As already discussed, methods chosen for the study pose some limitations for the generality of the findings. The study was conducted as a qualitative case study and focused on only one case company. Total five interviews were performed.
Furthermore, the case company cannot be considered as a typical representative of its industry. Large part of the company’s supply chain is handled by external suppliers as it is not involved in crude oil drilling or refining activities. However, the aim of this study was not to provide generalisable results but in-depth understanding and concrete proposals for the case company.
Based on the limitations recognised and gaps identified through exploration of the theory and empirical results, some suggestions for future research can be made.
The study showed that there is a clear need for more research on SSCM in the fuel industry. As a controversial industry not all SSCM practices and strategies can be directly applied in the industry but must be adjusted according to the industry’s special features. Therefore, more research in the context of fuel industry is needed. One of the most significant needs recognised is the need for more research on the sustainability of fossil fuels. In current literature sustainability undertakings in the industry mainly refer on biofuels. Moreover, to achieve generalisable results and identify causal relationships between adoption of SSCM and benefits created through it for the fuel industry companies a quantitative study with larger sample should be conducted.!
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APPENDIX 1
Semi-structured interview questions
1. SSCM omaksumiseen ajavat tekijät
- Millaista painetta lainsäädäntö aiheuttaa kestävän toimitusketjun omaksumiselle öljy- ja biopolttoainealalla?
- Kohdistuuko lainsäädännön asettama paine pääosin lopputuotteeseen vai koko toimitusketjun mitalle (kuljetuksiin, raaka-aineeseen jne.)?
- Miten näette lainsäädännön kehittyvän tulevaisuudessa?
- Millaisia vaatimuksia yrityksen omistajat asettavat koko toimitusketjun kestävyyden parantamiselle?
- Hyödynnetäänkö toimitusketjun vastuullisuutta/kestävyyttä tällä hetkellä markkinoinnissa loppukäyttäjille, esim. siinä, miten asiakasomistajat asemoivat ketjuja (ABC, St1, Shell) kuluttajille? Jos hyödynnetään, miten?
- Voiko kestävä toimitusketju toimia kilpailuetuna verrattuna muihin alan toimijoihin ja miten?
- Luoko kestävän toimitusketjun kehittäminen mahdollisuuksia innovaatioille?
Miten?
- Nähdäänkö toimitusketjun kestävyys riskienhallintakeinona? Miten?
- Lisääkö kestävä toimitusketju yrityksen kustannuksia vai voiko se tarjota mahdollisuuden kustannussäästöille? Mitkä tekijät kustannuksia lisäävät, mitkä laskevat?
- Mahdollisesti nousevien kustannusten lisäksi, näettekö muita
esteitä/haasteita, jotka estävät tai hidastavat kestävän toimitusketjun omaksumista?
2. SSCM strategia ja käytännöt
- Onko yrityksellä selvä määritelty strategia kestävän toimitusketjun toteuttamiselle? Miten kuvailisit strategiaa?
- Mitkä tekijät ovat ohjanneet/ohjaavat strategian määräytymistä eniten?
- Tuotantoketjun alkupää (upstream activities)
o Miten toimitusketjun kestävyys vaikuttaa toimittajavalintaan?
o Minkälaisia kriteerejä toimittajille asetetaan ja kuinka toimittajien ja toimitusketjun vastuullisuus varmistetaan? (esim. auditointi,
standardit, sertifikaatit)
o Millaista toimittajayhteistyötä kestävämpien ratkaisujen ja toimintatapojen löytämiseksi tehdään?
- Tuotantoketjun keskivaihe (Midstream activities)
o Miten toimitusketjun ja lopputuotteen kestävyys vaikuttaa tuotekehitykseen (esim. uudet blendit)? Onko kestävyys
tuotekehitystä ohjaava tekijä vai ohjaako tuotekehitystä enemmän muut asiat (esim. kilpailijat, asiakkaat)?
o Miten kestävyys huomioidaan logistiikassa väliaikaisiin varastoihin terminaaleille (laivoin ja junin)? Onko tavoitteena kustannusten minimointi ja tehokkuus vai huomioidaanko kestävyys joillakin tavoin?
o Ohjaako kestävyysnäkökulmat uusia investointeja tuotantoketjun keskivaiheessa, (esim. teknologiaa jalostamolle, uudet
tuotantolaitokset)?
- Tuotantoketjun loppupää (downstream activities)
o Kuinka kestävyys ja sen kaikki eri osa-alueet huomioidaan varastoinnissa ja terminaalitoiminnassa (esim. turvallisuus, energiansäästäminen)?
o Kuinka huomioidaan muut kuin ekologiset tekijät (esim. haitallisten aineiden terveysvaikutukset työntekijöille ja lähialueen asukkaille)?
o Vaikuttaako kestävyyteen liittyvät tekijät kuljetusliikkeen valintaan, millä tavoin?
o Onko kestävyysnäkökulmat pyritty huomioimaan kuormien suunnittelussa jakeluterminaaleilta huoltoasemille, miten?
o Kuinka kestävyys otetaan huomioon jakeluasemilla?
3. Mittaus ja raportointi
- Mitä asioita tällä hetkellä mitataan kestävyyden eri osa-alueilta toimitusketjun eri vaiheissa
a) ympäristö b) ihmiset c) talous
- Miten mittaristoa tulisi mielestänne kehittää? Mitä asioita nykyisten lisäksi haluaisitte mitattavan?
- Mihin nykyisellään käytettävät mittarit perustuvat? (esim. ovatko lainsäädännön sanelemia, yrityksen omaan/omistajien
tarpeeseen/strategiaan perustuvia)
- Kuinka hyvin dataa tällä hetkellä on saatavissa eri mittareita varten? Miten datan saatavuuden keräämistä voitaisiin helpottaa, jos se on tällä hetkellä vaikeaa?
- Mitä käytetään vertailukohtana/benchmarkina saaduille tuloksille?
- Tukevatko mittarit nykyisellään life cycle assesmentia? Mitä haasteita mittaamiseen koko toimitusketjun matkalta liittyy?
- Kuinka hyvin saadut tulokset ovat hyödynnettävissä ja miten tuloksia
hyödynnetään? (Esim. kriittisten asioiden tunnistaminen, prioriteetit, tulevat kehityskohteet, markkinointi)
- Miten toimitusketjun kestävyydestä tällä hetkellä raportoidaan ja mille tahoille?
- Miten raportointia voitaisiin mielestänne kehittää ja sen hyödynnettävyyttä parantaa?