4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
6.4 Limitations and suggestions for the future research
One limitation of this study is that the original idea, namely researching the role of trust on the digital open innovation platform, played minor role unlike expected. Therefore, I moved the focus during the research on the other hand, more from the assessment of trust to the value creation factor but keeping the trust dimension closely as a part of collaboration. As this study is part of my master thesis, time was limited and therefore it was impossible to reset the research setting and interview the key persons again. Thus, a deeper and thorough study of the value creation stays limited although the data consist preliminary and supportive elements also for the study of the value creation aspect.
For this study the qualitative approach was selected as a part of the research strategy. In qualitative research the number of interviews is limited, and therefore it is difficult to generalize the results compared to the classical quantitative research (e.g. Koskinen et al., 2005, 265). However, due to a relatively early phase and age of the case platform the interviews cover well the key stakeholders involved with the case. According to my estimation, increasing of the number of interviews could not bring any new data for the study.
At the moment, the case platform is operating in a certain business area and location. The interesting next research direction would be the comparison of similar platforms in a same location and on the other hand, different platforms in different locations and even focusing on different business areas.
The future study should continue exploring both development of trust within the case and materialized value creation. The latter can also include the estimation of the value capture, e.g. true business value, on the digital open innovation to its stakeholders. Moreover, as the platform is planning to expand its operations global, it allows the longitude research to
study further the value creation and the actual realization of business value capturing in more global context. In addition, the future research can focus on user activity in different business areas and cultural aspects that how they affect to the value creation and trust building.
The research could also focus on the separate stakeholders to understand their strategic refocusing, internal processes, resource management and decision making related to the digital platform. This leads to another interesting topic, namely stakeholder management, that how even wider and complex platform can be orchestrated and manage its stakeholders who has variety of expectations and changing business environment. Linking to the stakeholder management another future research question is that how to engage stakeholders and what type of engagement methods are applicable to a digital open innovation platform. Lastly, the new organizational models like digital open innovation platforms are here to stay, so what the future business models mean for the organisations, collaboration and value creation.
REFERENCES
Adler, P. S. (2001). Market, hierarchy, and trust: The knowledge economy and the future of capitalism. Organization science, 12(2), 215-234.
Adner, R. (2006). Match your innovation strategy to your innovation ecosystem. Harvard Business Review, 84(4), 98.
Alasuutari, P., Koskinen, I., & Peltonen, T. (2005). Laadulliset menetelmät kauppatieteissä. Tampere: Vastapaino.
Alvesson, M., & Kärreman, D. (2007). Constructing mystery: Empirical matters in theory development. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1265-1281.
Anderson, J. C. (1995). Relationships in business markets: exchange episodes, value creation, and their empirical assessment. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 23(4), 346-350.
Anderson, J. C., & Narus, J. A. (1998). Business marketing: Understand what customers value. Harvard Business Review, 76(6), 53-67.
Anderson, E., & Weitz, B. (1989). Determinants of continuity in conventional industrial channel dyads. Marketing science, 8(4), 310-323.
Ashnai, B., Henneberg, S. C., Naudé, P., & Francescucci, A. (2016). Inter-personal and inter-organizational trust in business relationships: An attitude–behavior–outcome model.
Industrial Marketing Management, 52, 128-139.
Axelrod, R (1984). The evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
Bachmann, R. (2001). Trust, power and control in trans-organizational relations.
Organization Studies, 22(2), 337-365.
Bachmann, R., & Inkpen, A. C. (2011). Understanding institutional-based trust building processes in inter-organizational relationships. Organization Studies, 32(2), 281-301.
Baldwin, C., & Von Hippel, E. (2011). Modeling a paradigm shift: From producer
innovation to user and open collaborative innovation. Organization Science, 22(6), 1399-1417.
Baldwin, C., & J. Woodard (2009). Platforms, markets and innovation. A. Gawer, ed. The Architecture of Platforms: A Unified View. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 19–44.
Barney, J. B., & Hansen, M. H. (1994). Trustworthiness as a source of competitive advantage. Strategic management journal, 15(S1), 175-190.
Barrett, M., Oborn, E., & Orlikowski, W. (2016). Creating value in online communities: the sociomaterial configuring of strategy, platform, and stakeholder engagement. Information Systems Research, 27(4), 704-723.
