The net carbon dioxide reduction of pyrolysis treatment plant by fast pyrolysis technology is 800 kg CO2 eq./t straw in literature (Simon Shackley et al., 2013), that of S2, S3 and S4 in this study are 840, 783, 743 kg CO2 eq./t mixed waste respectively. There is a small difference between these values, this difference may be due to the characteristics of the raw materials. As stated in the uncertainty analysis part, the results of this study have reference meaning for treatment plants with similar treatment conditions.
Direct incineration is the most widely used thermal treatment method, and this technology is also the most mature. Pyrolysis and gasification technologies are mostly in the cycles to convert energy. The highest conversion efficiency is CCGT among them, which combines steam turbine and gas turbine. Its power generation efficiency is as high as 60%.
It should also be noticed that the heat loss caused by the cooling system in the plant, so additional heat exchangers are needed (European Commission SETIS, 2011). The waste pre-treatment process makes the biomass fuel more consistent, facilitating the subsequent thermal reaction. The syngas cleaning process removes corrosive substances and enables the equipment to operate efficiently. All of these contribute to overall efficiency.
Higher-value products can be obtained by further processing tar and syngas from pyrolysis /gasification plants, thereby generating more energy for recovering. A new technology which combines pyrolysis and gasification was developed by KTI in Germany. It is after the biomass pyrolysis, the bio-oil is sent to a gasification furnace to generate synthetic diesel. The lower heating value of synthetic diesel (44 MJ/kg) is much higher than tar from pyrolysis plant (21 MJ/kg) (IEA Bioenergy, 2010). The recent new technology indirect gasifier called MILENA appeared in ECN company of Australia. The technology includes gasification and methanation of syngas. The tar and char are recycled into the gasifier to
react until there is no carbon available in the residue. The synthesis gas has a low nitrogen content. The end product is medium calorific biomethane, which can be used directly in cars. It has been proved that this technology has good gasification efficiency by experiment on brown coal. The company is trying to use this technology on biomass fuels. The challenges are in gas condition process and the separation of excess products like ethanol (Vreugdenhil B.J. et al., 2014).
The heavy metals, particulate matter and PCDD/Fs have significant effect on the toxic impact category, so it is necessary to control their emissions strictly for the entire thermal treatment system. Although the proportion of heavy metals in agricultural waste is small, it is not negligible when it is in ash. The ashes of pyrolysis and gasification plant mainly comes from the bottom ash (64%) under reaction furnace, the ash (34%) separated from syngas cleaning process, and ash (2%) in flue gas. Ni-Ca catalyst can absorb heavy metal efficiently and heavy metals can be more fixed in the ash below 1000 degrees (Zhou Xc et al., 2016). Oxygen molecules have great influence on the production of dioxin and furan, it is necessary to make the reaction hypoxic. In addition, calcium oxide can also effectively prevent the production of dioxins and furans (Lopes Ej et al., 2015). For reducing these pollutants, it can use cyclone separator/ESP, filters and some chemical absorbents in the gas cleaning process.
For reducing the energy consumption of the synthesis gas condition process, the number of operations of the process can be reduced, and the impurities to be removed are considered as a whole. But this needs to consider many factors, such as avoiding side reactions of some pollutants with chemical absorbents, as well as to minimize the impact on the efficiency of the entire treatment plant. Therefore, the optimization of the gas cleaning process is a challenge in the actual treatment plants (Chiche D. et al., 2013).
4 CONCLUSIONS
The amount of agricultural waste cannot be ignored, and their use in energy production has received increasing attention. In this task, the mixtures agricultural wastes of wheat straw, corncob and switch grass were selected to complete the life cycle assessment of the agricultural waste thermal treatment system. Seven thermal treatment systems are formed by combining different heat treatment processes and energy recovery processes. The data of the main processes were collected for LCI analysis. Multiple environmental impact categories were selected for LCIA analysis. The most important stage was energy recovery from the LCIA results.
In this study, it is determined that pyrolysis with steam turbine (S2) is the most environmentally friendly in these thermal treatment systems according the results of LCI and LCIA. Energy recovery and direct emissions are the two main factors on the environment impacts. A sensitivity analysis was done by changing the plant efficiency and its results are consistent with the LCIA analysis results. Selecting high-efficiency energy conversion device such as CCGT can improve the efficiency of the plant. Further processing tar and syngas through new technologies into products with high calorific value, which can avoid more emissions. The flue gas treatment process is very effective for the control of heavy metals, particulate matter and PCDD/Fs emissions. How to reduce the energy consumption of gas cleaning process is still a challenge for thermal treatment plants.
Even small technical improvements may bring about huge changes for overall thermal treatment system.
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