6 Conclusions
6.3 Limitations and future research
Altogether, the results were significant, as the moderation effect of different IT capability di-mensions towards environmental management systems (EMS) and operating revenue could be testified. The results for the effect of IT capabilities moderating the relationship of EMS and financial performance still remain unsettled as the moderation effect was not statistically sig-nificant. As mentioned in the reliability and validity -chapter, these findings deteriorate the
validity of the research, as the moderation effect could only be found on a liquidity level of financial performance. Operating revenue as an absolute measure indicates financial resources better than financial performance and the results could not be reported with any other finan-cial performance -indicators, such as profitability ratios. The regression analyses do indicate that there is a positive effect of EMS on subjective financial performance, but the model should be re-examined in the future to validate these findings.
As stated before, the data collection was performed during the COVID-19 pandemic which most likely affected to the subjective outcomes for performance measures. The state of the economic situation was exceptional and could have affected the results in several ways. As the concept of IT capability is multidimensional and corporate environmental responsibility as well as corporate financial performance have no fixed measures, these factors could be ana-lyzed from different perspectives in the future (for example industry-wise, size-wise or in the eyes of public or private organizations). Also, the dimensions of IT capability could be put to more broad use, when the differences between IT knowledge and IT operations and other IT assets could be better identified. Future research should also consider identifying the reasons for which the IT capabilities moderate environmental responsibility and corporate liquidity but not profitability or other financial performance assets. These results create a good ground-work for future studies interested in the IT capabilities as competitive advantages and their ef-fect towards different performance measures of companies. It was found out that through the IT assets, a company may gain competitive advantage which moderates the resources of com-panies, but the interest still remains in whether these competitive advantages moderate the performance of companies.
REFERENCES
Adams, J., Khan, H. T. A. & Raeside, R. 2014. Research Methods for Business and Social Science Students. Sage Response.
Adi, A., Grigore, G. & Crowther, D. 2015. Corporate Social Responsibility in the Digital Age. Social Responsibility Research Network. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Ali, I., Jiménez-Zarco, A. I. & Bicho, M. 2015. Using Social Media for CSR Communication and Engaging Stakeholders. In publication Adi, A., Grigore, G. & Crowther, D. 2015. Corpo-rate Social Responsibility in the Digital Age. Vol. 7, pp. 165-185.
Auld, G., Bernstein, S. & Cashore, B. 2008. The New Corporate Social Responsibility. An-nual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol. 33. pp. 413-35. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Chapter 30, pp. 539-561.
Banker, R.D., Bardhan, I. & Asdemir, O. 2006. Understanding the impact of collaboration software on product design and development. Information Systems Research, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 352-73.
Barnett, M. L. & Salomon, R. M. 2012. Does it pay to be really good? Addressing the shape of the relationship between social and financial performance. Strategic Management Journal.
Vol. 33, pp. 1304–1320.
Barney, J. B. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Manage-ment. Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 99-120. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Infor-mation Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Barney, J. B., Clark, D. N. 2007. Resource-Based Theory – Creating and Sustaining a Com-petitive Advantage. Oxford University Press.
Bertonèche, M. & Knight, R. 2001. Financial Performance. Butterworth-Heinemann. Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 2001.
Bharadwaj, A.S. 2000. A resource-based perspective on information technology capability and firm performance, an empirical investigation. MIS Quarterly. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 169-196.
Bourne, M & Bourne, P. 2011. Handbook of Corporate Performance Management. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bharadwaj, A. S., Sambamurthy, V. & Zmud, R. W. 1999. IT capabilities: Theoretical per-spectives and empirical operationalization. Proceedings of the 20th International conference on Information Systems. January, pp. 378-385.
Bragg, S. 2018. Total shareholder return. Referred to 16.10.2019. Https://www.accounting-tools.com/articles/total-shareholder-return-definition-and-usage.html.
