Kraters

The Greek termκρατήρ originally denoted a vessel for mixing water and wine in the symposia (Liddel & Scott 1968; Clark et al. 2002: 104). The vessel had to be deep enough for mixing liquids. At the same time, the opening had to be wide enough to enable easy pouring of liquids into it, and to extract the mixed drink from the vessel with juglets or cups (Yon 1981: 63;

Homès-Fredericq & Franken 1986: 23; Hunt 1987: 193; Dayagi-Mendels 1999: 55, 59, 88). The traditional interpretation of kraters as serving vessels is supported by krater-like vessels ap-pearing in feasting contexts on Megiddo ivories (Yasur-Landau 2005: 172–177). Kraters from Timnah were considered to be serving vessels, even though the assemblage included large, heavy examples close to jars in their form (Mazar & Panitz-Cohen 2001: 14, 30; Fig. 30). Based on observed use wear and local distribution at Megiddo, Arie suggested that the kraters would have served a function related to daily household activities (Arie 2006: 196–197). Panitz-Co-hen divided kraters at Tel Beth Shean into two functionally distinct groups: the mid-sized ves-sels for tableware, food-processing, and short-term storage, and the large, pithos-kraters for storage (2009: 211). Kraters often bear a resemblance to cooking vessels. This is especially clear for the Carinated type KR04 (below), but the affinity also appears in the everted kraters of the Bronze Age (Finkelstein & Bunimowitz 1993: 131; Ben-Dov 2011: 227; Mullins 2007:

417–418), and in the Iron Age II kraters (Ben-Ami & Ben-Tor 2012: 419). A lack of decoration and morphological similarity to cooking pots may point to an everyday use related to pro-cessing, serving, and storage of foodstuffs.

In Israel-Palestine, necked kraters are rather common during the Late Bronze Age (e.g. Amiran 1969: Pl. 41; Mullins 2007: 420–421). In the Iron Age, the neck part is short and wide or wholly absent. The krater is a form between closed and open vessels. The height and width are nearly the same – the width usually slightly bigger. However, the height is often an estimate only, due to the fragmentary nature of the material. The difference between bowls and kraters is fluid (Hunt 1987: 193; Mazar & Panitz-Cohen 2001: 30; Maier 2007:255–256). Kraters are larger and deeper than bowls, but there are no fixed points of division used for all sites. For the Middle Bronze Age pottery from Tel Beth Shean, Maier set a flexible dividing point at 25–

30 cm wide diameter. A closed form and diameter above 15 cm were used as criteria for the vessels from Timnah (Mazar & Panitz-Cohen 2001: 30). The fluctuations between kraters and bowls on one hand, and between kraters and jars or pithoi on the other, reflect the heteroge-neous nature of the various forms defined as kraters.

Because of the lack of agreed, clear definitions, I decided to rely on a set of criteria that could be observed on rim parts for the classification of material from Tel Kinrot. I included five fea-tures commonly associated with kraters: 1) inverted upper part; 2) large size in comparison with bowls, i.e. the diameter of the opening is over 22 cm; 3) handles; 4) thick walls (at least 6 mm); 5) thickened rims (over 1 cm thick). At least three of these features should be present in all items classified as kraters. The diameters and maximum rim thicknesses of vessels iden-tified as kraters appear in Figs. 5.40 A and B. Most of the kraters have a slightly closed form:

the upper part is inverted. However, the openings are wider than those of the storage jars and pithoi. The diameter of the rim is approximately the same as that of the shoulder, or slightly less. The rim is usually thickened, often prominent, while it may be inverted or everted. The

ware is middle tempered or coarse, and the walls are thick. Kraters often have handles at-tached to the upper part of the vessel – a feature common with jars (especially the type SJ08).

As most fragments are too small to indicate the existence of handles, I did not consider their presence crucial for the definition of kraters (unlike Fritz 1990: 27). For the same reason, I did not use handles for type definitions (Arie 2013a: 490).

