The main objective of this research was to construct something really useful. Thus, in the future the outcome of this research, the context maps and the analysis tool, should naturally be tested in the real world information systems in order to improve them.
The LACASA tool is not monolithic or stable: it is only for helping to find a grip on where to start in a context analysis.
Additionally, as the OAU-UEF case proved, some issues that are separate in the table may belong together in the real world, some issues marked in the table are not important at all, and the table may lack some important issues. What is most important is that LACASA analysis points out different issues which might remain unnoticed because of their ordinariness.
The result of this thesis is just one brick in the wall of information system development and information system research targeting more useful, more purposeful and more sustainable information systems. During this research the LACASA analysis tool was built, and, in software development terms, -tested. Now this tool is in the phase of -testing, and most probably, it is hoped, it will never be complete, but will live and develop along with the situation it is used in.
The -testing took place with public sector higher education organisations, and this is quite a limited area. Although, for the tool, a lot of literature about real-life information system development cases was studied, there is relatively little material available about private for-profit projects, which are often confidential and not reported in public. Thus, what is most important is for the tool to be tested in real-life “hard” projects. I believe that this would add some totally new questions to the question list. for the LACASA table. This tool is free for everyone to apply, and I would be grateful for all possible feedback.
Since the target is to map IS contexts, a lot of input is needed from
experiments of using LACASA analysis in different organisational and social cultures.
At the moment I wonder if the LACASA tool could be useful for analysing other kinds of systems than information systems. Could it be possible to use it, for instance, in developing services, such as education or care for the elderly? At the moment a colleague of mine is modifying it for analyzing maternal health care information system in Mozambique. Also, with minor modification the LACASA tool would be useful as a crisis management quick evaluation tool (cf. McMullen et al. 2011).
In the future it is planned to develop the LACASA tool in our research group by combining it with ActAD and Landscape. The combinations of these analysis models could enable to picture systems from different the viewpoints. With one model it is impossible to model the real world; it is just a model which simply cannot cover all the aspects of a real-life system, but two or more models together may give a better result.
References
ACM Computing Curricula 2005. The Overview Report covering undergraduate degree programs in Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Information Systems, Information Technology, Software Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Information Systems, Information Technology, Software Engineering. ACM and IEEE, 2005. Available at:
http://www.acm.org/education/curric_vols/CC2005-March06Final.pdf [Accessed: 15 August 2011]
Agarwal, R., Lucas, H. C (2005): The Information Systems Identity Crisis: Focusing on High-Visibility and High-Impact Research.
MIS Quarterly Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 381-398
Alter, S. (1999): A General, Yet Useful Theory of Information Systems. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, Vol 1 Article 13, 1999
Alter, S. (2003): Sidestepping the IT Artefact, Scrapping the IS Silo, and Laying claim to "Systems in Organizations" Communications of AIS,Vol. 20, Article 30
Alter, S. (2008): Defining information systems as work systems:
implications for the IS field. European Journal of Information Systems 17, 2008, pp. 448–469.
Armstrong, M. (2006): A Handbook of human Resource Management Practice(10th Edition). London, GBR: Kogan Page
Avgerou, C (2003): Information Systems and Global Diversity.
Oxford University Press 2003
Avgerou, C (2005): Context-Specific Rationality in Information Systems. InInformation Systems in Developing Countries, Davison, Harris, Qureshi, Vogel, de Vreede (eds.) City University of Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong 2005, pp. 41-56
Avgerou, C., Madon, S. (2004): Framing IS studies: the social context of IS innovation.In Avgerou, Ciborra, Land (eds.)The Social Study of Information and Communication Technology. Oxford University Press Norfolk 2004, pp.162-182
Baskerville, L; Land, F. (2004): Socially self destructing systems.
In: Avgerou, Ciborra, Lang (eds.) The Social Study of Information and Communication Technology, (Oxford University Press 2004) pp. 263-285
Baskerville, R., Pries-Heje, J. (2001): Racing the e-Bomb: How the Internet is Redefining Information. Systems Development Methodology.
