemporary Russian politics. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Disintegration of the Soviet Union. Twenty Years Later. Assessment. Quo Vadis? 45, 295–303. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2012.07.005
George, A.L., Bennett, A., 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. MIT Press.
Gilbert, M., 2006. Rationality in Collective Action. Philosophy of the Social Sciences 36, 3–17.
doi:10.1177/0048393105284167
Glaser, B.G., Strauss, A.L., 2009. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Transaction Publishers.
Gläser, J., Laudel, G., 1999. Theoriegeleitete Textanalyse? Das Potential einer variablenorientierten qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse, Veröffentlichungsreihe der Arbeitsgruppe Wissenschaftstransformation des Wissenschaftszentrums Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB), No. P 99-401.
Gläser, J., Laudel, G., 2010. Experteninterviews und Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. VS Verlag für Sozialforschung.
Goldthau, A., 2014. Rethinking the governance of energy infrastructure: Scale, decentralization and polycentrism. Energy Research & Social Science 1, 134–140. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2014.02.009
Grabowski, M., Ayyalasomayajula, P., Merrick, J., Mccafferty, D., 2007. Accident precursors and safety nets: leading indicators of tanker operations safety. Maritime Policy & Management 34, 405–425.
doi:10.1080/03088830701585084
Grech, M.R., Horberry, T.J., Humphreys, M.S., 2003. Fatigue and human error in the maritime domain. Presented at the Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Fatigue and Transportation: Coping with a 24 hour society, National Road Transport Commission.
Green Ship Award, 2014. The pride of the oceans. Available from: http://www.greenaward.org/. Accessed 18.04.2014.
Greenacre, M., 2010. Correspondence Analysis in Practice, Second Edition. CRC Press.
Grewal, D., Darlow, N.J., 2007. The Business Paradigm for Corporate Social Reporting in the Context of Australian Seaports. Maritime Econ Logistics 9, 172–192. doi:10.1057/palgrave.mel.9100178
Gritsenko, D. and T.-Å. Pentz, forthcoming. Maritime Governance in The Baltic Sea Region: The EU’s Success Story? In Grzechnik, M., Hurskainen, H. (eds.) Beyond the Sea: Reviewing the Manifold Dimensions of Water as Barrier and Bridge. Böhlau-Verlag GmbH.
Gruby, R.L., Basurto, X., 2014. Multi-level governance for large marine commons: Politics and polycentricity in Palau’s protected area network. Environmental Science & Policy, Interrogating The Commons 36, 48–60.
doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2013.08.001
Haas, P., Keohane, R. and M.. Levy (eds.) 1993. Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Haas, P.M., 1990. Saving the Mediterranean: The Politics of International Environmental Cooperation. Columbia University Press.
Hair, J.F., 1995. Multivariate data analysis with readings. Prentice Hall.
Hajer, M.A., 2003. Deliberative Policy Analysis: Understanding Governance in the Network Society. Cambridge University Press.
Häkkinen, J. Posti, A., 2013. Overview of Maritime Accidents Involving Chemicals Worldwide and in the Baltic Sea In A.
Weintrit & T. Neumann (eds.) Maritime Transport & Shipping - Marine Navigation and Safety at Sea Transportation. CRC Press, Taylor & Frances Group. pp. 15-25.
Hall P.A., 2003. Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Research. In: Mahoney J, Rueschemeyer D Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. Ch. 11.
Hall, P.A., Taylor, R.C.R., 1996. Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms*. Political Studies 44, 936–957.
doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb00343.x
Haralambides, H.E. (Ed.) 1998. Quality shipping - market mechanisms for safer shipping and cleaner oceans. Rotterdam:
Erasmus Publishing.
Hardin, G. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, New Series, Vol. 162, No. 3859 (Dec. 13, 1968), pp. 1243-1248.
Hardin, R., 1982. Collective Action. Baltimore: RFF Press.
Harrald, J.R., Mazzuchi, T.A., Spahn, J., Van Dorp, R., Merrick, J., Shrestha, S., Grabowski, M., 1998. Using system simulation to model the impact of human error in a maritime system. Safety Science 30, 235–247.
doi:10.1016/S0925-7535(98)00048-4
Hassler, B., 2011. Accidental Versus Operational Oil Spills from Shipping in the Baltic Sea: Risk Governance and Management Strategies. AMBIO 40, 170–178. doi:10.1007/s13280-010-0128-y
Haufler, V., 2013. A Public Role for the Private Sector: Industry Self-Regulation in a Global Economy. Carnegie Endowment.
Hawkins J., 2001. Quality Shipping in the Asia Pacific Region. International Journal of Maritime Economics 3, 79–101.
Hayek, F.A., 1973. Law, Legislation and Liberty, Volume 1: Rules and Order. University of Chicago Press.
Heckathorn, D.D., 1996. The Dynamics and Dilemmas of Collective Action. American Sociological Review 61, 250.
doi:10.2307/2096334
Heckathorn, D.D., 1997. Respondent-Driven Sampling: A New Approach to the Study of Hidden Populations. Social Problems 44, 174–199. doi:10.2307/3096941
Hedlund, S., 2011. Invisible Hands, Russian Experience, and Social Science: Approaches to Understanding Systemic Failure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hedström, P., Ylikoski, P., 2010. Causal Mechanisms in the Social Sciences. Annual Review of Sociology 36, 49–67.
doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102632
Heinrich, H.W., 1959. Industrial accident prevention – A scientific approach. New York: McGraw–Hill Book Company.
HELCOM, 2009. Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea – An integrated thematic assessment of the effects of nutrient enrichment and eutrophication in the Baltic Sea region. Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. No. 115B.
HELCOM, 2010a. HELCOM Ministerial Declaration on the implementation of the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, 20 May 2010, Moscow.
HELCOM, 2010b. Maritime Activities in the Baltic Sea – An integrated thematic assessment on maritime activities and response to pollution at sea in the Baltic Sea Region. Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. No. 123
HELCOM, 2010b. Maritime Activities in the Baltic Sea – An integrated thematic assessment on maritime activities and response to pollution at sea in the Baltic Sea Region. Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. No. 123