Baskerville, R., Spagnoletti, P., & Kim, J. (2014). Incident-centered information security:
Managing a strategic balance between prevention and response. Information &
Management, 51(1), 138-151.
Baum, J. A., & Silverman, B. S. (2004). Picking winners or building them? Alliance, intellectual, and human capital as selection criteria in venture financing and performance of biotechnology startups. Journal of Business Venturing, 19(3), 411-436.
Beldad, A., De Jong, M., & Steehouder, M. (2010). How shall I trust the faceless and the intangible? A literature review on the antecedents of online trust. Computers in human behavior, 26(5), 857-869.
Bidart, C., Longo, M. E., & Mendez, A. (2012). Time and process: An operational framework for processual analysis. European Sociological Review, 29(4), 743-751.
Bocken, N. M. P., Rana, P., & Short, S. W. (2015). Value mapping for sustainable business thinking. Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering, 32(1), 67-81.
Brenner. S. N., & Cochran. P. (1991). The stakeholder theory of the firm: Implications for business and society theory and research. In J. F. Mahon (Ed.). International Association for Business and Society—1991 Proceedings: 449-467.
Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O. A., Pavlou, P. A., & Venkatraman, N. V. (2013). Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. MIS Quarterly, 37(2), 471–482.
Blomqvist, K. (2002). Partnering in the dynamic environment: The role of trust in asymmetric technology partnership formation. Lappeenranta University of Technology.
Blomqvist, K. (1997). The many faces of trust. Scandinavian journal of management, 13(3), 271-286.
Blomqvist, K., Kyläheiko, K., & Virolainen, V. M. (2002). Filling a gap in traditional transaction cost economics: Towards transaction benefits-based analysis. International Journal of Production Economics, 79(1), 1-14.
Blomqvist, K., & Levy, J. (2006). Collaboration capability–a focal concept in knowledge creation and collaborative innovation in networks. International Journal of Management Concepts and Philosophy, 2(1), 31-48.
Boudreau, K. (2010). Open platform strategies and innovation: Granting access vs.
devolving control. Management Science, 56(10), 1849-1872.
Boudreau, K.J. & Hagiu, A. (2008). Platform Rules: Multi-Sided Platforms as Regulators, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, St. Louis.
Bresnahan, T. F., & Greenstein, S. (1999). Technological competition and the structure of the computer industry. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 47(1), 1-40.
Bruce, M., Leverick, F., Littler, D., & Wilson, D. (1995). Success factors for collaborative product development: a study of suppliers of information and communication technology.
R&D Management, 25(1), 33-44.
Burke, C. S., Sims, D. E., Lazzara, E. H., & Salas, E. (2007). Trust in leadership: A multi-level review and integration. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(6), 606-632.
Camarinha-Matos, L. M., Afsarmanesh, H., & Ortiz, A. (Eds.). (2005). Collaborative Networks and Their Breeding Environments: IFIP TC 5 WG 5.5 Sixth IFIP Working
Conference on VIRTUAL ENTERPRISES, 26-28 September 2005, Valencia, Spain (Vol.
186). Springer Science & Business Media.
Chang, E., West, M., & Hadzic, M. (2006). A digital ecosystem for extended logistics enterprises. In Proceedings of the 11th international workshop on telework, August (Vol.
28, pp. 32-40).
Chesbrough, H., Vanhaverbeke, W., & West, J. (Eds.). (2014). New frontiers in open innovation. OUP Oxford.
Chesbrough, H. (2003). The logic of open innovation: managing intellectual property.
California Management Review, 45(3), 33-58.
Child J, & Faulkner D. (1998). Strategies of Co-operation: Managing Alliances, Networks, and Joint Ventures. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Choudary, S. P., Van Alstyne, M. W., & Parker, G. G. (2016). Platform revolution: How networked markets are transforming the economy--and how to make them work for you.
WW Norton & Company. New York.
Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2013). Teaching thematic analysis: Overcoming challenges and developing strategies for effective learning. The psychologist, 26(2), 120-123.
Clarkson, M. E. (1995). A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporation social performance. Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 92-117.
Coffey, A., & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data: Complementary research strategies. Sage Publications, Inc.
Cohen, S., & Hochberg, Y. V. (2014). Accelerating startups: The seed accelerator phenomenon. Available at SSRN 2418000.
