Despite aiming at and reaching comprehensive research by many-sided, yet focused, theoretical, methodological and contextual considerations, this study obviously has some limitations, as all research does. Regarding the context, although the narrow context of family SMEs from Finland provides contributions useful at firm and societal levels, applying the findings from this context to other country contexts requires caution.
However, the ways in which empirical analyses from Finnish family SMEs align with and elaborate the findings and the internationalisation-process model from the review of 172 empirical studies from a variety of country contexts, and mostly SMEs in Publication I, make a strong case for applying empirical findings to other contexts than Finland. For instance, Hennart, Majocchi and Forlani (2019) found similar findings related to the
5.5 Limitations and future research 107 internationalisation of family SMEs from a large sample of 9,214 firms from Germany, Spain, Italy and France. Moreover, FFs have similar characteristics across countries, such as values (Tapies and Moya, 2012) and successor attributes (Sharma and Srinivas Rao, 2000). Still, the Finnish family-SME context appears as a limitation in the sense that we need more clarifying evidence from other country contexts, including other types of family SMEs (e.g. family-influenced SMEs). Government policies (Duran, Kostova and van Essen, 2017), formal and informal institutions of countries (Arregle et al., 2017) and FF prevalence in a country (Carney et al., 2017) can affect FF internationalisation.
This dissertation’s overarching philosophical, epistemological and ontological approach was critical realism, in which the belief in the nature of what is real is supported by extensive data and analysis but no de facto confirmation, which, in itself, requires future research to adopt methods such as positivistic and deductive quantitative analyses.
Speaking of quantitative analysis, in addition to the single-country context of Finland, the sample size of 89 SMEs could be regarded as fairly low, so future research should adopt larger (cross-cultural) samples to study and further validate results on SEW and international networking of family SMEs.
Concerning both qualitative (Publications II and IV) and quantitative (Publication III) studies, the common limitation is the lack of truly longitudinal data. Although I gained longitudinal views on studied issues and phenomena through retrospective interviews supported with extensive secondary data, only 8 case firms out of the total of 24 were interviewed in two different years (2015 and 2018). The quantitative data in Publication III was derived from a 2017 cross-sectional survey. Thus, the lack of longitudinal data, in terms of having multiple points in time when interviews or surveys were conducted, means that more research must be done to elaborate how internationalisation processes, network relationships and SEW perceptions develop over time, management and ownership changes and succession processes.
More views from the other sides of the network relationships, such as foreign partners and customers, would be desirable. They could be considered by interviewing them, so that dyad views on the above-mentioned issues could be obtained and more comprehensive and validated information about the nature of the relationships could be achieved. In the case-firm data of this dissertation, only one foreign partner—the South Korean subsidiary manager of one case firm (coded Garment B in Publication II and Firm F in Publication IV)—was interviewed. Having the two sides of the relationship, or many sides in the network of relationships, would potentially also unravel key cross-cultural issues surrounding the internationalisation and international networking of family SMEs.
Needs for longitudinal and cross-cultural investigations of these topics call for more international collaboration among academics and practitioners in the future.
The current turbulent global environment also provides unique opportunities for FF internationalisation researchers to conduct research sensitive and relevant to current changes in the world. For instance, the current global COVID-19 pandemic causes and is expected to cause severely negative effects on businesses worldwide. It would be
interesting to study how family SMEs cope with the situation in terms of their internationalisation pathways, maintenance of network relationships and how noneconomic and/or economic goal orientations drive them through the crisis. For instance, can family SMEs be resistant and patient but also agile, going through the crisis by taking care of their network relationships and changing directions efficiently if necessary? Or, will the crisis be so powerful that family SMEs lean towards unleashing the ‘dark sides’ of SEW preservation, such as emotional decision-making and risk aversion, leading to withdrawal from international markets and important network relationships? The findings, models and frameworks of this dissertation, such as the concluding Figure 5, are more relevant than ever for family SMEs to navigate in this turbulent time. The nonfamily CEO from Mach E, quoted in the first sentences of this dissertation on foreign-partner selection, said the following on the international-marketing factor of FF status right after the quote presented in the beginning:
‘We bring [the FF status] up. In our firm presentations, it is in almost our first slides that we are an FF. We see it as a strength, because we work with the network of representatives and it signals to these people that we are not faceless, but that you can discuss with the whole orchestra from the Chairman of the Board, the board and the owner. Hierarchy is very low and there are no heavy processes nor matrix organisation related to large corporations, in which you do not know who decides and on what . . . When things work, it is very flexible [to work in an FF]. Decision-making is fast. The creation of trust and results are very good. You can focus on the work you do.’