Brealey, R. A., Myers, S. C. & Allen, F. 2014. Principles of Corporate Finance. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Brown, J. & Hagel, J. 2003. Does IT matter? Harvard Business Review, July. pp. 109-112. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technology and Competitive Ad-vantage in Small Firms.
Brynjolfsson, E. & Hitt, L. 2000. Beyond computation: Information technology, organiza-tional transformation and business performance. The Journal of Economic Perspectives. Vol.
14, No. 4. pp. 23-48. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technol-ogy and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Burke, E. M. 1997. When It Hits the Fan. Across the Board. Vol. 34, pp. 34-38. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Chapter 16, 273-277.
Cai, L & He, C. 2013. Corporate Environmental Responsibility and Equity Prices. Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht.
Cameron, K. S. & Whetten, D. A. 1983. Some conclusions about organizational effectiveness.
Organizational Effectiveness: A comparison of Multiple Models. Academic Press, New York, pp- 261-277. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Carbonara, N. 2005. Information and communication technology and geographical clusters, opportunities and spread. Technovation. Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 213-222.
Carr, N. 2003. Does IT matter? Harvard Business Review, July, p. 112. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Carr, N. 2005. The end of corporate computing. Sloan Management Review. Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 67-73. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Chabowski, B.R. & Mena, J.A. & Gonzalez-Padron, T.L. 2010. The structure of sustainability research in marketing, 1958-2008: a basis for future research opportunities. Academy of Mar-keting Science 2010.
Chakravarthy, B. 1986. Measuring strategic performance. Strategic Management Journal.
Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 437-458. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Chan, Y., Bhargava, N. & Street, C. 2006. Having arrived: The homogeneity of high-growth small firms. Journal of Small Business Management. Vol. 44, No. 3. pp. 426-440. In publica-tion Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Informapublica-tion Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Cho, S. J., Chung, C. Y. & Young, J. 2019. Study on the Relationship between CSR and Fi-nancial Performance. Sustainability. Vol. 11, No. 343. MDPI.
Christmann, P & Taylor, G. 2002. Globalization and the Environment: Strategies for Interna-tional Voluntary Environmental Initiatives. Academy Management Executive. Vol. 16, pp.
121-35. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Chap-ter 31, pp. 563-577.
Cooper, A. C. 1993. Challenges in predicting new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing. Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 231-253. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Infor-mation Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Cooper, D. R. & Schindler, P. S. 2014. Business Research Methods. The McGraw-Hill Com-panies, Inc.
Dedrick, J., Gurbaxani, V. & Kraemer, K. 2003. Information technology and economic per-formance: A critical review of the empirical evidence. ACM Computing Surveys. Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 1-28. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Dess, G. & Robinson, R. J. 1984. Measuring organizational performance in the absence of ob-jective measures: The case of the privately-held firm and conglomerate business unit. Strate-gic Management Journal. Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 265-273. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Desouza, K.C., Awazu, Y., Jha, S., Dombrowski, C., Papagari, S., Baloh, P. & Kim, J.Y.
2008. Customer-driven innovation. Research Technology Management. Vol. 51, No. 3, pp.
35-44.
Di Bitetto, M., Pettineo, S. & D’Anselmi, P. 2015. Dear Brands of the World. CSR and the Social Media. In publication Adi, A., Grigore, G. & Crowther, D. 2015. Corporate Social Re-sponsibility in the Digital Age. Vol. 7, pp. 39-61.
Dyllick, T & Hockerts, K. 2002. Beyond the Business Case for Corporate Sustainability.
Business Strategy and the Environment. Vol. 11, pp. 130-141. In publication Gunningham, N.
2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Chapter 12, pp. 213-224.
Economist Intelligence Unit. 2009. Management magnified – Sustainability and corporate growth. The Economist. Referred to 04.06.2019. Http://graphics.eiu.com/upload/eb/sas_sus-tainability_web.pdf.
EEA. 2015. The European Environment State and Outlook 2015 – Assessment of Global Megatrends. EEA, Copenhagen, 2015.
Esty, D. & Winston, A. 2006. Green to Gold: How Smart Companies Use Environmental Strategy to Innovate, Create Value and Build Competitive Advantage. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsi-bility.