Connelly, B. L., Crook, T. R., Combs, J. G., Ketchen, D. J., & Aguinis, H. (2015).
Competence-and Integrity-Based Trust in Interorganizational Relationships Which Matters More?. Journal of Management, July, 2015, 1-27
Corritore, C. L., Kracher, B., & Wiedenbeck, S. (2003). On-line trust: concepts, evolving themes, a model. International journal of human-computer studies, 58(6), 737-758.
Corsaro, D., Ramos, C., Henneberg, S. C., & Naudé, P. (2012). The impact of network configurations on value constellations in business markets—The case of an innovation network. Industrial Marketing Management, 41(1), 54-67.
Cusumano, M. A., & Gawer, A. (2002). The elements of platform leadership. MIT Sloan Management Review, 43(3), 51.
D’Andrea, A., Ferri, F., Grifoni, P., & Guzzo, T. (2013). Digital eco-systems: the next generation of business services”, Proceedings of the International ACM Conference on Management of Emergent Digital EcoSystems (MEDES 13). ACM MEDES 2013, Neumünster Abbey, Luxembourg, 28-31 October.
Das, T. K., & Teng, B. S. (1998). Between trust and control: Developing confidence in partner cooperation in alliances. Academy of management review, 23(3), 491-512.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 319-340.
Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F.D., Mayer, R.C. & Tan, H.H. (2000). The trusted general manager and business unit performance: Empirical evidence of a competitive advantage.
Strategic Management Journal, 21(5), 563-576.
de Oliveira, D. T., & Cortimiglia, M. N. (2017). Value co-creation in web-based multisided platforms: A conceptual framework and implications for business model design. Business Horizons, 60(6), 747-758.
Dhanaraj, C., & Parkhe, A. (2006). Orchestrating innovation networks. Academy of management review, 31(3), 659-669.
Dirks, K. T. (1999). The effects of interpersonal trust on work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 445-455.
Durst, S., & Poutanen, P. (2013). Success factors of innovation ecosystems-Initial insights from a literature review. Co-create, 27-38.
Dyer, J. H., & Chu, W. (2003). The role of trustworthiness in reducing transaction costs and improving performance: Empirical evidence from the United States, Japan, and Korea. Organization Science, 14(1), 57-68.
Ebner, W., Leimeister, J. M., & Krcmar, H. (2009). Community engineering for innovations: the ideas competition as a method to nurture a virtual community for innovations. R&D Management, 39(4), 342-356.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of management review, 14(4), 532-550.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1), 25-32.
Eisenmann, T., Parker, G., & Van Alstyne, M. W. (2006). Strategies for two-sided markets.
Harvard Business Review, 84(10), 92-101.
El Sawy, O. A., Malhotra, A., Park, Y., & Pavlou, P. A. (2010). Research commentary—
seeking the configurations of digital ecodynamics: It takes three to tango. Information Systems Research, 21(4), 835-848.
Evans, D. S. (2003). Some empirical aspects of multi-sided platform industries. Review of Network Economics, 2(3), 191-209.
EU (2012). Small companies, Big ideas. [www document]. [Accessed 26.4.2017].
Available: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecoap/about-eco-innovation/policies-matters/eu/20121029-small-companies-big-ideas_en
Faraj, S., Lakani, K., Monteiro, E., & von Krogh, G. (2016). Online Community as space for knowledge flows. Information System Research, 27(4), 668-684.
Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., & Majchrzak, A. (2011). Knowledge collaboration in online communities. Organization science, 22(5), 1224-1239.
Ferrin, D. (2003). Definitions of trust. Presentation to a workshop, Building and Rebuilding Trust: State of the Science, Research Directions, Managerial Interventions. Workshop organized by Kurt Dirks and Don Ferrin, Academy of Management annual meeting, Seattle, WA.
Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge:
University Press.
Frey, K., Lüthje, C., & Haag, S. (2011). Whom should firms attract to open innovation platforms? The role of knowledge diversity and motivation. Long Range Planning, 44(5), 397-420.
Fulmer, C. A., & Gelfand, M. J. (2012). At what level (and in whom) we trust across multiple organizational levels. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1167-1230.
Gabbay, S. M., & Leenders, R. T. A. (2003). Creating trust through narrative strategy.
Rationality and society, 15(4), 509-539.