Kraters are rather common at Tel Kinrot. They derive from domestic contexts together with bowls, cooking pots, and storage jars. There are altogether 350 items defined as kraters from the Iron Age levels and later mixed loci (Fig. 5.41). In the intensively retrieved areas U & W, kraters make up 13 % of the assemblage (298 items). The most common type of Carinated krater (KR04) is very distinctive, along with the Shallow Bowl-Krater with handles (KR06A).

However, these types, along with the smaller sub-type of inverted kraters (KR03B) and Bell-shaped kraters (KR05), are morphologically close to bowls. If they were counted as bowls, the overall frequency of kraters would drop to 112 items altogether and 56 items (2.6 %) in the intensively retrieved areas. The heavy and deep types (KR01 and KR03A) include only a few well-preserved vessels, complicating their definition. As a result of the heterogeneous and fragmentary material, some of the types are broad and their borders are fuzzy. In spite of this, I preferred to create several types and classify the fragmentary material into them, because this enabled me to group most of the material and to see if their distributions at Tel Kinrot would differ. The illustrations appear in Appendix 5D.

Fig. 5.40A (on the left): Distribution of the diameter width of the kraters with a normal curve. Mean is 29.0 cm, standard deviation is 60.7 and n=297. Fig. 5.40B (on the right): Distribution of the maximum thickness of the rim of kraters. Mean is 14.1 mm, st. dev. is 4.5; n=290. Both distributions are skew towards the high values.

Krater types in the areas U & W

Phase

Total

0 1 2 U3A/W3 U3B/W4 U4 U5

Undefined KR00 1 0 1 4 0 0 0 6

Krater with everted rim KR01 5 3 4 7 7 0 0 26

Inverted, thick rimmed krater KR03A 8 0 5 9 2 0 0 24

Inverted, small krater KR03B 10 1 6 10 7 0 0 34

Carinated krater KR04 61 19 25 39 49 2 0 195

Bell-shaped krater KR05 2 1 1 4 2 0 1 11

Shallow bowl-krater KR06A 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2

Total 88 24 42 73 68 2 1 298

Fig. 5.41 Distribution of the krater types at Tel Kinrot according to the local phases (intensive areas U and W).

KR01: Kraters with Everted Rim Part

These kraters are wide and have a prominent, everted rim (Fig.

5.42). The upper part is upright or slightly inverted and the di-ameter of the rim is 20–50 cm, while most openings are 28–40 cm wide (Fig. 5.43). The great variability of the rim diameter probably reflects the unstandardized nature of this vessel type and the wide chronological distribution. Walls are 7–14 mm thick, and the rim is commonly thickened. Sometimes two loop handles are attached from rim to shoulder. Only one vessel is fully preserved (4446/1). It is 50 cm wide, 25 cm high, and has a ring base. Mostly rim fragments have been found. A few frag-ments (4340/1, 7088/1, 7116/6) have brown, painted geomet-ric decoration. Krater 4340/1 has a clear neck and handles on the shoulder. This vessel has a close parallel at LB I Hazor (Covello-Paran 2007: 23, Fig. 8:4). Krater 7578/1 has especially thick walls (13–20 mm) and rim (34 mm). It has raised ridges at the neck and shoulder. This type of krater represents continuity from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age at Tel Kinrot.

Items considered KR01 were found from the LB stratum VIII

through the Main Iron I Horizon. Some of the fragments from Iron Age layers might also be residual. The clay is usually strongly tempered with small–medium sized mineral particles (mainly basalt and chalk).

Main Iron I Horizon, Earlier Phase:10583/1, 10733/4, 12087/14.

Fill under Ottoman structure (Locus 9920): 11104/7.

Natural fill below the Surface: 10272/11.

Parallels:

Tel Kinrot, Stratum V: Fritz 1990: Pl. 94:2. Fill of Stratum II: ibid: Pl. 60:3.

Jordan Rift Valley:Dan, Stratum X: Biran 1994: Fig. 68:11. Stratum IX: Ben-Dov 2011: Fig. 25:6.