Friedman, M. 1970. The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine.
Galant, A. & Cadez, S. 2017. Corporate social responsibility and financial performance rela-tionship: a review of measurement approaches. Journal of Economic Research.
Gartner. 2017. IT glossary: digitalization. In publication Urbach, N. & Röglinger, M. 2018.
Digitalization Cases: How Organizations Rethink Their Business for the Digital Age.
Springer International Publishing AG.
Gimpel, H., Hosseini, S. Huber, R., Probst, L., Röglinger, M. & Faisst, U. 2018. Structuring digital transformation: a framework of action fields and its application at ZEISS. In publica-tion Urbach, N. & Röglinger, M. 2018. Digitalizapublica-tion Cases: How Organizapublica-tions Rethink Their Business for the Digital Age. Springer International Publishing AG.
Ghobadian, A., Viney, H., Liu, J. & James, P. 1998. Extending Linear Approaches to Map-ping Corporate Environmental Behaviour. Business Strategy and the Environment. Vol. 7, pp.
13-23. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Chap-ter 21, pp. 337-347.
Goel, S. 2015. Financial Ratios. Business Expert Press, LLC.
Gorard, S. 2004. Quantitative Methods in Social Science. London: Continuum.
Greer, L. & van Löben Sels, C. 1997. When Pollution Prevention Meets the Bottom Line. En-vironmental Science & Technology/News. Vol. 31, pp. 418-422. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Chapter 8, pp. 133-137.
Grant, R. M. 1991. The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation. California Management Review. Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 114–135.
Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Gössling, T. 2011. Corporate social responsibility and business performance: theories and evi-dence about organizational responsibility. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar cop.
Hajkowicz, S. 2015. Global Megatrends: Seven Patterns of Change Shaping Our Future. Mel-bourne: CSIRO Publishing.
Hasan, I., Kobeissi, N., Liu, L. & Wang, H. 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Financial Performance: The Mediating Role of Productivity. Fordham University and Bank Of Finland Research. Referred to 5.10.2019. Https://helda.helsinki.fi/bof/bitstream/han-dle/123456789/14088/BoF_DP_1607.pdf;sequence=1.
Hawawini, G., Subramanian, V. & Verdin, P. 2003. Is performance driven by industry- or firm-specific factors? New look at the old evidence. Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1-16.
Hayes, A. F. 2018. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis, Second Edition: A Regression-Based Approach. Guilford Publications.
Hayes, A. 2020. Market Share. Investopedia. Referred to 29.09.2020. Https://www.in-vestopedia.com/terms/m/marketshare.asp.
Herold, D. M. & Lee, K-H. 2014. Corporate environmental responsibility: focus, orientation and salience in the natural resources sector. 20XX Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
Hoffman, A. J. 1997. From Heresy to Dogma: An Institutional History of Corporate Environ-mentalism, San Francisco, CA: New Lexington Press. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009.
Corporate Environmental Responsibility.
Hoyle, R. H. 2012. Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling. The Guilford Press, New York, London.
Huang, C.J. & Liu, C. J. 2005. Exploration for the relationship between innovation, IT and performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital. Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 237-252.
Iansiti, M. & Lakhani, K. R. 2014. Digital Ubiquity: How Connections, Sensors, and Data Are Revolutionizing Business. Harvard Business Review. Vol. 92, No. 11, November 2014.
Idowu, S. O., Schmidpeter, R. & Fifka, M. S. 2015. Corporate Social Responsibility in Eu-rope. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
IPCC. Nd. About the IPCC. Referred to 7.10.2020 Https://www.ipcc.ch/.
IPCC. Nd. Special Report: Global Warming of 1,5 °C. Referred to 7.10.2020.
Https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/spm/.
Itkonen, J. 2015. Kiihdyttääkö digitalisaatio talouskasvua? Euro ja talous 2/2015. Referred to 25.9.2020. Https://www.eurojatalous.fi/fi/blogit/2015-2/kiihdyttaako-digitalisaatio-talous-kasvua/.
