6. CONCLUSIONS
6.4. Future Research
This research was able to gain a good overview of light entrepreneurship and the barriers that stop light entrepreneurs from establishing a company. However, the research opened new doors for research and the findings brought up new questions that are still left unanswered. Therefore, future research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of light entrepreneurship and the reasons behind some barriers. For example, Finnish people seem to consider bureaucracy and
taxation to be especially significant barriers in Finland while the GEM Report found taxation and government regulation to encourage entrepreneurship more than in other European countries on average. Therefore, research should study why Finnish people see taxation and bureaucracy as more significant barriers than people from other European countries with less encouraging taxation and government regulation.
This thesis also could not answer why Finnish people consider entrepreneurship to worsen their social security when entrepreneurs in Finland are offered financial support should they need it.
Thus, future research could also study whether people consider the risk of losing unemployment benefits to be a barrier because they do not have enough information about the financial support available for entrepreneurs, because they are not willing to become full-time entrepreneurs, because the process of gaining financial support as an entrepreneur is more complex, or due to other reasons. When there is a better understanding on what causes the barrier, it is easier to find solutions to eliminate them.
It would also be important for future research to study whether light entrepreneurship increases entrepreneurial activities in Finland or whether it decreases the establishment of companies. In other words, are light entrepreneurs individuals who would not have established a company if light entrepreneurship was not an option? This would help in understanding the effect that light entrepreneurship has on entrepreneurship in Finland – if this effect is found to be positive, public authorities should aim to promote it through clarifying whether or not light entrepreneurs are considered entrepreneurs or employees and by giving light entrepreneurs more rights, such as better ability to make deductions.
More research is also needed on how the barriers that were identified could be eliminated. Lack of unemployment benefits for full-time entrepreneurs was seen as a significant barrier to entrepreneurship, therefore, research needs to study whether making unemployment benefits income-based rather than based on working hours would increase income from entrepreneurship more than it would increase the cost of unemployment benefits. Similarly, as high taxes and prepayments of taxes were seen as barriers to entrepreneurship, research could study whether offering tax reliefs to new entrepreneurs would increase entrepreneurship enough.
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Questionnaire
Peruskysymykset / Basic questions 1. Ikä / Age
a. Alle 18 / Under 18 b. 18-24
c. 25-39 d. 40-59
e. 60 tai yli / 60 or over 2. Sukupuoli / Gender
a. Nainen / Female b. Mies / Male c. Muu / Other
d. En halua sanoa / Rather not say
3. Korkein koulutustaso / Highest education level a. Peruskoulu / Primary education
b. Toinen aste (ammattikoulu/lukio) / Upper secondary level c. Alempi korkeakoulu tutkinto / Bachelor's degree or equivalent
d. Ylempi korkeakoulu tutkinto tai ylempi / Master's degree, doctoral degree or equivalent
4. Päätoimenkuva / Profession
a. Kokoaikainen kevytyrittäjä / Full-time light entrepreneur b. Kokoaikainen palkkatyöntekijä / Full-time wage employee c. Osa-aikainen palkkatyöntekijä / Part-time wage employee d. Opiskelija / Student
e. Työtön / Unemployed f. Eläkeläinen / Retired g. Yrittäjä / Entrepreneur
5. Tulotaso per vuosi (kaikki tulot) / Level of income per year (all income) a. Alle 15 000 € / Under 15 000 €
b. 15 000 – 24 999 €
c. 25 000 – 39 999 € d. 40 000 – 59 999 € e. 60 000 – 79 999 € f. 80 000 – 100 000 €
g. Yli 100 000 € / Over 100 000 €
6. Kevytyrittäjyyden tulot per year (kevytyrittäjyyden tulot) / Annual income from light entrepreneurship
a. Alle 1 000 € / Under 1 000 € b. 1 000 – 4 999 €
c. 5 000 – 9 999 € d. 10 000 – 14 999 € e. 15 000 – 19 999 € f. 20 000 – 30 000 €
g. Yli 30 000 € / Over 30 000 € 7. Toimin... / How do you operate?
a. Laskutuspalvelun kautta ilman Y-tunnusta / through an invoicing service platform without a business identity code
b. Laskutuspalvelun kautta Y-tunnuksen kanssa / through an invoicing service with a business identity code
c. Oman yrityksen kautta (siirtynyt laskutuspalveluista pois) / I have stopped using invoicing service platforms and operate through my own company
8. Kuinka todennäköisesti aiot perustaa oman yrityksen tulevaisuudessa? / How likely will you start your own company in the future?
a. Olen jo perustanut / I already have b. Hyvin todennäköisesti / Very likely c. Todennäköisesti / Likely
d. Epätodennäköisesti / Unlikely
e. Hyvin epätodennäköisesti / Very unlikely
Linear scale questions (1 = does not affect me, 3 = somewhat significant, 5 = stops me completely from establishing a company)
9. Kuinka merkittäväksi koet seuraavat esteet yrityksen perustamisen tiellä? Kuinka merkittävästi seuraavat yrittäjyyden esteet vähentävät haluasi perustaa oma yritys? / In your opinion, how significant are these barriers in the way of starting your own company?
a. Lack of support structure
i. Yrityksen perustamisen prosessi on liian monimutkainen / The process of establishing a company is too complicated
ii. Ei tarpeeksi apua tarjolla yrityksen perustamiseen / There is not enough support available to help establish a company
iii. Ei tarpeeksi tukea tarjolla yrityksen pyörittämiseen / There is not enough support available to help with operating a company
b. Economic climate
i. Huono yleinen taloustilanne / Bad economic situation ii. Epävarmuus tulevaisuudesta / Uncertainty about the future iii. Riskit ovat liian suuret / Too risky
c. Financing
i. Rahoituksen puute / saamisen vaikeus / Lack of/difficulty in obtaining financing
ii. Omien säästöjen puute / Lack of personal savings
iii. Yrittäjyyden epäsäännölliset tulot / The irregular income associated with entrepreneurship
iv. Palkkatyö on kannattavampaa / Income from wage employment is better
iv. Palkkatyö on kannattavampaa / Income from wage employment is better