Stratum VIIIB: ibid: Fig. 26:9. Stratum VII: ibid: Fig. 42:4–5; 94:6. Krater type KR1: Ben-Dov 2011:

226, Fig. 173:1–2. Stratum VI: Ilan 1999: Pl. 47:2. Stratum V: ibid: Pl. 32:9.Hazor, Stratum 3: Ya-din 1958: Pl. CXXIII: 12–13; YaYa-din 1960: Pl. CX: 1–2. Stratum XV: Garfinkel 1997: Fig. III.12:27–28.

Locus 7021 (LBI) Yadin 1958: Pl. CXXXVII: 3, 5; Yadin 1969: CCXLII: 2 (LBI Burial). Stratum 2: Yadin 1969: Pls. CCLXIV: 13–14; CCLXXXIX: 1. Stratum XV: Garfinkel 1997: Fig. III.16:5; (Area A, Stratum 8) Bonfil 1997: Figs. II.18:11–12; II.22: 19–21. Stratum 1A–B: Yadin 1958: Pl. LXXXIX: 2; CXXV: 9.

Stratum 1A: Yadin 1960: Pl. CXXIV: 12, 14. Area A, Stratum 6: Bonfil 1997: Fig. II.34:15.Tel Yin’am, Stratum XIII: Liebowitz 2003: Fig. 2:5–6. Stratum XIIB: ibid: Fig. 48:2. Stratum XII: ibid:

Figs. 24: 5; 26: 6–7, 10 (krater types 2 and 6). Stratum XIA: Liebowitz 1979: Fig. 7:7.Tel Beth Shean, Level XI–X (R5–4): Maier 2007: Pls. 4:2–5; 23:15. Level XA (R3): ibid: Pls. 13:12–13; 18:16;

29:1, 4; 31:2; 34:10, 15–16. Pre-Level IX (R2): Mullins 2007: Pls. 39:8; 42:8; 44: 5–6; 51:6. Level Fig. 5.42 prototype KR01

IXB: ibid: Pls. 67:11; 70:13. Level IXA: ibid: Pl. 76:7–8. The LB-parallels are of type KR1 Everted-rim carinated kraters (Mullins 2007: 418–420). Level VIII: James/ McGovern 1993: Fig. 17:5. Level VII: ibid: Figs. 21:3; 33:6–7; 47:4. Late Level VII (N-4): Panitz-Cohen 2009: Pl.2:1. Level VI: James 1966: Fig. 52:20; 57:7; (N-3b) Panitz-Cohen 2009: Pl. 12:16; (S-4) Pl. 26: 2; 29:9; (S-3) Pl. 40:4;

52:15; 63:14. Late Level VI-Lower V (S-2): ibid: Pl.73:15. The IA parallels are mainly of type 70 and partially of type 72a by Panitz-Cohen (2009: 214–215, 220–222). Lower Level V (or late Level VI):

James 1966: Fig. 5:9; 29:11. Stratum VII (D-4): Mazar/ Bruins/Panitz-Cohen/Plicht 2005: Figs.

13.7:8. Stratum VI: ibid: Fig.13.18:8.Pella, Phase II: Smith/Potts 1992: Pl.49:13. Stratum 8 in area VIII: ibid: Pl. 64:1.Tell Deir ᶜAlla, the Late Bronze Age Sanctuary, Phase D: Franken 1992: Fig. 7-10:44. Phase E10: ibid: Fig. 5-13:13–14. Phase F: ibid: Fig. 7-21:46.Um-ad-Dananir, burial Cave 3B: McGovern 1986: Figs. 34:6, 8; 35:7. Cave A4: ibid: Fig. 50:22; 51:24.Tall al- ᶜUmayri, Inte-grated Phase 12: Herr 2002: Fig.4.15:5–6.

Jezreel Valley:Megiddo, Stratum VIII–VIIB (F-9): Ilan/Hallote/Cline 2000: Fig. 9.11:5. Stratum VIB:

Loud 1948: Pl. 74:12 (=Finkelstein/Zimhoni/Kafri 2000: Fig.11.6:10). Stratum VIA: Loud 1948: Pl.