Kao, R. W. Y. 2009. Sustainable Economy – Corporate, Social and Environmental Responsi-bility. World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
Karimi, J., Somers, T.S. & Gupta, Y.P. 2001. Impact of information technology management practices on customer service. Journal of Management Information Systems. Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 125-158. In publication Reponen, T. 2003. Information Technology-Enabled Global Cus-tomer Service. Idea Group Publishing.
Kettrick, R. 2019. Megatrends: Long-term trends shaping the world in 2017 and beyond. Ip-sos Global Trends. Referred to 04.06.2019. Https://www.ipIp-sosglobaltrends.com/megatrends- Https://www.ipsosglobaltrends.com/megatrends-long-term-trends-shaping-the-world-in-2017-and-beyond/.
Kim, Y. & Statman, M. 2011. Do Corporations Invest Enough in Environmental Responsibil-ity? Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
Kim, W.S. & Oh, S. 2019. Corporate social responsibility, business groups and financial per-formance: a study of listed Indian firms. Economic Research. Vol. 32, No. 1.
King, A.A. & Lenox, M.J. 2001. Does It Really Pay to Be Green? An Empirical Study of Firm Environmental and Financial Performance. Journal of Industrial Ecology, Vol. 5, pp.
105-116. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility.
Kirchoff, B. 1977. Organization effectiveness measurement and policy research. Academy of Management Review. Vol. 2, pp. 347-355. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008.
Information Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Kmieciak, R., Michna, A. & Meczynska, A. 2012. Innovativeness, empowerment and IT ca-pability: evidence from SMEs. Faculty of Organisation and Management, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland. Industrial Management & Data Systems. Vol. 112, No. 5, pp.
707-728. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Lado, A. A. & Wilson, M. C. 1994. Human Resource Systems and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Competency-Based Perspective. Academy of Management Review. Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 699–727.
Leavitt, H. J. & Whisler, T. L. 1958. Management in the 1980’s. Harvard Business Review.
Referred to 16.09.2020. Https://hbr.org/1958/11/management-in-the-1980s.
Legner, C., Eymann, T., Hess, T., Matt, C., Böhmann, T., Drews, P., Maedche, A., Urbach, N.
& Ahlemann, F. 2017. Digitalization: opportunity and challenge for the business and infor-mation systems engineering community. Business & Inforinfor-mation Systems Engineering. Vol.
59, No. 4, pp. 301-308.
Loebbecke, C. 2006. Digitalisierung: Technologien und Unternehmensstrategien. In: Scholz C (ed) Handbuch Medienmanagement. Springer, Berlin, pp. 357-373. In publication Urbach,
N. & Röglinger, M. 2018. Digitalization Cases: How Organizations Rethink Their Business for the Digital Age. Springer International Publishing AG.
Lunde, M.B. 2018. Sustainability in marketing: a systematic review unifying 20 years of theo-retical and substantive contributions (1997-2016). Academy of Marketing Science 2018.
MacAfee, A. 2005. Will web services really transform collaboration? Sloan Management Re-view. Vol. 46, No. 2, pp. 78-84. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Mata, F. J., Fuerst, W. L. & Barney, J. B. 1995. Information technology and sustained com-petitive advantage, a resource-based analysis. MIS Quarterly. Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 487-505.
Mol, A. J. P. & Sonnenfeld, D. A. 2000. Ecological Modernisation around the World: An In-troduction, London: Frank Cass. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environ-mental Responsibility.
Montabon, F., Sroufe, R. & Narasimhan, R. 2006. An examination of corporate reporting, en-vironmental management practices and firm performance. Journal of Operations Manage-ment. Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 998-1014.
MSCI. 2015. N.d. MSCI ESG KLD STATS: 1991-2014 DATA SETS. MSCI ESG Research.
Referred to 7.10.2019. Https://www.wiso.uni-hamburg.de/bibliothek/recherche/datenban-ken/unternehmensdaten/msci-methodology-2014.pdf.