Accordingly, family SMEs have prerequisites for adapting to changes and taking care of their people and stakeholders. Let’s continue studying the fascinating family SMEs in the fascinating world in which they live.
109
References
Adler, P. S. and Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept.
Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40.
Agndal, H., Chetty, S. and Wilson, H. (2008). Social capital dynamics and foreign market entry. International Business Review, 17(6), 663-675.
Alessandri, T. M., Cerrato, D. and Eddleston, K. A. (2018). The mixed gamble of internationalization in family and nonfamily firms: The moderating role of organizational slack. Global Strategy Journal, 8(1), 46-72.
Almodóvar, P., Verbeke, A. and Rodríguez-Ruiz, Ó. (2016). The internationalization of small and medium-sized family enterprises: the role of human asset quality. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 23(2), 162-174.
Anderson, R. C. and Reeb, D. M. (2003). Founding‐family ownership and firm performance: evidence from the S&P 500. The Journal of Finance, 58(3), 1301-1328.
Anwar, S. T. and Tariq, S. M. (2011). Evolution of entrepreneurship and organizational configurations at Zildjian, 1623–2010. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 175.
Arenius, P. (2005). The psychic distance postulate revised: from market selection to speed of market penetration. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 3(2), 115-131.
Arregle, J. L., Duran, P., Hitt, M. A. and Van Essen, M. (2017). Why is family firms’
internationalization unique? A meta‐analysis. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(5), 801–831.
Arregle, J. L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D. G. and Very, P. (2007). The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), 73-95.
Arregle, J. L., Naldi, L., Nordqvist, M. and Hitt, M. A. (2012). Internationalization of family–controlled firms: A study of the effects of external involvement in
governance. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(6), 1115-1143.
Autio, E. (2005). Creative tension: the significance of Ben Oviatt's and Patricia McDougall's article ‘toward a theory of international new ventures’. Journal of International Business Studies, 36(1), 9-19.
Barkema, H. G. and Vermeulen, F. (1998). International expansion through start-up or acquisition: A learning perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 7-26.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99–120.
Barriball, K. L. and While, A. (1994). Collecting data using a semi-structured interview:
a discussion paper. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(2), 328-335.
Bauweraerts, J., Sciascia, S., Naldi, L. and Mazzola, P. (2019). Family CEO and board service: Turning the tide for export scope in family SMEs. International Business Review, 28(5), 101583.
Beamish, P. W. (1990). The internationalization process for smaller Ontario firms: a research agenda. Research in Global Business Management, 1, 77-92.
Bell, J. (1995). The internationalization of small computer software firms: A further challenge to “stage” theories. European Journal of Marketing, 29(8), 60–75.
Bell, J., McNaughton, R. and Young, S. (2001). ‘Born-again global’firms: An extension to the ‘born global’phenomenon. Journal of International Management, 7(3), 173-189.
Bell, J., McNaughton, R., Young, S. and Crick, D. (2003). Towards an integrative model of small firm internationalisation. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 1(4), 339-362.
Benito, G.R.G. and Welch, L. (1997). De-internationalization. Management International Review, 37(2), 7-25.
Bennedsen, M. and Foss, N. (2015). Family assets and liabilities in the innovation process. California Management Review, 58(1), 65-81.
Berrone, P., Cruz, C. and Gomez-Mejia, L. R. (2012). Socioemotional wealth in family firms: Theoretical dimensions, assessment approaches, and agenda for future research. Family Business Review, 25(3), 258-279.
Berrone, P., Cruz, C., Gomez-Mejia, L. R. and Larraza-Kintana, M. (2010).
Socioemotional wealth and corporate responses to institutional pressures: Do family-controlled firms pollute less?. Administrative Science Quarterly, 55(1), 82-113.
Berry, W. D. (1993). Understanding regression assumptions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Bhaskar, R. (1978). A realist theory of science (2nd ed.). Harvester Press: Brighton, UK.
References 111 Bhaskar, R. (1998). The possibility of naturalism: A philosophical critique of the
contemporary human sciences (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Bilkey, W. J. and Tesar, G. (1977). The export behavior of smaller-sized Wisconsin manufacturing firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 93-98.
Bird, M. and Zellweger, T. (2018). Relational embeddedness and firm growth:
Comparing spousal and sibling entrepreneurs. Organization Science, 29(2), 264-283.
Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C. and Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation?. Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1802-1811.