Gambetta, D. (1998). Can we trust In D. Gambetta (Ed). Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations (213-238). New York: Basil Blackwell.
Ganesan, S., & Hess, R. (1997). Dimensions and levels of trust: implications for commitment to a relationship. Marketing Letters, 8(4), 439-448.
Gawer, A. (2014). Bridging differing perspectives on technological platforms: Toward an integrative framework. Research Policy, 43(7), 1239-1249.
Gawer, A. (Ed.) (2011). Platforms, markets and innovation. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Gawer, A. (2009). Platforms, markets and innovation: an introduction. In: Gawer, A. (Ed.), Platforms, Markets and Innovation. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, Mass, 1–16.
Gawer, A., & Cusumano, M. A. (2014). Industry Platforms and Ecosystem Innovation.
Journal of Product Innovation Management, 31(3), 417-433.
Gawer, A., & Cusumano, M. A. (2008). How companies become platform leaders. MIT Sloan Management Review, 49(2), 28-35.
Gawer, A., & Henderson, R. (2007). Platform owner entry and innovation in
complementary markets: Evidence from Intel. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 16(1), 1-34.
Gehman, J., Glaser, V. L., Eisenhardt, K. M., Gioia, D., Langley, A., & Corley, K. G.
(2017). Finding theory–method fit: A comparison of three qualitative approaches to theory building. Journal of Management Inquiry, 27(3), 284-300.
Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Gillespie, N., Bond, C. J., Downs, V., & Staggs, J. (2016). Stakeholder trust in the Queensland CSG industry. The APPEA Journal, 56(1), 239-246.
Gioia, D. A., Corley, K. G., & Hamilton, A. L. (2013). Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods, 16(1), 15-31.
Gounaris, S. P., & Venetis, K. (2002). Trust in industrial service relationships: behavioral consequences, antecedents and the moderating effect of the duration of the relationship.
Journal of Services Marketing, 16(7), 636-655.
Grabner-Kräuter, S., & Kaluscha, E. A. (2003). Empirical research in on-line trust: a review and critical assessment. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 58(6), 783-812.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N.
K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105-117).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gummesson, E. (2000). Qualitative methods in management research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Gulati, R. (1995). Does Familiarity Breed Trust? The Implications of Repeated Ties for Contractual Choice in Alliances. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 85-112.
Gulati, R., Nohria, N., & Zaheer, A. (2000). Strategic networks. Strategic Management Journal, 203-215.
Gyrd-Jones, R. I., & Kornum, N. (2013). Managing the co-created brand: Value and cultural complementarity in online and offline multi‐stakeholder ecosystems. Journal of Business Research, 66(9), 1484-1493.
Hagiu, A. (2014). Strategic decisions for multisided platforms. MIT Sloan Management Review, 55(2), 92-93.
Harrison, J. S., Bosse, D. A., & Phillips, R. A. (2010). Managing for stakeholders,
stakeholder utility functions, and competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 31(1), 58-74.
Harrison, D., & McKnight, N. L. C. (2001). What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: An interdisciplinary conceptual typology. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(2), 35-59.
Hart, P., & Saunders, C. (1997). Power and trust: Critical factors in the adoption and use of electronic data interchange. Organization science, 8(1), 23-42.
Heide, J. B., & John, G. (1992). Do norms matter in marketing relationships?. The Journal of Marketing, 56, 32-44.
Heide, J. B., & Miner, A. S. (1992). The shadow of the future: Effects of anticipated interaction and frequency of contact on buyer-seller cooperation. Academy of Management Journal, 35(2), 265-291.
Hirsjärvi, S., Remes, P., & Sajavaara, P. (2010). Tutki ja kirjoita. 15.-16. painos. Helsinki:
Tammi.
Huang, Y., & Wilkinson, I. F. (2013). The dynamics and evolution of trust in business relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, 42(3), 455-465.
Iansiti, M., & Levien, R. (2004). Keystones and dominators: Framing operating and technology strategy in a business ecosystem. Harvard Business School, Boston, 24-25.
Isabelle, D. A. (2013). Key factors affecting a technology entrepreneur's choice of incubator or accelerator. Technology Innovation Management Review, 3(2), 16-22.
Isckia, T., & Lescop, D. (2015). Strategizing in platform-based ecosystems: leveraging core processes for continuous innovation. Communications & Strategies, (99), 91-111.