Murphy, G., Trailer, J. & Hill, R. 1996. Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research.
Journal of Business Research. Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 15-23. In publication Webb, B. &
Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Neely, A. D. 2002. Business Performance Measurement: Theory and Practice. Cambridge University Press.
Newbert, S. L. 2007. Empirical research on the resource-based view of the firm: An assess-ment and suggestions for future research. Strategic Manageassess-ment Journal. Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.
121-146. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technology and Com-petitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Newell, A. P. 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility: Challenges, Benefits and Impact on Business Performance. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Niskavaara, E. 2017. Yritystaloutta esimiehille. 2017 Alma Talent Oy.
Olalla, M. F. 1999. The resource-based theory and human resources. International Advances in Economic Research. Vol. 5, pp. 84-92.
Penrose, E. T. 1959. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. New York, NY: John Wiley, 1959.
Porter, M. E. 2001. Strategy and the internet. Harvard Business Review. March, pp. 63-78. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technology and Competitive Ad-vantage in Small Firms.
Powell, T.C. & Dent-Micallef, A. 1997. Information technology as competitive advantage:
The role of human, business, and technology resources. Strategic Management Journal. Vol.
18, No. 5, pp. 375-405. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technol-ogy and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Prahalad, C. K. & Hamel, G. 1990. The Core Competence of the Corporation. Harvard Busi-ness Review. Vol. 90, No. 3, pp. 79–91.
Prakash, A. 2001.Why Do Firms Adopt “Beyond Compliance” Environmental Policies? Busi-ness Strategy and the Environment. Vol. 10, pp. 286-299. In publication Gunningham, N.
2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Chapter 18, pp. 297-310.
Porter, M. E. & Kramer, M. R. 2006. Strategy & Society: The Link Between Competitive Ad-vantage and Corporate Social Responsibility. Harvard Business Review, December, pp. 79-92. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Chapter 13, pp. 225-236.
Portney, P. R. 2005. Corporate Social Responsibility: An Economic and Public Policy Per-spective (in Bruce Hay, Robert Stavins and Richard Vietor (eds) Law, Economics and Busi-ness, Washington, DC: RFF, pp. 107-131. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Chapter 14, pp. 239-263.
Rappaport, A. & Flaherty, M. 1991. Multinational Corporation and the Environment, Med-ford, MA: Tufts University Center for Environmental Management. In publication Gunning-ham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility.
Ray, G., Barney, J. B. & Muhanna, W. A. 2004. Capabilities, Business Processes, and Com-petitive Advantage: Choosing the Dependent Variable in Empirical Tests of the Resource-Based View. Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 23-37.
Reinhardt, F. 1998. Environmental Product Differentiation: Implications for Corporate Strat-egy. California Management Review. Vol. 40, pp. 43-73. In publication Gunningham, N.
2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Chapter 9, pp. 139-169.
Reinhardt, F. 1999. Market Failure and the Environmental Policies of Firms: Economic Ra-tionales for “Beyond Compliance” Behavior. Journal of Industrial Ecology. Vol. 3, pp. 9-21.
In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility. Chapter 10, pp. 171-183.
Reponen, T. 2003. Information Technology-Enabled Global Customer Service. Idea Group Publishing.
Robinson, K. 1998. An examination of the influence of industry structure on eight alternative measures of the new venture performance for high potential independent new ventures. Jour-nal of Business Venturing. Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 165-187. In publication Webb, B. &
Schlemmer, F. 2008. Information Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Roome, N. 1992. Developing Environmental Management Strategies. Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol. 1, pp. 11-24. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environ-mental Responsibility. Chapter 20, pp. 323-336.
Rosenberg, N. 2000. Schumpeter and the Endogeneity of Technology: Some American per-spectives, Second edn, Routledge, London. In publication Webb, B. & Schlemmer, F. 2008.
Information Technology and Competitive Advantage in Small Firms.