79:1 (=Finkelstein/ Zimhoni/Kafri 2000: Fig.11.10:9).Yoqneᶜam, Stratum XXa: Ben-Ami 2005:

Fig.III.6:18; III.8:11; III.12:19.Tel Qiri, Stratum XIII/IX: Ben-Tor/Portugali 1987: Fig.29:5.Ta’anach, Period IB, Rast 1978: Fig.16:6–7.

Central Hill Country:Shiloh, Stratum VIII: Bunimowitz/Finkelstein 1993: Fig.6.6:1–2. Stratum VI:

ibid: Fig. 6.34: 2, 7–10. Stratum V: ibid: Fig.6.57:5; 6.59:2.

Phoenician Coast:Tell Keisan,Level 9a–b: Briend 1980: Pl.64:3.Tell Abu-Hawam, Stratum V:

Hamilton 1935: Fig.232.Tel Dor, Irb horizon: Gilboa/Sharon 2003: Fig.7:15–18. Parallels are of type KR1 (Gilboa/Sharon 2003: 26).Tyre, Stratum XIi: Bikai 1978: Pl.XXXII:13.Sarepta, Stratum G: Anderson 1988: Pls. 26:8–9; 28:1–3. Stratum E: Pl.31:1.

Philistine Coast:Tell Qasile, Stratum XII: Mazar 1985: Fig.17:1.Stratum XI: ibid: Fig.24:16.Tell es-Safi, Phase E4b: Gadot/Yasur-Landau/Uziel 2012: Pl.12.7:7.

Other:Kamid el-Loz, Layer 3b: Hachmann/Miron 1980:84, Taf.23:4. Tomb 16: Poppa 1978: 89, Taf.12.16:5.

KR02: Necked Kraters with Upright Rim Part

There are a few wide vessels with a short neck and a clear shoulder. Three vessels have 26–

29 cm wide openings, while one rim part (14367/1) is only 16 cm wide and another (8868/1) is 38 cm wide. The rim is thickened and rounded (Fig. 5.44). Fragment 11105/8 has traces of red slip and a ridged rim. These few vessels do not have handles, but their fragmentary nature hampers firm conclusions. Their thick, rounded rims and upright necks appeared to me similar enough to allow a separate group for these fragments. However, the group remains tentative.

Distribution:

Main Iron I Horizon: 8216/4, 8868/1, 11105/8, 14367/1.

Surface: 11023/1.

Parallels:

Jordan Rift Valley:Hazor, Stratum XII/XI: Yadin 1969: Pl. CCIII: 12.Tel Yin’am, Stratum XII: Liebo-witz 2003: Fig. 25:7. Stratum XIIA: ibid: 32:6 (cooking pot of similar shape).Tel Beth Shean, Level VI (N-3b): Panitz-Cohen 2009: Pl.16:1. Late Level VI-Lower V (S-2): ibid: Pl.71:8.

Jezreel Valley:Yoqneᶜam, Stratum XVII: Zarzecki-Peleg 2005: Fig.I.14:24–25. Stratum XV: ibid:

Fig. I.49:14. Stratum XII (cooking pot): ibid: Fig. I.84:22.Ta’anach,Period IB, Rast 1978: Fig. 12:6.

Fig. 5.44 Necked Krater 8216/4

Philistine Coast:Tell es-Safi, Phase E3: Zukerman 2012: Pl. 13.2:15. Phase A3–A2: Shai/Maier 2012: 324, 14.18:7.

KR03: Inverted Kraters

There are 57 inverted kraters (with measured diameter) from the intensively retrieved areas U & W. I have divided inverted, thick rimmed kraters into two sub-types, with the main crite-rion of the size. When the diameter of the rim of these two subtypes is regarded together (Fig.

5.45A), it appears that the distribution has two peaks, one at 24–26 cm (KR03B) and another at 28–30 cm (KR03A). I set the arbitrary division at 27 cm for the rim diameter. However, the drop at width of 26–28 cm is not great, and may be incidental. The distribution of the maxi-mum rim thickness has only one peak. However, there are other features that constantly occur with the size: the larger vessels tend to have thicker walls and some of them have handles, while the smaller vessels never have handles but more often have surface treatment.