Bryk, A. S. and Raudenbush, S. W. (1987). Application of hierarchical linear models to assessing change. Psychological Bulletin, 101(1), 147.
Buciuni, G. & Mola, L. (2014). How do entrepreneurial firms establish cross-border relationships? A global value chain perspective. Journal of International
Entrepreneurship, 12(1), 67-84.
Buckley, P.J. and Casson, M.C. (1976) The future of the multinational enterprise.
Homes & Meier: London.
Cabrera‐Suárez, K., De Saá‐Pérez, P. and García‐Almeida, D. (2001). The succession process from a resource‐and knowledge‐based view of the family firm. Family Business Review, 14(1), 37-48.
Calabrò, A., Brogi, M. and Torchia, M. (2016). What does really matter in the
internationalization of small and medium‐sized family businesses? Journal of Small Business Management, 54(2), 679-696.
Calabrò, A., Campopiano, G., Basco, R. and Pukall, T. (2017). Governance structure and internationalization of family-controlled firms: The mediating role of
international entrepreneurial orientation. European Management Journal, 35(2), 238-248.
Campbell, J. L. (2007). Why would corporations behave in socially responsible ways?
An institutional theory of corporate social responsibility. Academy of Management Review, 32(3), 946-967.
Carney, M., Duran, P., Van Essen, M. and Shapiro, D. (2017). Family firms, internationalization, and national competitiveness: Does family firm prevalence matter?. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 8(3), 123-136.
Casillas, J. C. and Moreno-Menéndez, A. M. (2017). International business & family business: Potential dialogue between disciplines. European Journal of Family
Business, 7(1-2), 25-40.
Casprini, E., Dabic, M., Kotlar, J. and Pucci, T. (in press). A bibliometric analysis of family firm internationalization research: Current themes, theoretical roots, and ways forward. International Business Review, doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101715.
Cavusgil, S. T. (1980). On the internationalization process of the firm. European Research, 6, 273-281.
Cennamo, C., Berrone, P., Cruz, C. and Gomez–Mejia, L. R. (2012). Socioemotional wealth and proactive stakeholder engagement: Why family–controlled firms care more about their stakeholders. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(6), 1153-1173.
Cerrato, D. and Piva, M. (2012). The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises: the effect of family management, human capital and foreign ownership.
Journal of Management & Governance, 16(4), 617-644.
Cesinger, B., Bouncken, R., Fredrich, V. and Kraus, S. (2014). The alchemy of family enterprises’ internationalisation: dexterous movers or prodigal laggards?. European Journal of International Management, 8(6), 671-696.
Cesinger, B., Hughes, M., Mensching, H., Bouncken, R., Fredrich, V. and Kraus, S.
(2016). A socioemotional wealth perspective on how collaboration intensity, trust, and international market knowledge affect family firms’ multinationality. Journal of World Business, 51(4), 586-599.
Chang, Y. C., Kao, M. S. and Kuo, A. (2014). The influences of governance quality on equity-based entry mode choice: The strengthening role of family control.
International Business Review, 23(5), 1008-1020.
Chen, H. L. (2011). Internationalization in Taiwanese family firms. Global Journal of Business Research, 5(4), 15-23.
Chen, T. J. (2003). Network resources for internationalization: The case of Taiwan's electronics firms. Journal of Management Studies, 40(5), 1107-1130.
Chetty, S. (1996). The case study method for research in small-and medium-sized firms.
International Small Business Journal, 15(1), 73-85.
Chetty, S. and Agndal, H. (2007). Social capital and its influence on changes in internationalization mode among small and medium-sized enterprises. Journal of International Marketing, 15(1), 1-29.
References 113 Chetty, S. and Blankenburg Holm, D. (2000). Internationalisation of small to
medium-sized manufacturing firms: a network approach. International Business Review, 9(1), 77-93.
Chetty, S. and Campbell-Hunt, C. (2004). A strategic approach to internationalization: a traditional versus a “born-global” approach. Journal of International Marketing, 12(1), 57-81.
Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H. and Steier, L. (2005). Sources and consequences of distinctive familiness: An introduction. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(3), 237-247.
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J. and De Massis, A. (2015). A closer look at socioemotional wealth: Its flows, stocks, and prospects for moving forward. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(2), 173-182.
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J. and Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the family business by behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 23(4), 19-39.
Claver, E., Rienda, L. and Quer, D. (2007). The internationalisation process in family firms: Choice of market entry strategies. Journal of General Management, 33(1), 1-14.
Cohen, J. and Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Coleman, J. (1958). Relational analysis: The study of social organizations with survey methods. Human Organization, 17(4), 28-36.