Ross, J. W. 2018. Foreword (ix-x) in publication Urbach, N. & Röglinger, M. Digitalization Cases: How Organizations Rethink Their Business for the Digital Age. Springer International Publishing AG.
Ross, J. W., Beath, C. M. & Goodhue, D. L. 1996. Develop Long-term Competitiveness Through IT Assets. Sloan Management Review. Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 31-45.
Rousku, K. 2016. Pilkahduksia tulevaisuuteen – digitalisaation ja robotisaation mahdollisuu-det. Valtiovarainministeriön julkaisuja x/2016. Https://vm.fi/documents/10623/3507992/Pil-
kahduksia+tulevaisuuteen+–+digitalisaation+ja+robotisaation+mahdollisuudet+-ra-portti/e7154bd3-910a-4f99-89ee-4f9299043d3c.
Russo, M. & Fouts, P. 1997. A Resource-Based Perspective on Corporate Environmental Per-formance and Profitability. Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 40, pp. 534-559. In publi-cation Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsibility.
Savolainen, T. 2013. Luottamusjohtajuus esimiehen voimavarana, taitona ja haasteena digia-jassa. Logistiikan johtamisen tulevaisuuden haasteet.
Schou, J. & Hjelholt, M. 2018. Digitalization and Public Sector Transformations. Palgrave Macmillan US.
Semenova, N. & Hassel, L. G. 2014. On the Validity of Environmental Performance Metrics.
Springer Science + Business Media Dordrecht.
Simon, H. 1992. Economics, Bounded Rationality and the Cognitive Revolution. London: Ed-ward Elgar Press. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environmental Responsi-bility.
Sitra. Nd. Megatrends 2020. Referred to 7.10.2020. Https://www.sitra.fi/en/topics/mega-trends/.
Song, M., Droge, C., Hanvanich, S. & Calantone, R. 2005. Marketing and technology re-source complementarity: An analysis of their interaction effect in two environmental contexts, Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 259-276.
Steger, U. 1993. The Greening of the Board Room: How German Companies are Dealing with Environmental Issues, in Kurt Fischer and Johan Schot (eds) Environmental Strategies for Industry: International Perspectives on Research Needs and Policy Implications, Washing-ton DC: Island Press, pp. 147-66. In publication Gunningham, N. 2009. Corporate Environ-mental Responsibility, Chapter 24, pp. 385-404.
Sullivan, R. 2011. Valuing Corporate Responsibility: How Do Investors Really Use Corporate Responsibility Information? Routledge; Taylor & Francis Group.
Testa, M. & D’Amato, A. 2017. Corporate environmental responsibility and financial perfor-mance: does bidirectional causality work? Empirical evidence from the manufacturing indus-try. Social Responsibility Journal. Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 221-234.
Tilastokeskus. 2017. Koistinen-Jokiniemi, P., Koskiniemi, T., Lehtinen, I., Lindroos, V., Mar-tikainen, J., Montonen, S., Savela, O. & Tuomaala, E. Digitalisaatio ja BKT – Miten digitali-saatio näkyy taloustilastoissa. 2017 Tilastokeskus. Referred to 25.9.2020. Http://www.ti-lastokeskus.fi/static/media/uploads/tup/kantilinpito/digitalisaatio_bkt.pdf.
Tilastokeskus. 2019. N.d. Tuotteet ja palvelut. Tietosisältö. Referred to 16.10.2019.
Http://www.stat.fi/tup/yritysrekisteri/tietosisalto.html.
Tippins, M. J. & Sohi, R. S. 2003. IT competency and firm performance, is organizational learning a missing link? Strategic Management Journal. Vol. 24, No. 8, pp. 745-761.
Traitler, H., Zilberman, D., Heikes, K., Dubois, M. & Petiard, V. 2018. Megatrends in Food and Agriculture: Technology, Water Use and Nutrition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
United Nations. N.d. Sustainable Development Goals. Referred to 15.10.2020.
United Nations. N.d. Sustainable Development Goals. Referred to 15.10.2020.