Fig. 5.45 Distribution of the A (on the left) width of the opening of and 5.45B (on the right) maximum rim thickness of inverted kraters (KR03A and B) combined.

Figures are based on the material from the intensive retrieval. Mean of rim diameter is 26.9 cm, standard deviation is 64.8 and n=57; Mean of the maximum rim thickness is 17.6 and standard deviation 6.1, n=56.

KR03A: Wide Inverted Kraters with Thick Rims

These vessels have an inverted upper part and thick rims that vary in detail. The vessels that have a preserved lower part have a carination on the wall approximately at the middle or above the middle of the (estimated) height of the vessel (Figs.

5.46A and B). The rim is thickened and prominent, with some vessels having a ridge below the rim (8321/1, 10239/22, 8074/1). The width of the opening varies between 27 and 45 cm (mean at 34; the distribution is skewed towards the larger values and the most common value is 28 cm). The upper part tends to have a gutter below the rim. These kraters often have handles from rim to shoulder. Kraters 5111/1 and 14360/1 (Fig. 5.47) have multiple handles, but most of the fragments of

Fig. 5.46A prototype KR03A

Fig. 5.46B krater 14360/1

this type lack the handle or have only one preserved. This is at least partially due to the state of preservation. This type has a broad definition and broad chronological distribution. It is difficult to pinpoint common chronological trends. Some vessels have ridges on the shoulder (5111/1, 8321/1, 14360/1) or on the rim (10239/22). Two rim fragments have red slip or traces thereof (11066/2, 11073/7, both unstratified), while the vast majority have no traces of slip or burnish. These two fragments also include traces of organic temper, while most of the kraters have mineral tempering with mainly grits of basalt and chalk.

The variety included in this type makes the citing of parallels difficult. The following list in-cludes comparisons that are close to some of the vessels I have grouped together under the Thick rimmed, inverted kraters. For example, krater 9733/8 with a ledge rim and grooved wavy line below it has a parallel from Hazor, dated to Late Bronze Age I (Area A, Str. 9B, Bonfil 1997:

Fig. II.12:18), which it is not very similar to most other kraters within this type at Tel Kinrot.

Distribution:

Foundation Phase (fill of, Locus 6276): 9733/6 Main Iron I Horizon, earlier phase (L1835): 14360/1.

Main Iron I Horizon: 5111/1, 8321/1, 10239/22, 10239/24, 10243/7, 12087/9, 12113/2, 12139/3, 11578/1 (not illustrated).

Post-destruction Phase: 8074/1, 5034/2.

Later deposits: 4035/5 (E1), 12036/1.

Natural fill below the Surface:10272/2, 11066/2, 11073/7.

Parallels:

Tel Kinrot, Stratum IV: Fritz 1990: Pls. 84:10; 95:8–10. Fill of Stratum II: ibid: Pl.60: 4–5. Stratum IIB: ibid: Pl.61:4. Stratum IIA: ibid: 62:2. Stratum II: ibid: Pls. 86:16; 88:5; 90: 7–10. Stratum IC:

ibid: Pls. 67:16–18; 68:1–3. Stratum IB: ibid: Pl. 71:3–4, 7–9. Stratum IA: Pls. 77:13–16; 81:11–12.

Jordan Rift Valley:Dan, Stratum VIIIA: Ben-Dov 2011: Fig. 32:4. Stratum IVB: Ilan 1999: Pl. 10:7.

Hazor,Stratum 2: Yadin 1960: Pl. CXVI: 15–16, 18. Stratum 1B: Yadin 1958: Pl. XC: 8; Yadin 1960:

Pl. CXIX: 5; Yadin 1969: Pl. CCLXXIV: 3; Bonfil 1997: Fig. II.12:18. Stratum 1: Yadin 1958: Pl. XCVII:

4; Yadin 1960: Pl. CXLI: 22; Yadin 1969: Pl. CCLXXX: 9. Stratum XII/XI: Ben-Ami/Ben-Tor 2012:

Figs.1.1:9; 1.8:14; 1.11:2; Yadin 1969: CLXIV: 23–24. Area A, Stratum 6: Bonfil 1997: Fig. II.33: 6, 15–16. Stratum Xb: Ben-Ami 2012: Figs.2.1:13; 2.3:18. Stratum Xa: Ben-Ami 2012: Fig.2.10:12.