Coviello, N. E. (2006). The network dynamics of international new ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(5), 713-731.
Coviello, N., Kano, L. and Liesch, P. W. (2017). Adapting the Uppsala model to a modern world: Macro-context and microfoundations. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(9), 1151-1164.
Coviello, N.E. and McAuley, A. (1999). Internationalisation and the smaller firm: a review of contemporary empirical research. Management International Review, 39(3), 223-256.
Crick, D., Bradshaw, R. and Chaudhry, S. (2006). “Successful” internationalising UK family and non-family-owned firms: A comparative study. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13, 498-512.
Cruz, C. C., Gómez-Mejia, L. R. and Becerra, M. (2010). Perceptions of benevolence and the design of agency contracts: CEO-TMT relationships in family firms.
Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 69-89.
Czinkota, M. R. and Czinkota, M. R. (1982). Export development strategies: US promotion policy. New York: Praeger.
D'Angelo, A., Majocchi, A., Zucchella, A. and Buck, T. (2013). Geographical pathways forSME internationalization: Insights from an Italian sample. International
Marketing Review, 30, 80–105.
Davis, J., Frankforter, S., Vollrath, D. and Hill, V. (2007). An empirical test of stewardship theory. Journal of Business and Leadership: Research, Practice and Teaching, 3(1), 40–50.
Davis, P. S. and Harveston, P. D. (1998). The influence of family on the family business succession process: A multi-generational perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 22(3), 31-53.
De Massis, A., Frattini, F., Majocchi, A. and Piscitello, L. (2018). Family firms in the global economy: Toward a deeper understanding of internationalization
determinants, processes, and outcomes. Global Strategy Journal, 8(1), 3-21.
Debicki, B. J., Kellermanns, F. W., Chrisman, J. J., Pearson, A. W. and Spencer, B. A.
(2016). Development of a socioemotional wealth importance (SEWi) scale for family firm research. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 7(1), 47-57.
Deephouse, D. L. and Jaskiewicz, P. (2013). Do family firms have better reputations than non‐family firms? An integration of socioemotional wealth and social identity theories. Journal of Management Studies, 50(3), 337-360.
Dimitratos, P., Amorós, J. E., Etchebarne, M. S. and Felzensztein, C. (2014). Micro-multinational or not? International entrepreneurship, networking and learning effects.
Journal of Business Research, 67(5), 908-915.
Dismuke, C. and Lindrooth, R. (2006). Ordinary least squares. In E. C. G. Chumney and K. N. Simpson (Eds.), Methods and designs for outcomes research. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 93-104.
Dubois, A. and Gadde, L. E. (2002). Systematic combining: an abductive approach to case research. Journal of Business Research, 55(7), 553-560.
Dunning, J.H. (1988). The eclectic paradigm of international production: A restatement and some possible extensions. Journal of International Business Studies, 19, 1-31.
References 115 Duran, P., Kostova, T. and Van Essen, M. (2017). Political ideologies and the
internationalization of family-controlled firms. Journal of World Business, 52(4), 474-488.
Dyer, W. G. (1988). Culture and continuity in family firms. Family Business Review, 1(1), 37-50.
Easton, G. (2010). Critical realism in case study research. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(1), 118-128.
Eberhard, M. and Craig, J. (2013). The evolving role of organisational and personal networks in international market venturing. Journal of World Business, 48(3), 385-397.
Eddleston, K. A. and Kellermanns, F. W. (2007). Destructive and productive family relationships: A stewardship theory perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 545-565.
Eden, L. (2009). Letter from the editor-in-chief: Time in international business. Journal of International Business Studies, 40(4), 535-538.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14, 532-550.
Eisenhardt, K. M. and Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases:
Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25-32.
European Commission (2019a). What is an SME?. Available at:
https://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/business-friendly-environment/sme-definition_en.
(accessed 25 November 2019).
European Commission (2019b). Family business. Available at:
https://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/promoting-entrepreneurship/we-work-for/family-business_en. (accessed 15 March 2020).
Evert, R. E., Sears, J. B., Martin, J. A. and Payne, G. T. (2018). Family ownership and family involvement as antecedents of strategic action: A longitudinal study of initial international entry. Journal of Business Research, 84, 301-311.
Fama, E. F. and Jensen, M. C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. The Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), 301-325.
Fang, H., Kotlar, J., Memili, E., Chrisman, J. J. and De Massis, A. (2018). The pursuit of international opportunities in family firms: Generational differences and the role of knowledge‐based resources. Global Strategy Journal, 8(1), 136-157.