Realigning Research and Practice in Information Systems Development. The Social and Organizational Perspective. IFIP TC8/WG8.2 Working Conference, Boise, Idaho, USA, July 27-29, ( Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2001) pp. 49-69
Bednar, P. M., Welsh, C. (2005) IS, Process,Organizational Change and Their Relationship with Contextual Dependencies. ECIS 2005 proceedings. http://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2005/131
Benbasat, I., Zmud, R. (2003): The Identity Crisis Within the IS Discipline: Defining and Communicationd the Discipline's Core Properties.MIS Quarterly Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 183-194
Beyer, H., Holzblatt, K. (1999): Contextual Design. Interactions January + February 1999. pp. 32 -42
Callaos, N., Callaos, B.( 2002 ):Toward a Systemic Notion of Information: Practical Consequences.Informing Science, Volume 5 No 1, 2002, pp. 1-11
Chesney, T. (2008): Measuring the context of information systems use.Journal of Information Technology Management. Vol. XIX, No. 3, pp. 9-20
Chilundo, B.(2004): Integrating Information Systems of Disease-Specific Health Programmes in Low Income Countries, Doctoral Thesis, Univ. of Oslo 2004
Ciborra 2004a Ciborra, C (2004): The Labyrinths of Information -challenging the Wisdom of Systems. Oxford University Press 2004
Ciborra 2004 b Ciborra, C (2004): Encountering information systems as a phenomenon. In Avgerou, Ciborra, Land (eds.)The Social Study of Information and Communication Technology. Oxford University Press Norfolk 2004, pp 16 – 37
Clegg, C. W. (2000): Sociotechnical principles for system design.
Applied Erconomics 31 (2000)pp. 463-477
Corea, S.(2005): Endogenizing IT Innovation - Prelimenary Considerations for an Approach to Socio-Economic Development. in Davison,Harris,Qureshi,Vogel, Vreede (eds.): Information Systems in developing Coutries - Theory and Practice. City University Hong Kong Press 2005 pp. 25-39
DeLone, W. H., McLean, E. R. (1992): Information Systems Success: The Quest for the Dependent Variable. Information Systems Research 3:1, March 1992, pp 60-95
deSitter, U., Dankbaar, B., den Hertog, J. (1994): Designing Simple Organizations and Complex Jobs.Homepage of UNU-MERIT Availabe at:
http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/rmpdf/1994/rm1994-012.pdf [Accessed 7 November 2007]
Desouza, K. C., Awazu, Y. (2004): "Need to Know" -Organizational Knowledge and Management Perspective. Information Knowledge Systems Management 4(2004) pp. 1-14
Dey, A. K; Abowd, G. D; Salber, D. (2001): A Conceptual Framework and Toolkit for Supporting the Rapid Prototyping of Context-Aware Applications. Human Computer Interaction 2001 Vol. 16, pp. 97-166
Dourish, P. (2004): What do we talk about when we talk about context.Pers Ubiquit Comput (2004)8. pp. 19-30
Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Availabe at:
http://search.eb.com.ezproxy.uef.fi:2048/ [Accessed 15 September 2010]
Eriksen, T. H. (2001): Small Places, Large Issues: An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology, second edition. Pluto Press, Padstow, England.
Fiorito, J., Bozeman, D. P., Yong, A., Meurs, J.A. (2007):
Organizational Commitment, Human Resource Practices, and Organizational Characteristics.Journal of Managerial Issues, Vol. 19 No. 2, pp. 186-207
Formin 2009: Guidelines for Programme Design,Monitoring and Evaluation. Foreign Ministry of Finland 2009. Availabe at:
http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=69918 [Accessed:
1 August 2009]
Forsythe,D. E.(1999) “It’s Just a Matter of Common Sense”:
Ethnography as Invisible Work.Computer Supported Cooperative Work8:
127–145, 1999.
Furuholt, B; Ørvik, T. U.(2006): Implementation of Information Technology in Africa, Information Technology for Development, Vol. 12 No 1 (Wiley Publishers 2006) pp 45-62
Gemmer, A. (1997): Risk Management Moving Beyond Process.
IEEE Computer, 1997: May, pp. 33-34
Hall, E.(1989): The Dance of life: The Other Dimensions of Time.
Anchor Books, N.Y., USA 1989
Hanmer, L. (2008): Factors Assosiated with the Succesful Imolementation of Computerised Hospital Information Systems in South Africa. Doctoral Thesis, University of Cape Town 2008
Harris, T. E. (2002): Applied Organizational Communication:
Principles and Pragmatics for Future Practice. Mahwah, NJ, USA:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.
