ERKKI AALTIO: Macraecanamic Palicy and the Use af Logistics Methods in Mqteriåls Management. Until .recently, efforts. to improve the profitability of industry have centred mainly on the rationalization of production and on product development. As there ·is no longer much scope for economies of this kind, attention is now being focussed on the costs of materials, the share of which often amounts to more than 50 per cent of the turnover of an industrial enterprise.
From a macroeconomic point of view, capitaI tied up in materials' and its cir-cuIation have become increasingIy im-portant. It is difficult to assess exactly the amount of capital invested in ma-teriaIs, but it can be estimated on the basis of the voIume of raw materiaIs consumed by Finnish industry each year that it comes to about 50 per cent of the with storing or transportation, arise.
An adequate suppIy of services and the reduction to a minimum of the capital tied up in materiaIs (i.e., raw materials, accessories, semi-finished and finished products) are the main goaIs of materials management. These goals are
387
often contradictory, and consequently, typical optimization problems are
en-countered~ The application of Iogistics methods to the management of materiaI flows Ieads to systematic control. This often invoIves giving materiaIs manage ...
tnent a paper administrative status in the enterprise. The creation of the in~
forma tion flows needed for a Iogistics system generally req uires the use of ADP techniques.
REINO AIRIKKALA: Finland's Balance
of
Payments in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s: Development Patterns and Policy Programmes. DeveIopments in FinIand's baIance of paymen ts during three de-cades are examined in the light of the country's foreign trade position, the nature of her balance of payments prob-lems and the type of policy pursued. In the nearly closed economy of the 1950s, the balance of payments showed a surp-lus on average, although fluctuations were sharp. Because of trade and ex-change reguIations, the external liqui-di ty posi tion posed no real pro bIem. In these circumstances, baIance of pay-ments policy was impIemented through foreign exchange and trade policy meas-ures and designed mainIy to influence tota:I demand. When the economy was being opened in the 1960s, the balance of payments tended to show increasing deficits, and the externaIliquidityposi-388 ENGLISH SUMMARIES
tion of the country become a vi taI
prob-lem~ On the whole, balanceof payments policy was of the stop;..go variety, i.e., it was designed tö regulate· total de-mand through monetary and fiscal policy tools. In the open economy of the 1970s, the balance of payments has cotlstantly been in deficit. However, the deficits have been offset by a strong inflow of foreign capital, which has eased the external liquidi ty position.
The balance of payments problem has thus become aproblem· of foreign in-debtedness, and the focus of, balance of payments policy in the 1970s has been mainly on how to finance total demand through the import of capital.
GUSTAV TEIR: The Use of Statistics of Income and Propertyas a Basis for
Studying the Distribution.oj Income.
When examining the distribution of in-come in Finland, the· defects . and limit-ations of statistics of income and pro-perty should be kept in mind, for the statistics only shed light on declared annual taxable income. When the dist-ribution af consumption potential is being examined, data on disposable come should be used. Disposable in-come is distributed much:tnore evenly
than taxable income reported in the statistics ofincome andproperty. It was not until 1969 that it became possible' to distinguish persons whohave been employed for the whole year from those employed onlyfor a part· of it~ Ii" ad-justments are made in the data· for part-time wage and sala:ry earners, the income distribution of private persons appears to be somewhatmore equaL
TOIMITUKSELLE SAAPUNUTTA..
KIRJALLISUUTTA
Annala, Risto Kaupunkialueitten kas-vusta ja siihen vaikuttaneista tekijöis-tä Suomessa vv. 1960-1970~ Tampe-reen yliopiston kansantaloustieteen laitos, julkaisuja n:o B 29, Tampere 1974. 80 sivua.
Friedrich, Klaus International Eeono-mies. Coneepts and Issues. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York 1974.
322 sivua.
Hadar, Josef Elementary Theory of Mie-roeeonomie Behavior. Second Edi-tion. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts 1974. 373 sivua.
Halsti, Wolf H. Aika vaatii veronsa.
Muistelmat 2, 1939-1948. Kustannus-osakeyhtiö Otava, Keuruu 1974. 393 sivua.
Heikinheimo, Lauri, Heikinheimo, Matti, Lehtinen, Martti ja Reunala, Aarne Level of Living of Forest Workers in Finland. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen jul-kaisuja 811, Helsinki 1974. 148 si-vua.
Heller, Robert Alaston johtaja. Kustan-nusosakeyhtiö Tammi, Helsinki 1974.
293 sivua.
Huff, Darrell Kuinka tilastoilla valeh-dellaan (alkuteos How to Lie with Statisties). Kustannusosakeyhtiö Ota-va, Keuruu 1974. 118 sivua.
Kock, Gunhard T. Osakesäästäjän käsi-kirja 1974. Tietoja pörssiyhtiöistä.
Tietoteos, Helsinki 1974. 255 sivua.
Lerviks, Alf-Erik Simdek. En segmente-ringsmodell för prognostisering av efterfrågan på nya
konsumentkapital-389 varor. Ekonomi och samhälle, skrifter utgivna av Svenska Handelshögskolan Nr 23, Helsingfors 1974. 63 sivua.
Lorenz, Konrad Kahdeksan kuoleman-syntiä. Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi, Helsinki 1974. 121 sivua.
Mincer, Jacob Schooling, Experience, and Earnings. Human Behavior & So-cial Institutions No. 2. N atd.onal Bu-reau of Economic Research, New York 1974. 152 sivua.
Pohjola, Immo Ekonometrinen tutkimus Suomen rahamarkkinoista. Suomen Pankin julkaisuja D: 35, Helsinki 1974.
120 sivua.
Pohjola, Matti Tavoiteohjelmoinnin so-veltuvuudesta talouspolitiikan opti-mointiin epävarmuuden vallitessa.
Tampereen yliopiston kansan talous-tieteen laitos, julkaisuj'a n:o B 32, Tampere 1974. 41 sivua.
Puntila, L.A. The Politieal History of Finland 1809-1966. Translated by David Miller. The Otava Publishing Co., Keuruu 1974. 248 pages.
Selen, Kari Genevestä Tukholmaan.
Suomert turvallisuuspolitiikan paino-pisteen siirtyminen Kansainliitosta pohjoismaiseen yhteistyöhön 1931-1936. Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Forssa 1974. 280 sivua.
Sukselainen, Tuomas Finnish Export Performanee in 1961-1972. A Const-ant-Market-Shares Approaeh. Bank of Finland A: 36, H·elsinki 1974. 74 pages.
Sweeney, Richard J. A Maero Theory with Miero Foundations. South-Western Publishing Co., Cincinnati 1974. 201 sivua.
Tyrni, Ilari The Ineentive-free Rate of Interest and the Long-run Behavior
390 TOIMITUKSELLE SAAPUNUTTA KIRJALLISUUTTA
of Consumer. Tampereen yliopiston kansantaloustieteen laitos, julkaisuja n:o B30. Tampere 1974.
Urbans, Runar ja von Bondsdorff,Lars Teollisuuden tapaturmavakuutusyh-tiöt 1898-1967. Helsinki 1974. 251si-vua.
Uusitalo, Paavo Suunnittelun tavoitteet ja keinot. Forum~kirjasto.Kustanntis
osakeyhtiö Tammi, Helsinki 1974. 268 sivua.
Vikatmaa, Juha Porvarin ·puheenvuoro.
Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Keuruu . 1974. 120 sivua.
Liite: Kansantaloudellinen aikakauskirja, sisällys 1974