Stratum X: Yadin 1969: Pl. CCVII: 6–7; Garfinkel 1997: Fig. III.22:6. Stratum IXB: Yadin 1969: Pl.

CLXXV: 21–22. Stratum IXA: Yadin 1969: Pl. CLXXIX: 2. Stratum VIIIa: Ben-Ami 2012: Figs. 3.5:1–2;

3.7:16–18. Stratum VIII: Yadin 1958: Pl. XLVII: 27–28; Yadin 1960: Pl. LVI: 3–5, 12–14; Garfinkel 1997: Fig. III.26:3. Stratum VIII–VII (Area A, Phases 5 – 4): Bonfil 1997: Figs. II.38:5–6. Stratum VIII–V: Ben-Ami/Sandhaus/Ben-Tor 2012: 446–448. Stratum VII: Garfinkel 1997: Figs. III.21; 31:2.

Tel Hadar,Stratum IV (M. Kochavi/E. Yadin pers. comm).Tel Yin’am, Stratum XIIB: Liebowitz 2003: Fig. 21:9. Stratum XII: ibid: Fig. 17:6; 22:8; 23:6–7. Stratum XIIA: Figs. 35:8; 42:8 Stratum XIA: Liebowitz 1979: Fig. 7:6.Tel Zarᶜa, Phase IV.5: Dijkstra et al. 2009: Fig. 4.3:9. Phase IV.3: ibid:

Fig. 4.4:15. Phase III.1: ibid: Fig.4.5:13. Phase II.2: ibid: Fig. 4.3:8. Phase II.1: ibid: Fig. 4.8:8.Tel Beth Shean, Level VIII: James/McGovern 1993: Fig. 16:14. Level VII: ibid: Figs. 9:6, 9; 20:5; 36:5–

8. Level VI: James 1966: Fig. 53: 15; 57:17; (Stratum 4) Yadin/Geva 1986: Fig. 33:4; (S-5) Panitz-Cohen 2009: Pl. 21:5–6; (S-4) Pl. 26:4–5; 29:8; 37: 8–9; (S-3) Pl.38:3; 40:3; 43:9–10; 56:23–24;

62:1; 65:3, 10. Late Level VI–Part of Lower V (Stratum 3): Yadin/Geva 1986: Fig. 11:2–4; (S-2): Pa-nitz-Cohen 2009: Pl. 72:3. Lower Level V: James 1966: Fig.25:1, 5. Upper Level V: James 1966:

146, Fig.6:7. Level IV: James 1966: Fig.32:6; 38:9. The IA-parallels are mainly of type KR72a by Pa-nitz-Cohen (2009: 220–222).Pella, Phase II: Smith/Potts 1992: Pl.49:12.Stratum 7 in area VIII:

ibid: Pl. 65:4, 7. East Cut IVE: ibid: Pl. 68:10–11. Tell Abu al-Kharaz, Phase IX: Fischer 2013: Fig.

287: 1, 5.Phase XI: ibid, Fig. 104: 8; 105: 4–6; 106: 2–3. XIII: ibid: Fig. 69:7.Tell Deir ᶜAlla, the Late Bronze Age Sanctuary, Phase D: Franken 1992: Fig. 7-10:50. Phase XII: ibid: Fig. 150: 3 – 4, 6.

Phase E: ibid: Fig. 7-18:156, 158–164. Phase E7: ibid: Fig. 5-3:8. Phase E9: ibid: Fig. 5-10:13.

Phase F: ibid: 7-21:37, 39–40.Tell Deir ᶜAlla, the Iron Age habitation, Phase A: Franken 1969:

Fig.46:11. Phase C: ibid: Fig. 55:1–4. Phase D: ibid: Fig. 57:43–44. Phase E: ibid: Fig. 59:111–114.