Harvey, L. J., Myers, M. D. (2002): Scholarship and Practice: The Contribution of Ethnographic Research Methods to Bridging the Gap.
In Qualitative Research in Information Systemseds. Michael D. Myers and David Avison, SAGE publications, London 2002. pp. 169-180.
Hedberg, C. (1991): Information Systems for Land Resource Management in Developing Countries. Dissertation. Agricultural University of Norway 1991
Heeks, R. (1999): Information and Communication Technologies, Poverty and development. Development Informatics working paper series No 5.Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester. Available at :http://www.man.ac.uk/idpm/idpm_dp.htm#devinf_wp [Accessed:
22 November 2007]
Heeks, R. (2008): ICT4D 2.0: The Next Phase of Applying ICT for International Development. Computer, June 2008, pp. 26-33
Heeks, R., Krishna, S., Nicholson, B., Sahay, S. (2000): Synching or Sinking: Trajectories and Strategies in Global Software Outsourcing Relationships.Development Informatics working paper series No 9.Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester.
Available:http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/idpm/research/publication s/wp/di/documents/di_wp09.pdf [Accessed 8 September 2010]
Hernes, T. (2004): The spatial construction of organization.
Philadelphia, PA, USA: John Benjamins Publishing Company 2004
Herzberg, F. (1987): One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees? Harward Business Review September-October 1987, pp.5-16.
(Original published in the January-February 1968 issue)
Hirscheim R., Newman M.()2002: Symbolism and Information systems Development: Myth, Metaphor and Magic In Qualitative Research in Information Systemseds. Michael D. Myers and David Avison, SAGE publications, London 2002. pp.241-273
Hofstede, G.(1991): Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. New York, McGraw-Hill
Huysman, M., Wulf, V. (2006): IT to support knowledge sharing in communities, towards a social capital analysis. Journal of Information Technology (2006) 21, pp 40-51
Jacucci, E., Shaw, V., Braa, J. (2006). Standardization of Health Information Systems in South Africa: The Challenge of Local Sustainability.Information Technology for Development. vol 12/3
Järvinen, P. (2004):On Research Methods. Opinpaja, Tampere 2004 Kacmar, K. M., Andrews, M. C., Van Rooy, D. L., Steilberg, R. C., Cerrone, S. (2006): Sure Everyone Can Be Replaced... But at What Cost?
Turnover as a Predictoir of Unit-Level Performance. Academy of Management Journal Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 133-144
Kehys (2011): Homepage of Kehitysyhteistyöjärjestöjen EU-yhdistys Kehys ry Available at: http://www.kehys.fi/eu-rahoitus/tyokalupakki/projektisuunnittelu/copy_of_lfa/lfa. [Accessed: 4 July 2011]
Keil, M; Cule, P; Schmidt,R; Lyytinen,K. (1998): A Framework for Identifying Software Project Risks.Communications of the ACM, Volume 41, No. 11, pp. 76-83
Kling, R. (1999): What is Social Informatics and Why Does it Matter? D-Lib Magazine, vol. 5 No 1. Available at:
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/january99/01kling.html [Accessed: 24 February 2006]
Kling, R., Tillquist, J. (2000): Conceiving IT enabled Organizational Change. CSI Working paper No. WP-98-02.
http://rkcsi.indiana.edu/archive/CSI/WP/wp98-02B.html [Accessed: 28 February 2006]
Korpela M. (1994): Nigerian practice in computer systems development. A multidisciplinary theoretical framework, applied to health informatics. Doctoral dissertation. 1994. Helsinki University of Technology. Department of Computer Science.
Korpela, M. (1996): Traditional Culture or Political Economy? On the root causes of organizational obstacles of IT in developing countries.
Information Technology for Development .Volume: 7, Issue: 1, Pages: 29-42 Korpela, M., Mursu, A., Soriyan, H. A. (2001): Two Times Four Integrative Levels of Analysis: A Framework. In: Russo NL, Fitzgerald B, DeGross JI, (eds.) Realigning Research and Practice in Information Systems Development. The Social and Organizational Perspective. IFIP TC8/WG8.2 Working Conference, Boise, Idaho, USA, July 27-29, ( Boston:
Kluwer Academic, 2001) p. 367-377..
Korpela M., Mursu A., Soriyan H.A., de la Harpe R., Macome E.
