The improvement of the health of the citizens of the planet, as well as that of the settings where nurses work, is the primary aim of global nursing research. An ethical framework integrates awareness of, and respect, for the cultural values, traditions and healthcare system realities of the country or region of interest.
Morally committed as nurses are to the alleviation of suffering and the
TURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES THESIS/Peris Kiarie
promotion of health and social justice, it encourages us to adopt an approach that incorporates these values into the foundation of any research study. For example although autonomy is considered to be the primary principle of western-based ethical traditions, it can be argued that distributive justice is of greater importance when considering the implications of conducting research in developing countries. What is preferable and appropriate for the conduct of nursing research in global settings is adherence to the principles of respect for persons and communities, justice and caring. (Harrowing et al. 2010, 70.)
In the searches done in this literature review, not so much of ethical issues were tackled or considered. For example the issue of respecting cultural values was not a found to be a factor to be considered in any of the searches found. The only ethical issue found was the issue on healthcare system realities of a country or region. The fact that major focus was on the westernized countries is a breach of ethics.
11 CONCLUSION
In the ICU, nurses, doctors and the subordinate staff care for the critically ill patients. They are mostly concerned about the quality of care that they give to their patients. It is good to work as a team and have a good communication as this helps in preventing the errors and also making better the outcome of the patients’ and documenting as required. The ICU Safety Reporting System funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality is a strategy that gives way to volunteering, confidentiality and anonymously giving reports on the web of adverse events and errors that were about to happen. In 2006, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Department of teamwork and communication are responsible to make sure that patients are given safe and quality care. It is been stressed that skills on how to communicate should be identified or the ways that can help in making sure that there is teamwork and communication, promoting safety and also improving the health of the patients. ( Siegele 2009,10.)
TURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES THESIS/Peris Kiarie
It is important for the managers to create a conducive environment that promotes the emotional stability of the nurses. This could help to improve patient safety globally by reducing the frequency of adverse events. (Teng 2009, 7.) Patient safety is referred to as a low frequency of reported and recorded adverse patient events such as patient falls, nosocomical infections, medication errors, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, mortality and failing to rescue (Aiken et al. 2003, 1617). Nurses are the key or play an important role in making sure that there is patient safety because of their strong will to report patient safety problems. Research is therefore necessary to discuss patient safety from the nurses’ perspective. This is because research with this perspective is focused on improving patient safety rather than blaming nurses for hitches in patient safety. (Carayon et al. 2006, 470.)
TURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES THESIS/Peris Kiarie
REFERENCES
Adam S 2000. Standardization of nutritional support: are protocols useful? Intensive & critical care nursing, 283-289.
Aiken L.H, Clarke SP, Sloane DM, Sochalski J, Sibler JH, Jama 2002. Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout and job dissatisfaction. Journal of the American Medical Association,1987-1993.
Aiken L.H, Clarke SP, Cheung RB, Sloane DM & Silber JH 2003. Educational levels of hospital nurses and surgical patient mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1617-1623.
Al-Hassan MA & Hwedi IM 2004. The perceived needs of Jordanian families of hospitalized, critically ill patients. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 64-71.
Anthony K, Wiencek C, Bauer C, Daly B, Anthony M K 2010. No interruptions please: Impact of a no interruption zone on medication safety in intensive care units. Critical Care Nurse, 21-29.
Ball C, Walker G, Harper P, Sanders D, McEligott M 2004. Moving on from patient dependency and nursing workload to managing risk in critical care, Intensive & Critical Care Nursing, 62-68.
Beaumont K, Luettel D, Thomson R 2008. Deterioration in hospital patients: early signs and appropriate actions. Nursing Starndard, 43-48.
Bettany S, Josette 2010. Learning zone. Learning to undertake a systematic review: part 2.
Nursing Standard, Vol.24 Issue 51, 47-48.
Bialoskurski M 1999. Factors influencing bonding in an neonatal intensive care unit, 66-77.
Biancofiore 2005. Stress including factors in ICU’s: what liver transplant recipients experience and what care givers perceive, 967-972.
Blakemore S 2009. Why patient safety must be at the top of the agenda at every level. Nursing Standard,15-21;23(45):12-3.
Bohomol E, Ramos LH, D’Innocenzo M 2009. Medication errors in an intensive care unit.
Journal of Advanced Nursing, 1259-1267.
Bourgault AM, Ipe L, Weaver J, Swartz S, O’Dea PJ 2007. Development of evidence based guidelines and critical care nurses knowledge of enteral feeding. Critical Care Nurse, 17-29.
Bruce N 2008. Quantitative methods for health research, 388-391.