Isherwood, D., & Coetzee, M. (2011). Enhancing digital business ecosystem trust and reputation with centrality measures. In 2011 Information Security for South Africa (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
Johnson, J. L., Cullen, J. B., Sakano, T., & Takenouchi, H. (1996). Setting the stage for trust and strategic integration in Japanese-US cooperative alliances. Journal of
International Business Studies, 27(5), 981-1004.
Jong, B., Kroon, D., & Schilke, O. (2015) The Future of Organizational Trust Research: A Content-Analytic Synthesis of Scholarly Recommendations and Review of Recent
Developments (August 13, 2015). 2017, The Future of Organizational Trust Research: A Content-Analytic Synthesis of Scholarly Recommendations and Review of Recent Developments. P. van Lange, B. Rockenbach & T. Yamagishi (Eds.), Trust in Social Dilemmas. NY: Oxford University Press, 173-194.
Kaplan, S. N., & Stromberg, P. (2001). Venture capitals as principals: contracting, screening, and monitoring. American Economic Review, 91(2), 426-430.
Kenney, M., & Zysman, J. (2016). The rise of the platform economy. Issues in Science and Technology, 32(3), 61-69.
Keuschnigg, C. (2004). Venture capital backed growth. Journal of Economic Growth, 9(2), 239-261.
Klag, M., & Langley, A. (2013). Approaching the conceptual leap in qualitative research.
International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(2), 149-166.
Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1992). Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organization science, 3(3), 383-397.
Korsgaard, M. A., Brower, H. H., & Lester, S. W. (2015). It Isn’t Always Mutual A Critical Review of Dyadic Trust. Journal of Management, 41(1), 47-70.
Kramer, R. M. (1999). Trust and distrust in organizations: Emerging perspectives, enduring questions. Annual Review of Psychology, 50(1), 569-598.
Kramer, R. M., Brewer, M. B., & Hanna, B. A. (1996). Collective trust and collective action.
Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research, 357-389.
Kraut, R.E. & Resnick. P (2012) Building Successful Online Communities: Evidence-Based Social Design (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA).
Krishnan, R., Martin, X., & Noorderhaven, N. G. (2006). When does trust matter to alliance performance?. Academy of Management Journal, 49(5), 894-917.
Kroeger, F. (2012). Trusting organizations: The institutionalization of trust in interorganizational relationships. Organization, 19(6), 743-763.
Kunisch, S., Bartuek, J., Mueler, J., & Huy, Q. (2017). Time in strategic change research.
Academy of Management Annals, 11(2), 1005-1064.
Lane, C., & Bachmann, R. (1998). Trust within and between organizations: Conceptual issues and empirical applications. Oxford University Press.
Langley, A., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H., & Van de Ven, A. H. (2013). Process studies of change in organization and management: Unveiling temporality, activity, and flow.
Academy of Management Journal, 56(1), 1-13.
Lepak, D. P., Smith, K. G., & Taylor, M. S. (2007). Value creation and value capture: a multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 180-194.
Lewis, J. D., & Weigert, A. (1985). Trust as a social reality. Social forces, 63(4), 967-985.
Trust in organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, 1, 114.
Lewicki, R.J. & Bunker, B.B. (1996). Developing and Maintaining Trust in Work
Relationships. In: Kramer, R.M. and Tyler, T.R., Eds., Trust in Organizations: Frontiers in Theory and Research, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, 114-139
Lewicki, R. J., McAllister, D. J., & Bies, R. J. (1998). Trust and distrust: New relationships and realities. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 438-458.
Lewicki, R. J., Tomlinson, E. C., & Gillespie, N. (2006). Models of interpersonal trust development: Theoretical approaches, empirical evidence, and future directions. Journal of Management, 32(6), 991-1022.
Lindgreen, A., Hingley, M. K., Grant, D. B., & Morgan, R. E. (2012). Value in business and industrial marketing: Past, present, and future. Industrial Marketing Management, 41(1), 207-214.
Locke, K., Golden-Biddle, K., & Feldman, M. S. (2008). Perspective—making doubt generative: Rethinking the role of doubt in the research process. Organization Science, 19(6), 907-918.
Luhmann, N. 1988. Familiarity, confidence, trust: Problems and alternatives. In D. G.