(2006): Information Systems Practice for Development in Africa: Results from INDEHELA. In: Howcroft, D, and De Gross J. I (eds.) Social Inclusion: Social & Organizational Implications for Information Systems, Trauth, E, (Kluwer Academic, Boston, MA)
Korpela, M., de la Harpe, R., Luukkonen, I . (2008): Depicting the Landscape around Information Flows: Methdological Propositions.
Proceedings of SIG GlobDev's Firsta Annual Workshop. Paris, France December 13th 2008
Koskinen, M., Liimatainen, K., Berki, E., Jäkälä, M. (2005): The Human Context of Information System. Proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences pp. 1-10
Krishna, S., Walsham, G. (2005):Implementing Public Information Systems in Developing Countries: Learning From a Success Story.Information Technology for Development, Vol. 11 No 2 (Wiley Publishers 2005) pp 123-140
Kumar, M. R., Sankaran, S. (2006): From East to West - Has the Twain Met? linkages Between Context Sensitivity and Soft Systems Methodology.Syst Pract Act Res. Springer 2006, pp. 365-381
Lai, S., Heeks, R., Nicholson, B. (2003) Uncertainty and Coordination in Global Software Projects: A UK/India - Centred Case Study, Development Informatics, WP series, Paper No. 17. (Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester 2003) Available at:
http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/idpm/publications/wp/di/di_wp17.p df [Accessed 13 March 2006]
Law, W. K., Perez, K. (2005):Cross Cultural Implementation if Information System. Journal of Cases on Information Technology, 7(2)Hershey, PA, USA: Idea Group Inc. 2005. pp. 121-130
Leal, F., Shipley, P.(2004): From value conflicts to multiple mandates - On organizing ethical knowledge and its paradoxes.In Clegg (ed.) Management and Organization Paradoxes. Philadelphia, P.A.
USA. John Benjamins Publishing Company 2002. pp 139-161
Macome, E. (2003): On the implementation of an information system in the Mozambican context. In Korpela, Montealegre, Poulymenakou: Organizational information Systems in the Context of Globalization. IFIP TC& TC) / WG8.2 & WG 9.4 Working Conference on Information Systems Perspectives and Challenges in the Context of Globalization. June 15-17, 2003 Athens, Greece. Kluwer Academic publishers 2003. pp. 169-184
Markus, L. M.(2002): Power, Politics, and MIS Implementation. In Qualitative Research in Information Systems eds. Michael D. Myers and David Avison, SAGE publications, London 2002. pp.19-48
Martin, J (2003): Meta-Theoretical Controversies in Studying Organizational Culture. In Tsoukas, Knudsen (eds.)The Oxford Handbook of Organization Theory.Oxford University Press 2003. pp. 392-419
Maslow, A. H. (1943): A Theory of Human Motivation.
Psychological Review, 50, pp. 370-396
McGraw, G. (2004): Risk Analysis in Software Design. Security &
Privacy, 2004: July/August, pp. 79-84
McGrew, A. (2000): Sustainable Globalization? The global politics of development and exclusion in the new world order. Poverty and development into the 21st Century. Allen, Thomas (ed.) Oxford University Press 2002
McMullen C. K., Ash J. S., Sittig D. F., Bunce A., Guappone K., Dykstra R., Carpenter J., Richardson J., Wright A.(2011): Rapid Assessment of Clinical Information Systems in the Healthcare Setting -An Efficient Method for Time-pressed Evaluation.Methods Inf Med 2011;
50. pp. 299–307
Molla, A., Loukis, I. (2005): Success and Failure of ERP Technology Transfer: A Framework for Analysing Congruence of Host and System Cultures, Development Informatics, WP series, Paper No. 24, (Institute of Development Policy and Management, Manchester 2005) Available at:
http://www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/idpm/publications/wp/di/di_wp24.p df [Accessed 16 March 2006]
Mosse, E. (2005): Understanding the Introduction of Computer-based Health Information Systems in Developing Countries: Counter Networks, Communication Practices and Social Identity, A Case Study from Mozambique,Doctoral Thesis (University of Oslo 2005)
Moyi, E. D. (2003): Networks, Information and Small Enterprises:
New Technologies and the Ambiguity of Empowerment, Information Technology for Development,vol. 10 No 4 (IOS Press 2003) pp. 221-232
Mursu, A. (2002): Information Systems Development in Developing Countries - Risk Management and Sustainability Analysis in Nigerian Software Companies. Doctoral thesis, University of Jyväskylä 2002.