Carayon P, Hundt AS, Alvarado CJ, Springman SR & Ayoub P 2006. Patient safety in outpatient surgery: The viewpoint of the healthcare providers. 470-485.
Carr S, James P 2007. Psychological consequences associated with intensive care treatment.
Trauma, Vol 9 Issue 2, 95-102.
Celik S, Ugras GA, Durdu S, Kubas M, Aksoy G 2008. Critical care nurses’ knowledge about the care of deceased adult patients in an intensive care unit. Australian Jounal of Advanced Nusing, 53-58.
Celik A, Sevim A 2004. Nosocomical infections in neurosurgery intensive care units. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 741-747.
Cescutti-Butler L, Galvin K 2003. Parents’ perceptions of staff competency in a neonatal intensive care unit. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 752-761.
TURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES THESIS/Peris Kiarie
Chan MF, Chung YFL, Chung SWA, Lee OKA 2009. Investigating the physiological responses of patients listening to music in the intensive care unit. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 1250-1257.
Chang IT, Yu TD, Yea-Ing LS, May-Kuen W, Tsung-Lan Chu, Ying-Huang Tsai 2009.
Professional commitment, patient safety and patient perceived care quality. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, Vol 41 Issue 3, 301-309.
Chang SS, Teng CI, Hsu KH 2009. Emotional stability of nurses: impact on patient safety.
Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol 65 Issue 10, 2088-2096.
Cornock MA 1998. Stress and the intensive care patient: perceptions of patients and nurses.
Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol 27 Issue 3, 518-527.
Department of Health 2000. An organization with a memory. Report of an expert group on learning from adverse effects in the NHS. The stationery office, London.
Despins LA 2009. Patient safety and collaboration of the intensive care unit team. Critical Care Nurse, Vol 29 Issue 2, 85-92.
Egger M 1997. Language bias in randomized controlled trials published in English and German, 326-329.
Eun YH, Byoung JL, BJH, Eun HS, Han AL, Chui GY, Young WK, Sung KH, Young SS, Sang-Min L 2011. Translation and validation of the Korean confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit. BMC Psychiatry, Vol 11 Issue 1, 94-97.
Flacking R, Ewald U, Nyqvist KH, Starrin B 2006. Trustful bonds: A key to “becoming a mother”
and to reciprocal breastfeeding. Stories of mothers of very preterm infants at a neonatal unit.
Social Science & Medicine, Vol 62 Issue 1, 70-80.
Flynn E.A & Baker K.N 1999. Medication errors research, 6-25.
Goran T, Susan F 2010. A second set of eyes: an introduction to tele-ICU. Critical Care Nurse, Vol 30 Issue 4, 46-56.
Harrowing J N, Mill J, Spiers J, Kulig J, Kipp W 2010. Culture, context and community: ethical considerations for global nursing research. International Nursing Review, Vol 57 Issue 1, 70-77.
Heyland D 1998. Nutritional support in the critically ill patient, a critical review of the evidence, 423-440.
Heyland F 2004. Validation of Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients: results of a prospective observational study, 2260-2266.
Higgins Y, Maries-Tillott C, Quinton S, Richmond Jo 2008. Promoting patient safety using an early warning scoring system. Nursing Standard, Vol 22 Issue 44, 35-40.
Hweidi IM 2007. Jordanian patients’ perception of stressors in critical care units, 227-235.
Johnson A 2007. The maternal experience of kangaroo holding, 568-573.
Jones C 2001. Memories, delusions and the development of acute post-traumatic stress disorder- related symptoms after intensive care unit, 573-580.
Kattlemann 2006. Preliminary evidence for a medical nutrition therapy protocol: enteral feedings for critically ill patients, 1226-1241.
Kawlik L 1996. Nurses’ and parents’ perceptions of participation and partnership in caring for a hospitalized child, 430-434.
TURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES THESIS/Peris Kiarie
Lahlafi A 2007. Conducting a literature review: how to carry out bibliographical database searches, 566-569.
Laschinger H.K.S., Shamian J & Thomson D 2001. Impact of magnet hospital characteristics on nurses’ perceptions of trust, burnout, quality of care and work satisfaction. Nursing Economics, Vol. 19, Issue 5, 209-219.
Major, KS, Micheal CS 2002. Wireless clinical alerts and patient outcomes in the surgical intensive care unit. American Surgeon, Vol. 68, Issue 12, 1057.
McVicar Andrew 2003. Integrative literature reviews and meta-analysis Workplace stress in nursing: a literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol 44 Issue 6, 633-642.
Mlinar S, Tusak M, Karpjuk D 2009. Self concept in intensive care nurses and control group women. Nursing Ethics, Vol 16 Issue 3, 328-339.