Fernandez, Z. and Nieto, M. J. (2005). Internationalization strategy of small and medium-sized family businesses: Some influential factors. Family Business Review, 18(1), 77–89.
Fernandez, Z. and Nieto, M. J. (2006). Impact of ownership on the international involvement of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies, 37(3), 340–351.
Fernhaber, S. A., Mcdougall‐Covin, P. P. and Shepherd, D. A. (2009). International entrepreneurship: leveraging internal and external knowledge sources. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(4), 297-320.
Finnish Family Firms Association. (2017). Family businesses in Finland [online document]. Available at
http://www.europeanfamilybusinesses.eu/uploads/Modules/Publications/finland-fam-bus.pdf. (accessed 10 March 2020).
Fiss, P. C. (2007). A set-theoretic approach to organizational configurations. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1180-1198.
Fiss, P. C. (2011). Building better causal theories: A fuzzy set approach to typologies in organization research. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 393-420.
Fletcher, M. and Plakoyiannaki, E. (2011). Case selection in international business: Key issues and common misconceptions. In R. Piekkari and C. Welch (Eds.), Rethinking the case study in international business and management research. Cheltenham:
Edward Elgar, 171–191.
Fletcher, M., Zhao, Y., Plakoyiannaki, E. and Buck, T. (2018). Three pathways to case selection in international business: A twenty–year review, analysis and synthesis.
International Business Review, 27(4), 755-766.
Gallo, M. A. and Pont, C. G. (1996). Important factors in family business internationalization. Family Business Review, 9(1), 45-59.
Gallo, M. A. and Sveen, J. (1991). Internationalizing the family business: Facilitating and restraining factors. Family Business Review, 4(2), 181-190.
Gallo, M. Á., Tàpies, J. and Cappuyns, K. (2004). Comparison of family and nonfamily business: Financial logic and personal preferences. Family Business Review, 17(4), 303-318.
Gaur, A. and Kumar, M. (2018). A systematic approach to conducting review studies:
An assessment of content analysis in 25 years of IB research. Journal of World Business, 53(2), 280-289.
Gersick, K. E., Davis, J. A., Hampton, M. M. and Lansberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business. Harvard Business Press.
References 117 Gomez‐Mejia, L. R., Campbell, J. T., Martin, G., Hoskisson, R. E., Makri, M. and
Sirmon, D. G. (2014). Socioemotional wealth as a mixed gamble: Revisiting family firm R&D investments with the behavioral agency model. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 38(6), 1351-1374.
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Cruz, C., Berrone, P. and De Castro, J. (2011). The bind that ties:
Socioemotional wealth preservation in family firms. Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 653-707.
Gómez-Mejía, L. R., Haynes, K. T., Núñez-Nickel, M., Jacobson, K. J. and Moyano-Fuentes, J. (2007). Socioemotional wealth and business risks in family-controlled firms: Evidence from Spanish olive oil mills. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52(1), 106-137.
Gomez‐Mejia, L. R., Makri, M. and Kintana, M. L. (2010). Diversification decisions in family‐controlled firms. Journal of Management Studies, 47(2), 223-252.
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., Patel, P. C. and Zellweger, T. M. (2018). In the horns of the dilemma: Socioemotional wealth, financial wealth, and acquisitions in family firms.
Journal of Management, 44(4), 1369-1397.
Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 1360-1380.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510.
Granovetter, M. S. (1992). Problems of explanation in economic sociology. In N.
Nohria & R. G. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and organizations: Structure, form and action. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 25–56.
Graves, C. and Shan, Y. G. (2014). An empirical analysis of the effect of
internationalization on the performance of unlisted family and nonfamily firms in Australia. Family Business Review, 27(2), 142-160.
Graves, C. and Thomas, J. (2004). Internationalisation of the family business: A longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business, 1(1), 7–27.
Graves, C. and Thomas, J. (2006). Internationalization of Australian family businesses:
A managerial capabilities perspective. Family Business Review, 19(3), 207-224.
Graves, C. and Thomas, J. (2008). Determinants of the internationalization pathways of family firms: An examination of family influence. Family Business Review, 21(2), 151–167.
Grönroos, C. (1990). Relationship approach to marketing in service contexts: The marketing and organizational behavior interface. Journal of Business Research, 20(1), 3-11.
Habbershon, T. G. and Williams, M. L. (1999). A resource-based framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms. Family Business Review, 12(1), 1-25.
Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. and Anderson, R.E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. and Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J. and Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data