Mursu, A., Luukkonen, I., Toivanen, M., Korpela M. (2007).
Activity theory in information systems research and practice -theoretical underpinnings for an information systems development model Information Research, 12(3) paper 311 Available at http://InformationR.net/ir/12-3/paper311.html
Myers, F. D., Tan, B. D. (2002) : Beyond models of national culture in information systems research. Journal of global information management. vol. 10, No. 2.
Nahapiet,J., Ghoshal, S.(1998): Social Capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. Academy of Management Review 23, NO, pp. 242-266
Nair, K. G. K., Prasad, P. N. (2005): Information Technology for Development in India - The Kerala Experience. inInformation Systems in Developing Countries, Davison, Harris, Qureshi, Vogel, de Vreede (eds.) City University of Hong Kong Press. pp. 271-288
Nonaka, I.(1994): A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation.Organization Science. Vol. 5, No. 1. February 1994
Okunoye, A. (2003): Context-Aware Framework of Knowledge Management: Cultural and Infrastructural Considerations. In: Korpela M, Montealegre R, Poulymenakou A, (eds.) Organizational Information Systems in the Context of Globalization. IFIP TC8 & TC9 / WG8.2 & WG9.4 Working Conference on Information Systems Perspectives and Challenges in the Context of Globalization. In Progress Research Papers [CD-ROM], Athens, Greece, June 15-17, (IFIP 2003), pp 59-71
Orlikowski, W. (1992): The Duality of Technology: Rethinking the Concept of Technology in Organizations.Organization Science Vol. 3, No.
3. pp. 398-427
Orlikowski, W. (2000): Using Technology and Constituting Structures: A Practice Lens for Studying Technology in Organizations.
Organization Science Vol. 11, No. 4, pp.404-428
Orlikowski, W. J., Barley, S. R. (2001): Technology and Institutions: What Can Research on Information Technology and Research on Organizations Learn from Each Other? MIS QuarterlyVol.
25 No. 2, pp. 145-165
Örtengren, K. (2004): A summary of the theory behind the LFA method - The Logical Framework Approach. SIDA, Oy UniServicesLtd.
Available at http://www.projectia.fi/C225736000379743/0/C3CEEAB8EB04054542257 35E0032B80F/$FILE/SIDALogcalFrameworkApproach.pdf [Accessed 1 May 2011]
Pervan, G., Akaphant, S. (1998): A survey of Key IS/IT Management Issues in the Thailand Public Sector.Proceedings of the fifth International working conference of IFIP WG 9.4 Implementation and evaluation of information systems in developing countries February 18-20, 1998, pp. 372-388
Pettigrew, A. M. (1985): Contextual Research and the Study of Organizational Change Processes. In Doing Research That is Useful for Theory and Practice E.Lawler (ed.), San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985. pp.
53-72
Pettigrew, A. M. (1987): Context and Action in the Transformation of the Firm. Journal of Management Studies 24:6 November 1987, pp. 649-670
Pettigrew, A.M., Woodman, R. W., Cameron, K. S. (2001):
Studying Organizational Change and Development: Challenges for Future Research.Academy of Management Journal Vol. 44. No. 4, pp 697-713
Puri, S, K. (2007):Integrating Scientific with Indigenous Knowledge: Constructing Knowledge Alliances for Land Management in India.MIS Quarterly vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 355-379
Quinn, R. E., Faerman, S.R., Thompson, M.P., Grath, M. R. (1996):
The Evolution Of Management Models. Becoming a Master Manager - A Competency Framework.2nd edition, Wiley, New York
Rosemann, M., Recker, J., Flender, C. (2008): Contextualisation of business processes. Int. J. Business Process Integration and Management, Vol.3, No.1,pp. 47-60
Räsänen, M., Nyce, J. (2006): A New Role for Anthropology? -Rewriting "Context" and "Analysis" inHCI Research. NordiCHI2006, 14.-18. October, pp. 175-184
Sabherwal, R. (2003): The evolution of coordination in outsourced software development projects: a comparison of client and vendor perspectives.Information and Organization 13 (2003) pp. 153-202