Mohta M 2003. Psychological care in trauma patients,17-25.
Morrison A 2001. The effects of nursing staff inexperience on the occurrence of adverse patient experiences in ICUs, 116-121.
Morrissey J 2010. Quality versus quantity: IOM report: hospitals must cut back workload and hours of nurses to maintain patient safety, 8-11.
National Patient Safety Agency 2007a. Safer care for the acutely ill patient: Learning from serious incidents. NPSA London.
National Patient Safety Agency 2007b. Recognizing and responding appropriately to early signs of deterioration in hospitalized patients. NPSA London.
National Patient Safety Agency 2007. The fourth report from the patient safety observatory.
Safety in doses: Medication safety incidents in the NHS. NPSA London.
Novaes 1999. Stressors in ICU: perception of the patient, relatives and health care team, 1421-1426.
Pang PSK, Suen LKP 2008. Stressors in the ICU: a comparison of patients’ and nurses’
perceptions. Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol 17 Issue 20, 2681-2689.
Phillip B, Racco M 2010. Developing a protocol for intensive care patients at high risk for pressure ulcers. Critical Care Nurse, Vol 30 Issue 3, 77-80.
Redshaw M.E 1997. Mothers of babies requiring special care: attitudes and experience. Journal of Reproductive & Infant Psychology, Vol 15 Issue 2, 109-120.
Roberts S 2003. Nutrition support on the intensive care unit: adequacy, timeliness and outcomes, 49-57.
Rompaey BV, Schuurmans MJ, Shortridge-B, Lillie M, Truijen S, Elseviers M, Bossaert L 2009.
Long term outcome after delirium in the intensive care unit. Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol 18 Issue 23, 3349-3357.
Schnyder U, Malt UF 1998. Acute stress response patterns to accidental injuries,419-424.
Shuldham C.M 2004. Nursing skill mix and staffing. Journal f Nursing Management, Vol 12 Issue 6, 385-387.
Siegele P 2009. Enhancing outcomes in a surgical intensive care unit by implementing daily goals and tools. Critical Care Nurse, Vol 29 Issue 6, 58-70.
TURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES THESIS/Peris Kiarie
Slort W, Schweitzer BPM, Blankenstein AH, Abarshi EA, Riphagen I, Echteld MA, Aaronson NK, Der Horst HE Van, Deliens L 2011. Perceived barriers and facilitators for general practitioner-patient communication in palliative care: A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, Vol 25 Issue 6, 613-629.
So & Chan 2004. Perceptions of stressors by patients and nurses of clinical care units in Hong Kong, 77-84.
Taylor P, Ruth E, Molassiotis A 2001. An exploration of the relationships between uncertainity, psychological distress and type of coping strategy among Chinese men after cardiac catheterization. Jounal of Advanced Nursing, Vol 33 Issue 1, 79-88.
Thomas A.N & Galvin I 2008. Patient safety incidences associated with equipment in critical care: a review of reports to the UK National Patient Safety Agency. Anaesthesia, Vol 63 Issue 11, 1193-1197.
Timmins F, McCabe C 2005. How to conduct an effective literature research, 41-47.
Van de Leur 2004. Discomfort and factual recollection in intensive care unit patients, 467-473.
Verhaeghe S, Defloor T, Van ZF, Duijnstee M, Grypdonck M 2005. The needs and experiences of family members of adult patients in an intensive care unit: a review if the literature. Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol 14 Issue 4, 501-509.
Vos M 2007. Quality measurement at intensive care unit: which indicators should we use, 267-274.
Warburton Paul 2010. Numeracy and patient safety: the need for regular staff assessment.
Nursing Standard, Vol. 24 Issue 27, 42-44.
White DB, Curtis JR, Wolf LE, Prendergast TJ, Taichman DB, Kuniyoshi G, Acerra F, Lo B, Luce JM 2007. Life support for patients without a surrogate decision maker: who decides?
Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 147 Issue 1, 34.
Yin KLL, Lau YL 2003. Immediate needs of adult family members of adult intensive care patients in Hong Kong. Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol. 12 Issue 4, 490-500.
BOOK
Nancy B, Susan K. Grove 2001. The practice of nursing research: Conduct, critique &
utilization, 4th edition. USA: W.B. Saunders Company.
http://www.enotes.com/surgery-encyclopedia/intensive-care-unit
TURKU UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES THESIS/Peris Kiarie http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/fecal-incontinence/DS00477 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000666.htm
http://vsearch.nlm.nih.gov/vivisimo/cgi-bin/query-meta?v%3Aproject=medlineplus&query=intensive+care
http://www.myicucare.org/Support_Brochures/Pages/CommonProblems.aspx