Phase F: ibid: Fig.62:22–25. Phase G: ibid: Fig. 65:47, 49–51.Phase H: ibid: Fig. 67:75–76. Phase J:

ibid: Fig.70:45, 47–48. Phase K: ibid: Fig. 73:1, 4–6. Phase L: ibid: Fig. 75:92.Um-ad-Dananir, bur-ial Cave 2A: McGovern 198: Fig. 22:28. Burbur-ial Cave 3B: ibid: Fig.35:8. Khirbet: ibid: Fig. 47:13.

Cave A4: ibid: Fig. 51:27.Tell es-Saᶜidiyeh, Stratum VII: Pritchard 1985: Fig. 1:1, 4. Stratum VI:

ibid: Fig.9:15.Tall al- ᶜUmayri, Integrated Phase 13: Herr 2002: Fig.4.11:23–24. Phase 12: ibid:

Fig.4.15:7–8. Phase 11: Herr 2000: Fig. 4.14:16. Phase 10: ibid: Fig.3.12:22, 24. Phase 9: ibid: Fig.

3.23:8 (Stratigraphic key, Herr 2002:11).

Jezreel Valley:Megiddo, Stratum VIIA: Finkelstein/Zimhoni 2000: Fig.10.2:19; Arie 2013a: Fig.

12.66:3 (of krater type 2). Stratum VIB: ibid: Fig. 12.73:6.Stratum VIA: Loud 1948: Pl. 78:17 (=Finkelstein/Zimhoni/Kafri 2000: Fig.11.10:7); Arie 2013a: Fig. 12.74:3. Stratum VB: Finkel-stein/Zimhoni/Kafri 2000: Fig.11.20:13.Yoqneᶜam, Stratum XVII: Zarzecki-Peleg 2005: Fig. I.120:

7–8. Stratum XIV: ibid: Fig.I.45:33; I.50:8–9; I.63:4; I.66:15. Stratum XIII: ibid: Fig. I.70:4, 10;

I.75:24. Stratum XII: ibid: Fig. I.77:24; I.90:7.Tel Qiri, Stratum XIII: Ben-Tor/Portugali 1987:

Fig.28:3. Stratum V: ibid: Fig.22:10.Ta’anach, Period IA: Rast 1978: Fig. 4:8–9. Period IB, ibid: Fig.

12: 4–5; 16:3–4. Period IIA: ibid: 19:7, 22:7–8; 25:6.

Central Hill Country:Tell el Far’ah, Stratum VIId: Chambon 1984: Pl. 47:7.Shiloh, Stratum V:

Bunimowitz/Finkelstein 1993: Fig.6.52:6; 6.57:2–3.

Phoenician Coast:Tell Keisan,Level 11: Puech 1980: Pl.81:10, 14, 17. Level 9c: ibid: Pl. 80:6.Tel Dor, Irb horizon (Area G, 7a): Gilboa/Sharon/Zorn 2004: Fig.7: 25–26.

Philistine Coast:ᶜIzbet Sartah, Stratum III: Finkelstein 1986: Fig.8:13. Stratum I: ibid: Fig.22:18.

Other:Tell Afis, Levels 10–8: Venturi 1998: Fig.6:3–5, 9; 10:1–4. Levels 9b–a: Venturi 2000:

Fig.6:15–17; 8: 12–16; 9:8–9.Hama, Periods I–II, IV: Riis 1948: 57–58, Figs. 56 and 58. Parallels are of types A and C.

KR03B: Small Inverted Kraters with Thickened Rims

These kraters have a rounded body, an inverted upper part, and a pronounced rim (Fig. 5.47).

The lip is thickened on the outside or on both sides. The walls are of medium thickness, mainly 7–10 mm. There are no handles preserved. The rim is 15–27 cm wide. They differ from subtype 3A in their smaller size and the absence of handles. The upper part is rounded or sloping.

Kraters 8554/1 and 8474/1 have an upright upper part, forming a short and wide neck. The vessels are strongly tempered with mainly basalt and chalk particles. Some fragments (6715/1, 8872/1, 10034/1, 10238/5) have red slip, burnish, and/or painted bands.

Distribution:

Foundation Phase:6712/1, 6715/1, 9503/1, 12116/4.