Gam- betta (Ed.), Trust: 94-107. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Luhmann, N. (1979). Trust and power Chichester. United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Lui, S. S., & Ngo, H. Y. (2004). The role of trust and contractual safeguards on cooperation in non-equity alliances. Journal of Management, 30(4), 471-485.
Lusch, R. F., & Nambisan, S. (2015). Service Innovation: A Service-Dominant Logic Perspective. Mis Quarterly, 39(1), 155-175.
Maaninen-Olsson E. & Müllern T. (2009) A contextual understanding of projects. The importance of space and time. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 24, 327-339.
Marcus, A., Malen, J., & Ellis, S. (2013). The promise and pitfalls of venture capital as an asset class for clean energy investment: Research questions for organization and natural environment scholars. Organization & Environment, 26(1), 31-60.
Mason, J. (2002). Qualitative researching. 2nd ed. Wiltshire: Sage.
Mayer, R. C., & Davis, J. H. (1999). The effect of the performance appraisal system on trust for management: A field quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 123-136.
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.
McEvily, B., Perrone, V., & Zaheer, A. (2003). Trust as an organizing principle.
Organization science, 14(1), 91-103.
McKnight, D. H., Carter, M., Thatcher, J. B., & Clay, P. F. (2011). Trust in a specific technology: An investigation of its components and measures. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems (TMIS), 2(2), 12.
McKnight, D. H., & Chervany, N. L. (2001). What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: An interdisciplinary conceptual typology. International journal of electronic commerce, 6(2), 35-59.
McKnight, D. H., Cummings, L. L., & Chervany, N. L. (1998). Initial trust formation in new organizational relationships. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 473-490.
Mesquita, L. F. (2007). Starting over when the bickering never ends: Rebuilding aggregate trust among clustered firms through trust facilitators. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 72-91.
Meyer, M. H., & Lehnerd, A. P. (1997). The power of product platforms. New York: The Free Press.
Miles, R. E., Snow, C. C., & Miles, G. (2000). TheFuture.org. Long range planning, 33(3), 300-32.
Miles, R. E., & Snow, C. C. (1992). Causes of failure in network organizations. California Management Review, 34(4), 53-72.
Moore, J. F. (1998). The rise of a new corporation form. Washington Quarterly, 21(1), 167-181.
Moore, J. F. (1993). Predators and prey: a new ecology of competition. Harvard Business Review, 71(3), 75-83.
Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. The Journal of Marketing, 20-38.
Nachira, F., Dini, P., & Nicolai, A. (2007). A network of digital business ecosystems for Europe: roots, processes and perspectives. European Commission, Bruxelles,
Introductory Paper.
Oh, D. S., Phillips, F., Park, S., & Lee, E. (2016). Innovation ecosystems: A critical examination. Technovation, 54, 1-6.
O'Mahony, S., & Ferraro, F. (2007). The emergence of governance in an open source community. Academy of Management Journal, 50(5), 1079-1106.
Orlikowski, W. J. (1996). Improvising organizational transformation over time: A situated change perspective. Information Systems Research, 7(1), 63-92.
Patton, M. Q. (1999). Enhancing the quality and credibility of qualitative analysis. Health services research, 34(5 Pt 2), 1189-1208.
Pauwels, C., Clarysse, B., Wright, M., & Van Hove, J. (2016). Understanding a new generation incubation model: The accelerator. Technovation, 50, 13-24.
Pennington, R., Wilcox, H. D., & Grover, V. (2003). The role of system trust in business-to-consumer transactions. Journal of Management Information Systems, 20(3), 197-226.
Pera, R., Occhiocupo, N., & Clarke, J. (2016). Motives and resources for value co-creation in a multi-stakeholder ecosystem: A managerial perspective. Journal of Business
Research, 69(10), 4033-4041.
Perks, H., & Jeffery, R. (2006). Global network configuration for innovation: a study of international fibre innovation. R&D Management, 36(1), 67-83.
Pettigrew, A. M. (1997). What is a processual analysis?. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 13(4), 337-348.
Pilinkienė, V., & Mačiulis, P. (2014). Comparison of different ecosystem analogies: The main economic determinants and levels of impact. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, 365-370.
Pirson, M. & Malhotra, D. (2011). Foundations of organizational trust: what matters to
Pirson, M. & Malhotra, D. (2011). Foundations of organizational trust: what matters to