Sackmann, S. A. (1992): Culture and Subcultures: An Analysis of Organizational Knowledge. Administrative Science Quarterly, Mar1992, Vol. 37, Issue 1, pp. 140-161
Saunders, C. (2007) Editor's Comments - Information Systems in Developing Countries.MIS Quarterly vol. 31, No. 2, pp.iii-vi
Scott, W. R. (2001): Institutions and Organizations - Second Edition. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California 2001
Smithson, S., Tsiavos, P. (2004): Re-constructing information systems evaluation. In Avgerou, Ciborre, Land (eds.)The Social Study of Information and Communication Technology. Oxford University Press Norfolk 2004, pp
Soriyan, H. A. (2004): A Conceptual Framework for Information System Development Methodology for Educational and Industrial Sectors in Nigeria, Doctoral Thesis. Obafemi Awolowo University 2004
Spender, J. (1996): Organizational knowledge, learning and memory: three concepts in search of a theory. Journal of Organizational Change Management. Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 63-78
Straub, D. W., Loch, K. D., Hill, C. E. (2002):Transfer of Information Technology to the Arab World: A Test of Cultural Influence Modeling. In Dadashzadewh, M (ed.) Information Technology Management in Developing Countries. Hershley, PA. USA: Idea Group Publishing 2002, pp. 92-129
Tapaninen, A-M. (2005): Sosiaaliantrolopologian perusteet, Homepage of Helsinki Open University. Available at http://www.avoin.helsinki.fi/Kurssit/sosAntr/materiaali/ [Course material, in Finnish] [Accessed 4 May 2005]
Tayeb, M. (1994): Organizations and National Culture:
Methodology Considered.Organization Studies 1994, 15/3, pp. 429-446 Taylor, T.J., Bodgan, R. (1984): Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods – The search for meanings. Wiley et sons, NY 1984.
Tedre, M. (2006): The development of Computer Science - a Sociocultural Perspective. Doctoral Thesis, University of Joensuu 2006
Tedre, M. (2009): Tedre's list of challenges of IT projects in developing countries; lecture in University of Joensuu 20th September 2009
Tedre, M., Kemppainen, J., Ngumbuke, F. (2011): What IT Professionals Should Know About IT Work in Developing Countries.
Proceedings of IST-Africa 2011 Conference, May 11-13, 2011, Gaborone, Botswana
Tiihonen, T. (2007): How to Study the context of IS? In: Tiainen, Tarja, Isomäki, Hannakaisa, Korpela, Mikko, Mursu, Anja,Paakki, Minna-Kristiina, and Pekkola, Samuli (Eds.) (2007), Proceedings of 30th Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia, IRIS30 (11.-14.8.2007, Murikka, Tampere, Finland), Department of Computer Sciences, Series of Publications:D - Net Publications D-2007-9, September 2007, University of Tampere, Finland. Available at: http://www.cs.uta.fi/reports/dsarja/
1330 pages.
Tiihonen, T., Mursu, A., Korpela, M. (2006):Creating a Framework to Recognize Context-Originated Factors in IS in Organizations. Jacques Berleur, Markku I. Nurminen, and John Impagliazzo, (eds).Proceedings of the 7th International Conference 'Human Choice and Computers', IFIP-TC9 'Relationship between Computers and Society', Springer Science and Business Media, 2006.pp. 367-379
Tiihonen, T; Vesisenaho, M; Sutinen, E. (2008): Concept on Context: IS Meeting Context in Developing Countries. TEDC 2008 Proceedings - Technology for Innovation and Education in Developing Countries: 978-0-620-43087-6
Tiihonen, T; Luukkonen, I; Korpela, M (2010): Modelling the Context of Information Systems. IST-Africa 2010 Conference Proceedings Paul Cunningham and Miriam Cunningham (Eds)IIMC International Information Management Corporation, 2010
Touru, A-M., Tiihonen, T. (2009): Challenges of the development of a knowledge economy at grassroots level: case study in Senegal.
Proceedings of IADIS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ICT, SOCIETY AND HUMAN BEINGS 2009 Algarve, Portugal, 21 to 23 June 2009
Walsh, J. P., Ungson, G. R. (1991): Organizational Memory.
Academy of Management Review Vol. 16. No 1. pp. 57-91
Walsham, G. (2000): Globalization and IT: Agenda for Research.
Walsham, G. (2000): Globalization and IT: Agenda for Research.