Main Iron I Horizon: 8474/1, 10034/1.

Main Iron I Horizon, earlier phase: 10243/7.

Main Iron I Horizon, later phase: 10238/5.

Post-destruction Phase: 8554/1, 8869/1, 8872/1.

Parallels:

Tel Kinrot, Stratum IB: Fritz 1990: Pl. 80:3. Stratum IA: ibid: Pl. 81:10.

Fig. 5.47 prototype KR03B

Jordan Rift Valley: Dan, Stratum VIIA: Ben-Dov 2011: Fig.40:14.Hazor, areaA, Stratum 8: Bonfil 1997: Fig. II.22:5. Stratum 1: Yadin 1958: Pl. XCVI: 10. Stratum XII/XI: Ben-Ami/Ben-Tor 2012:

Fig.1.5:5. Stratum Xb: Ben-Ami 2012: Fig.2.4:7. Stratum Xa: Ben-Ami 2012: Figs.2.7:14; 2.9:6;

2.10:10. Stratum IXa: Ben-Ami 2012: Fig. 2.18:15, 17. Stratum IX: Yadin 1969: Pl. CCXII: 23. Stra-tum VIII: Yadin 1958: Pl. XLVII: 25–26, 31; area A, StraStra-tum 5: Bonfil 1997: Fig. II.38:5–6.Tel Yin’am, Stratum XIII: Liebowitz 2003: Fig. 2:4. Stratum XIIB: ibid: Fig.9:4. Stratum XII: ibid:

Fig.19:4. Stratum XIIA: ibid: Figs. 28:6; 47:3.Tel Zarᶜa, Phase IV.4: Dijkstra/Dijkstra/ Vriezen 2009:

Fig. 4.4:10.Tel Beth Shean, Level VII: James/McGovern 1993: Figs. 21:1, 3; 43:5. Level VI (N-3b):

Panitz-Cohen 2009: Pls.10: 16; 12:15; (S-5) 21:2; (S-4): Pl. 26:3; (S-3): Pl. 40:1.Level IV: James 1966: Fig. 68: 13–16; 69: 5–13.Pella, Phase II: Smith/Potts 1992: Pl.49:11.Tell Abu al-Kharaz, Phase XI: Fischer 2013: Fig. 79: 7–8.Tell Deir ᶜAlla, the Late Bronze Age Sanctuary, Phase E:

Franken 1992: Fig.7-18:169, 176–179.Tell Deir ᶜAlla, the Iron Age habitation, Phase F: Franken 1969: Fig. 61:62–63.Tell es-Saᶜidiyeh, Stratum VII: Pritchard 1985: Fig. 1:2–3. Stratum VI: ibid:

Fig. 8:2.Tall al- ᶜUmayri, Integrated Phase 11: Herr 2000: Fig.3.10:5. Phase 9: ibid: Fig. 3.23:7.

Jezreel Valley:Megiddo, Stratum VIIA: Finkelstein/Zimhoni 2000: Fig.10.2:13; Arie 2013a: Fig.

12.61:1. Stratum VIA: ibid: Fig. 12.91:5. Stratum VB: Arie 2013b: Figs.13.31:12; 13.35:10.

Yoqneᶜam, Stratum XII: Zarzecki-Peleg 2005: Fig. I.80:29.Tel Qiri, Stratum VIII: Ben-Tor/Portugali 1987: Figs.28:2; 18:1. Stratum VII: ibid: Fig.10:17.

KR04: Carinated Kraters

At Tel Kinrot, this type of krater (Fig. 5.49) is the most common one, with 213 vessels (195 items; 67 % of kraters in areas U & W). It is also the most coherent type of krater. This is the type that was easiest to identify at

At Tel Kinrot, this type of krater (Fig. 5.49) is the most common one, with 213 vessels (195 items; 67 % of kraters in areas U & W). It is also the most coherent type of krater. This is the type that was easiest to identify at

In document From the Field to the Publication : The Retrieval and Presentation of Pottery : a Case study from Early Iron Age Tel Kinrot, Israel (sivua 182-195)